Overreliance on ECDIS technology: A challenge for safe navigation

Kristić, M.; Žuškin, S.; Brčić, D.; Car, M.

doi:10.12716/1001.15.02.02

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Overreliance on ECDIS technology: A challenge for safe navigation

Autorzy

Kristić M. , Žuškin S. , Brčić D. , Car M.

Treść / Zawartość

Pełne teksty:

Pobierz

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12716/1001.15.02.02

Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) became the central navigational tool on modern ships. The system comprises numerous navigational and other components, each of them with its limitations and reliability. Due to ECDIS's revolutionary features, navigators are tempted to place excessive reliance on the system. Such reliance on it as a sole navigational aid is undoubtedly a problematic issue. The proposed paper is a segment of a systematically carried out research among ECDIS stakeholders. ECDIS EHO (Experience, Handling, and Opinion) research aims through research activities based on a user-centred approach to develop and improve the educational framework. The overreliance on the ECDIS system motivated the proposed research, which focused on system users' opinions and practice regarding confirmation of the accuracy of information displayed on ECDIS, particularly concerning positional sensors. Analysis of answers collected by the ECDIS EHO questionnaire represents a backbone of the research supported by previous achievements. The answers have been categorized and discussed, revealing certain worrying aspects referring to the system's positional error experienced by users. Furthermore, preferred methods of cross-checking ECDIS information have been identified and have differed among respondents based on their rank on board. Additionally, answers indicate certain doubts between users’ interpretation of the best confirmation method and the actual selection of the used method. The importance of cross-checking navigational data in avoiding overreliance and maintaining situational awareness has been presented in the conclusion chapter and the proposal for further work.

Słowa kluczowe

Electronic Chart Display and Information System experience handling and opinion safe navigation Safety at Sea cross-checking ECDIS overreliance ECDIS technology radar

Wydawca

Faculty of Navigation, Gdynia Maritime University

Czasopismo

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

Rocznik

2021

Tom

Vol. 15 No. 2

Strony

277--288

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 64 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Kristić M.

University of Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik, Croatia

autor

Žuškin S.

University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

autor

Brčić D.

University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

autor

Car M.

