PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
Powiadomienia systemowe
  • Sesja wygasła!
Tytuł artykułu

Akrylonitryl : dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

Treść / Zawartość
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
EN
Acrylonitril : documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)
Języki publikacji
PL
Abstrakty
PL
Akrylonitryl jest wysoce łatwopalną, lotną, bezbarwną lub bladożółtą, przezroczystą cieczą o nieprzyjemnym zapachu. Związek jest bardzo reaktywny chemicznie, niestabilizowany ulega spontanicznej polimeryzacji. Jest głównie stosowany jako surowiec do produkcji włókien i tworzyw sztucznych.Akrylonitryl działa toksycznie (w warunkach narażenia przewlekłego działa szkodliwie na układ nerwowy), drażniąco i uczulająco. Jest zaklasyfikowany do kategorii zagrożenia 1B czynników rakotwórczów (na podstawie wyników badań na zwierzętach; w dostępnym piśmiennictwie i bazach danych brak informacji na temat wyników badań epidemiologicznych). Propozycję wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS) akrylonitrylu wyznaczono na ilościowym szacowaniu ryzyka nowotworów OUN u szczurów, narażanych inhalacyjnie. Zaproponowano przyjęcie wartości NDS akrylonitrylu w powietrzu środowiska pracy na poziomie 1 mg/m³ , przy której dodatkowe ryzyko nowotworu OUN (przy założeniu 40-letniego okresu aktywności zawodowej) wynosi 2,2 10-4 ÷ 6,2 10-4. Aby ograniczyć możliwość wystąpienia stężeń pikowych zaproponowano przyjęcie wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia chwilowego (NDSCh) akrylonitrylu na poziomie 3 NDS, tj. 3 mg/m³ . Jako wartość DSB zaproponowano 60 μg/l (2-cyjanoetylo)- waliny (CEV) we krwi pobranej po 3 miesiącach narażenia. Ze względu na działanie rakotwórcze, drażniące, uczulające oraz wchłanianie akrylonitrylu przez skórę substancję oznakowano literami: „Carc. 1B” – substancja rakotwórcza kategorii zagriożenia 1B, „A” – substancja uczulająca, „I” – substancja drażniąca oraz „skóra” – wchłanianie substancji przez skórę może być tak samo istotne, jak przy narażeniu drogą oddechową. Zakres tematyczny artykułu obejmuje zagadnienia zdrowia oraz bezpieczeństwa i higieny środowiska pracy będące przedmiotem badań z zakresu nauk o zdrowiu oraz inżynierii środowiska.
EN
Acrylonitrile is a highly flammable, volatile, colorless or pale yellow transparent liquid with a pungent odor. It is chemically very reactive and undergoes spontaneous polymerization. It is mainly used in the production of artificial fibers and plastics. Acrylonitrile is toxic (harmful to nervous system during chronic exposure), irritating and sensitizing. It is classified as a carcinogen category 1B based on animal studies (no evidence from epidemiological studies). The proposed TLV value for acrylonitrile was based on a quantitative risk assessment of CNS tumors in rats exposed by inhalation. The MAC value of 1 mg/m³ has been proposed, at which the additional risk of CNS cancer, assuming a 40-year period of occupation, is 2.2 10-4 – 6.2 10-4. To prevent peak concentrations, the STEL value of 3 mg/m³ has been proposed. The BLV value was proposed at 60 µg/l (2-cyanoethyl)valine (CEV) in blood collected after 3 months of exposure. Due to its carcinogenic, irritating, sensitizing effects and absorption of acrylonitrile through the skin, it should be labeled: Carc. 1B (carcinogenicity category 1B); A (sensitizing substance); I (irritant) and „skin” (skin absorption may be just as important as inhalation). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.
Rocznik
Strony
37--90
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 182 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
  • Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź, ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8 POLAND
Bibliografia
  • 1. ACGIH, American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (2016). Acrylonitrile (on CD TLVs and BEIs with 7th ed. Documentation).
  • 2. ACGIH, American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (2018a). Guide to Occupational Exposure Values. Cincinnati, USA
  • 3. ACGIH, American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (2018b). Cincinnati, USA.
  • 4. ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1990). Toxicological Profile for Acrylonitrile (Final Report) ATSDR Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Sevices. NTIS A ccession No. PB91-180489.
  • 5. Ahmed A.E., Farooqui M.Y.H., Upreti R.K., El-Shabrawy O. (1982). Distribution and covalent interactions of (1-14C) acrylonitrile in the rat. Toxicology 23, 159–175.
  • 6. Ahmed A.E., Farooqui M.Y.H., Upreti R.K., El-Shabrawy O. (1983). Comparative toxicokinetics of 2,3-14C- and 1-14C-acrylonitrile in the rat. J. Appl. Tox. 3, 39–47.
