Bromometan

• Autorzy: Sapota A. , Kilanowicz A

Warianty tytułu

EN

Bromomethane

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Bromometan (BM) jest bezbarwnym gazem (lub cieczą w temperaturze poniżej 3,56 oC) o charakterystycznym, podobnym do chloroformu zapachu. Związek ten, ze względu na swoje biocydowe właściwości, znalazł wszechstronne zastosowanie w rolnictwie jako pestycyd (insektycyd, fungicyd i herbicyd), fumigant przy kwarantannie towarów (odymianiu), a także jako półprodukt wielu syntez chemicznych (czynnik metylujący). Bromometan wchłania się dobrze przez drogi oddechowe, skórę oraz z przewodu pokarmowego. Związek ten (w postaci gazu i cieczy) wykazuje silne działanie drażniące na błony śluzowe oczu i dróg oddechowych oraz na skórę. W działaniu miejscowym na skórę, ze względu na łatwość penetracji przez ubranie (przechodzi także przez rękawice gumowe) może powodować oparzenia II° lub odmrożenia. Obraz zatrucia ostrego bromom etanem u ludzi cechują trzy podstawowe objawy: obrzęk płuc, niewydolność krążenia oraz zaburzenia neurologiczne. Śmiertelne zatrucia ludzi dotyczą narażenia na związek o dużym stężeniu (33 000 ÷ 233 400 mg/m3). W badaniach ostrej toksyczności inhalacyjnej bromometanu u wszystkich badanych gatunków zwierząt obserwowano: obrzęk płuc połączony z niewydolnością oddechową, zmiany patologiczne w narządach (płucach, wątrobie i nerkach) oraz objawy neurologiczne (zaburzenia koordynacji ruchowej, drgawki i paraliż). Nie ma w dostępnym piśmiennictwie danych dotyczących działania uczulającego bromometanu. Na podstawie wyników badań toksyczności podprzewlekłej i przewlekłej u szczurów i myszy narażanych drogą inhalacyjną wykazano, że bromometan działa narządowo przede wszystkim na: mózg, nerki, nabłonek węchowy, serce, nadnercza, płuca, wątrobę i gonady (jądra), a także powoduje zaburzenia neurobehawioralne. Związek działa mutagennie i genotoksycznie zarówno w warunkach in vivo, jak i in vitro. Na podstawie wyników badań dotyczących wpływu bromometanu na rozrodczość, embriotoksyczność i teratogenność wynika, że bromom etan wykazuje u myszy i szczurów działanie hamujące procesy spermatogenezy, powoduje resorpcję płodów u szczurów oraz występowanie wad wrodzonych u królików (brak pęcherza moczowego i płata ogoniastego płuca). Bromometan nie jest klasyfikowany przez IARC jako kancerogen u ludzi. Za podstawę obliczenia wartości NDS bromometanu przyjęto wyniki badań epidemiologicznych (ankiety) przeprowadzonych w Japonii. Z analizy przeprowadzonych ankiet wynika, że u pracowników narażonych przewlekle na bromometan wystąpiły następujące objawy działania drażniącego: swędzenie skóry; pęcherze, obrzmienie i zaczerwienienie dłoni, wysuszenie i zrogowacenie skóry oraz wyciek z nosa. Ponadto wystąpiły następujące objawy ze strony układu nerwowego: otępienie, oszołomienie, zmęczenie, odrętwienie, zaburzenia czucia oraz osłabienie mięśni kończyn. Stężenie 21,39 mg/m3 bromometanu przyjęto za wartość LOAEL i przy zastosowaniu odpowiednich współczynników niepewności zaproponowano wartość NDS bromometanu równą 5 mg/m3 oraz, ze względu na działanie drażniące związku – wartość NDSCh równą 15 mg/m3.

EN

Bromomethane (BM) is a colourless gas (or liquid in the temperature below 3.56 0C of a characteristic smell similar to that of chloroform. This compound, owing to its biocide properties, has found wide application in agriculture as a pesticide (insecticide, fungicide, herbicide), fumigant during the quarantine of goods (fumigation) and also as a semifinished product of numerous chemical syntheses (a methylating agent). Bromomethane is well absorbed by airways, skin and the digestive tract. This compound (in the form of gas and liquid) demonstrates a strong irritating effect on eyes, airway mucosa and on skin. In local effect on skin due to easy penetration through clothes (it even penetrates through rubber gloves) it may cause second-degree burns or frostbite. The picture of active intoxication with bromomethane in humans is characterized by three basic symptoms: pulmonary oedema, circulatory failure and neurological disorders. Lethal intoxication of humans is mainly associated with exposure to high concentrations of the compound (33,000 - 233,400 mg/m3). Investigating acute inhalatory toxicity of bromomethane demonstrated in all tested animal species pulmonary oedema connected with respiratory failure, pathological changes in organs (lungs, the liver and kidneys) and neurological symptoms (movement coordination dysfunction, seizures and paralysis). In available literature there are no data on bromomethane allergic activity. On the basis of the obtained results on subchronic and chronic toxicity in rats and mice exposed through inhalation, bromomethane was demonstrated to affect primarily the following organs: the brain, kidneys, olfactory epithelium, heart, adrenal glands, lungs, liver and gonads (testicles) and to cause neurobehavioural disturbances. The compound has a mutagenic and genotoxic activity both in vitro and in vivo. On the basis of the results concerning the effect of bromomethane on reproduction, embryotoxicity and tetratogenicity, bromomethane demonstrates in rats and in mice activity inhibiting spermatogenesis, it causes resorption of rat fetuses and occurrence of congenital defects in rabbits (acystia and lack of lung caudate lobe). Bromomethane is not classified by IARC as a human cancerogen. The results of epidemiological studies (questionnaires) carried out in Japan were accepted as a basis for calculating a MAC value for bromomethane. It results from an analysis of the questionnaires that in workers chronically exposed to bromomethane the following symptoms of irritating effect were observed: skin itching, blisters, swelling and reddening of hands, drying and keratonization of skin and rhinorrhoea. Furthermore, the following symptoms from the nervous system occurred: dementia, stupor, fatigue, numbness, dysaesthesia and muscular weakness of limbs. The bromomethane concentration of 21.39 mg/cm3 was accepted as an LOAEL value and applying proper uncertainty coefficients, bromomethane TWA value was suggested to be 5 mg/m3 and, due to the compound irritating activity, a STEL value to be 15 mg/m3.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

bromometan; działanie drażniące; wchłanianie przez skórę; wartość NDS; wartość NDSCh

EN

bromomethane; irritation; skin notation; MAC (TWA) value; MAC (STEL) value

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2006
• Tom: Nr 2 (48)
• Strony: 51--80
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 74 poz., rys.,tab.

Twórcy

autor

Sapota A.

• Uniwersytet Medyczny 90-151 Łódź ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1

autor

Kilanowicz A

• Uniwersytet Medyczny 90-151 Łódź ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1

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