University of Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik, Croatia

Bibliografia

1. Acomi, N.: A review of the use of ECDIS for the safety of navigation. Journal of Marine Technology and Environment. 2, 7–10 (2016).
2. Acomi, N.: Impact of Chart Data Accuracy on the Safety of Navigation. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. 14, 2, 411-415 (2020). doi:10.12716/1001.14.02.19.
3. Androjna, A. et al.: Assessing Cyber Challenges of Maritime Navigation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 8, 10, (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100776.
4. Asyali, E.: The Role of ECDIS in Improving Situation Awareness. Presented at the The 13th Annual General Assembly of the lAMU , St. John’s, Canada (2012).
5. Bakalar, G., Baggini, M.B.: Bridge officers’ operational experiences with electronic chart display and information systems on ships. Pomorski zbornik. 52, 49– 61 (2016). https://doi.org/10.18048/2016.52.03.
6. Brčić, D. et al.: ECDIS transitional period completion: analyses, observations and findings. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. 18, 2, 359–377 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-019-00173-z.
7. Brčić, D. et al.: Implementation of the ECDIS system: An OOW perspective as an integral part of educational improvement. In: Proceedings of the 19th IAMU AGA Conference (IAMU 19),. pp. 121–128 , Barcelona, Spain (2018).
8. Brčic, D. et al.: Navigation with ECDIS: Choosing the Proper Secondary Positioning Source. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. 9, 3, 317–326 (2015). https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.09.03.03.
9. Brčić, D. et al.: Partial structural analysis of the ECDIS EHO research: The handling part. In: Rijavec, R. (ed.) Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Electronics in Transport. p. P16 Electrotechnical Association of Slovenia, ITS Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia (2016).
10. Brčić, D., Žuškin, S.: Towards Paperless Vessels: A Master’s Perspective. Pomorski zbornik. 55, 183–189 (2018). https://doi.org/10.18048/2018.00.12.
11. Dutch Safety Board: Digital navigation: old skills in new technology, www.safetyboard.nl, last accessed 2020/05/04.
12. Endsley, M.R.: Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems. Hum Factors. 37, 1, 32–64 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1518/001872095779049543.
13. Federal Bureau of Maritime Casualty Investigation (BSU): Grounding of the motor tanker PAZIFIK off Indonesia on 9 July 2018, https://www.bsu-bund.de/EN/Publications/Unfallberichte/Unfallberichte_ node.html, last accessed 2020/05/05.
14. Felski, A. et al.: Comprehensive Assessment of Automatic Identification System (AIS) Data Application to Anti-collision Manoeuvring. Journal of Navigation. 68, 4, 697–717 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463314000897.
15. Flin, R., Fruhen, L.: Managing Safety: Ambiguous Information and Chronic Unease. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. 23, 2, 84–89 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12077.
16. Grant, A. et al.: GPS Jamming and the Impact on Maritime Navigation. Journal of Navigation. 62, 2, 173– 187 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463308005213.
17. Health and Safety Executive (HSE): https://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/lwit/assets/downl oads/situational-awareness.pdf, last accessed 2020/05/01.
18. International Hydrographic Organization: IHO publication S-67, Mariners guide to accuracy of electronic navigational charts (ENC), Ed. 0.5, (2017).
19. International Maritime Organization: MSC.1/Circ.1503 Rev.1: ECDIS – Guidance for good practice, (2017).
20. International Maritime Organization: Resolution A.424(XI), Performance standards for gyro compasses, (1979).
21. International Maritime Organization: Resolution A.817(19), Performance standards for Electronic Chart isplay and Information Systems (ECDIS), (1995).
22. International Maritime Organization: Resolution A.824(19), Performance standards for devices to measure and indicate speed and distance, (1995).
23. International Maritime Organization: Resolution A.1106(29), Revised guidelines for the onboard operational use of shipborne automatic identification system (AIS), (2015).
24. International Maritime Organization: Resolution MSC.96(72), Adoption of amendments to performance standards for devices to measure and indicate speed and distance (Resolution A.824(19)), (2000).
25. International Maritime Organization: Resolution MSC.192(79) Adoption of the revised performance standards for radar equipment, (2004).
26. International Maritime Organization: Resolution MSC.232(82), Adoption of the revised performance standards for Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS), (2006).
27. Jie, W., Xian-Zhong, H.: The error chain in using Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems. In: 2008 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. pp. 1895–1899 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2008.4811566.
28. John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center: Vulnerability Assessment of the Transportation Infrastructure Relying on the Global Positioning System. Final Report. , U.S. Department of Transportation: Washington. (2001).
29. Johnson, C.W. et al.: The Role of Trust and Interaction in GPS Related Accidents: A Human Factors Safety Assessment of the Global Positioning System (GPS). In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the International Systems Safety Society. , Vancouver, Canada (2008).
30. Karnicnik, I.: A Survey of Mariners’ Opinions on Using Electronic Charts. IHR. 8, 1, (2007).
31. Kos, S. et al.: On-line ECDIS system updating. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Electronics in Traffic. , Ljubljana, Slovenija (2011).
32. Legiec, W.: Position Cross-Checking on ECDIS in View of International Regulations Requirements and OCIMF Recommendations. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. 10, 1, 105–113 (2016). https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.10.01.12.
33. Lubczonek, J.: Analysis of accuracy of surveillance radar image overlay by using georeferencing method. In: 2015 16th International Radar Symposium (IRS). pp. 876–881 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/IRS.2015.7226230.
34. MARAD, Maritime Administration, United States Department of Transportation: 2020-001-Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean-Threats to Commercial Vessels by Iran and its Proxies, https://www.maritime.dot.gov/content/2020-001persian-gulf-strait-hormuz-gulf-oman-arabian-sea-redsea-gulf-aden-and-indian-ocean, last accessed 2020/05/02.
35. MARAD, Maritime Administration, United States Department of Transportation: 2020-007-Various-GPS interference, https://www.maritime.dot.gov/content/2020-007various-gps-interference, last accessed 2020/05/04.
36. Marine Accident Investigation Branch: Collision between multipurpose cargo vessel Rickmers Dubai with a crane barge, Walcon Wizard, being towed by tug Kingston, https://www.gov.uk/maib-reports/collisionbetween-multipurpose-dry-cargo-vessel-rickmers-dubaiwith-crane-barge-walcon-wizard-being-towed-by-tugkingston-in-the-dover-strait-off-the-south-east-coast-ofengland, last accessed 2020/05/04.
37. Maritime New Zealand: Investigation Report, Accident Report Grounding Sanga Na Langa, 30 March 2006, Class C, Report No.: 06 4041, 2006, https://www.maritimenz.govt.nz, last accessed 2020/05/04.
38. Maritime Safety Office - National Geospatial Intelligence Agency: https://msi.nga.mil/api/publications/download?key=169 20953/SFH00000/NautChrts_GPS.pdf&type=view, last accessed 2020/05/02.
39. Mazzarella, F. et al.: A novel anomaly detection approach to identify intentional AIS on-off switching. Expert Systems with Applications. 78, 110–123 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2017.02.011.
40. National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency: Pub. No. 9 American practical navigator, (2019).
41. National Transportation Safety Board: https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/R eports/mar9701.pdf, last accessed 2020/05/06.
42. Nielsen, M.R.: How a ship´s bridge knows its position - ECDIS assisted accidents from a contemporary human factors perspective. (2016).
43. Parush, A. et al.: Degradation in Spatial Knowledge Acquisition When Using Automatic Navigation Systems. In: Winter, S. et al. (eds.) Spatial Information Theory. pp. 238–254 Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg (2007).
44. Perkovic, M. et al.: Docking system based on laser measurements: Port of Koper case study. In: 2016 5th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO). pp. 498–503 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/MECO.2016.7525702.
45. Pleskacz, K., Lushnikov, E.M.: Analysis of problems related to the use of ship’s course indicators. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie. 29, 122-125122–125 (2012).
46. Remembering the Andrea Doria: Confusion leads to catastrophe: Coast Guard Journal of Safety & Security at Sea. Proceedings of the Marine Safety&Security Council, 75(3), 54–61 (2018).
47. Reuters: COSCO Dalian’s ships shut off tracers after U.S. sanctions announced, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-usacosco/cosco-dalians-ships-shut-off-tracers-after-u-ssanctions-announced-idUSKBN1WO0RA, last accessed 2020/05/03.
48. Rutkowski, G.: ECDIS Limitations, Data Reliability, Alarm Management and Safety Settings Recommended for Passage Planning and Route Monitoring on VLCC Tankers. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. 12, 3, 483490 (2015). doi:10.12716/1001.12.03.06.
49. Sabelis, H.: Voyage Planning in ECDIS. IHR. 76, 2, (2015).
50. Šakan, D. et al.: Analysis of Primary Position Validation in ECDIS System. In: Weintrit, A. and Neumann, T. (eds.) Advances in Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. CRC Press, London (2019).
51. Schager, B.: When Technology Leads Us Astray: A Broadened View of Human Error. Journal of Navigation. 61, 1, 63–70 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463307004493.
52. Schröder-Hinrichs, J.-U. et al.: Introducing the Concept of Resilience into Maritime Safety. In: Proceedings of 6th Resilience Engineering Association’s International Symposium. pp. 176–182 , Lisbon, Portugal (2015).
53. Svilicic, B. et al.: Paperless ship navigation: cyber security weaknesses. Journal of Transportation Security. 13, 3, 203–214 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12198-02000222-2.
54. The Maritime Executive: Radar Overlay to Improve ECDIS Navigation, https://www.maritimeexecutive.com/article/radar-overlay-to-improve-ecdisnavigation-2014-09-12, last accessed 2020/05/02.
55. The Royal Academy of Engineering: ttps://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/reports/globalnavigation-space-systems, last accessed 2020/05/04.
56. The Standard Club: https://www.standardclub.com/risk-management/knowledge-centre/newsand-commentary/2016/04/web-alert-over-reliance-ontechnology-a-regular-feature-of-navigation-claims.aspx, last accessed 2020/05/02.
57. Trelleborg Marine and Infrastructure: https://www.trelleborg.com/en/marine-andinfrastructure/products--solutions--and-services/marine/docking--and--mooring/docking--aid-system/smart--dock--laser, last accessed 2020/05/02.
58. Tsimplis, M., Papadas, S.: Information Technology in Navigation: Problems in Legal Implementation and Liability. Journal of Navigation. 72, 4, 833–849 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463318001030.
59. Turna, İ., Öztürk, O.B.: A causative analysis on ECDISrelated grounding accidents. null. 15, 8, 792–803 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2019.1682919.
60. United Kingdom Hydrographic Office: Admiralty Guide to ECDIS Implementation, Policy and Procedures (NP232). , UKHO: Taunton, UK (2019).
61. United Kingdom Hydrographic Office: Important information for AVCS users, https://www.admiralty.co.uk/AdmiraltyDownloadMedi a/AVCS/Important-Information-for-AVCS-users.pdf, last accessed 2020/05/06.
62. Weintrit, A., Stawicki, K.: Operational requirements for electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS). Risk of overreliance on ECDIS. Transport Problems : an International Scientific Journal. 3, (2008).
63. Weintrit, A.: Clarification, Systematization and General Classification of Electronic Chart Systems and Electronic Navigational Charts Used in Marine Navigation. Part 1 - Electronic Chart Systems. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. 12, 3, 471-482 (2018). doi:10.12716/1001.12.03.05.
64. Žuškin, S. et al.: A contribution to improving the standards of ECDIS training. Pomorstvo. 27, 1, 131–148 (2013).

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-1f592541-42db-4331-8cfa-5e75af498a78