  • 7. Amacher D.E., Turner G.N. (1985). Tests for gene mutational activity in L5178Y/TK assay system. Prog. Mutat. Research. 5, 487–496.
  • 8. Arni P. (1985). Induction of various genetic effects on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D7. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 217–224.
  • 9. Babanov G.P. (1957). Local manifestation of the action of acrylonitrile on the skin and mucosa. Vrach. Delo. 5, 511– 514 (cyt. za: Piekarska i in. 1997).
  • 10. Babanov G.P., Kljucikov V.N., Karajeva Z.V. (1959). Clinical symptoms of chronic poisoning by acrylonitrile. Vrach. Delo. 8, 833-836 (cyt. za: RAC 2018).
  • 11. Baker R.S., Bonin A.M. (1985). Test with the Salmonella plate-incorporation assay. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 177–180.
  • 12. Bakker J.G., Jongen S.M., Van Neer F.C., Neis J.M. (1991). Occupational contact dermatitis due to acrylonitrile. Contact Dermatitis 24, 50–53.
  • 13. Banerjee S., Segal A. (1986). In vitro transformation of C3H/10T1/2 and NIH/3T3 cells by acrylonitrile and acrylamide. Cancer Lett. 32, 293–304.
  • 14. Barrett J.C., Lamb P.W. (1985). Tests with the Syrian hamster embryo cell transformation assay. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 623–628.
  • 15. BASF (1963). Raport (cyt. za: ECHA 2018).
  • 16. Beliles R.P., Paulin H.J., Makris N.G., Weir R.J. (1980). Three-generation reproduction study of rats receiving acrylonitrile in drinking water. Litton Bionetics Inc. Project no. 2660, OTS0536313 (cyt. za: RAC 2018).
  • 17. Benn T., Osborne K. (1998). Mortality of United Kingdom acrylonitrile workers – an extended and updated study. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 24, 17–24.
  • 18. Benz F.W., Nerland D.E. (2005). Effect of cytochrome P450 inhibitors and anticonvulsants on the acute toxicity of acrylonitrile. Arch. Toxicol. 79, 610–614.
  • 19. Beskid O., Dusek Z., Solansky I., Srám R.J. (2006). The effects of exposure to different clastogens on the pattern of chromosomal aberrations detected by FISH whole chromosome painting in occupationally exposed individuals. Mutat. Res. 594(1-2), 20–29.
  • 20. Blair A., Stewart P.A., Zaebst D.D., Pottern L., Zey J.N., Bloom T.F., Miller B., Ward E., Lubin J. (1998). Mortality of industrial workers exposed to acrylonitrile. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health 24(suppl. 2), 25–41.
  • 21. Borba H., Monteiro M., Proenca M.J., Chaveca T., Pereira V., Lynce N., Rueff J. (1996). Evaluation of some biomonitoring markers in occupationally exposed populations to acrylonitrile. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 16, 205–218.
  • 22. Bradley M.O. (1985). Measurement of DNA single-strand breaks by alkaline elution in rat hepatocytes. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 353–357.
  • 23. Brooks T.M., Gonzalez L.P., Calvert R. (1985). The induction of mitotic gene conversion in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain JD1. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 225–228.
  • 24. Burka L.T., Sanchez I.M., Ahmed A.E., Ghanayem B.I. (1994). Comparative metabolism and disposition of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile in rats. Arch. Toxicol. 68, 611–618.
  • 25. Butterworth B.E., Eldridge S.R., Sprankle C.S., Working P.K., Bentley K.S., Hurtt M.E. (1992). Tissue-specific genotoxic effects of acrylamide and acrylonitrile. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 20, 148–155.
  • 26. Cave M., Falkner K.C., Henry L., Costello B., Gregory B., McClain C.J. (2011). Serum cytokeratin 18 and cytokine elevations suggest a high prevalence of occupational liver disease in highly exposed elastomer/polymer workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med., 53(10), 1128–1133.
  • 27. Cerna M., Kocisova J., Kodytkova I., Kopecky, J., Sram R.J. (1981). [W:] Mutagenic activity of oxiranecarbonitrile (glycidonitrile) [Red:] I. Gut, M. Cikrt, G.L. Plaa. Industrial and Environmental Xenobiotics, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Organic Chemicals and Metals, Berlin, Springer Verlag, 251-254 (cyt. za: IARC 1999).
  • 28. Chang C.M., Hsia M.T., Stoner G.D., Hsu I.C. (1990). Acrylonitrile-induced sister-chromatid exchanges and DNA singlestrand breaks in adult human bronchial epithelial cells. Mutat. Res. 241, 355–360.
  • 29. ChemIDplus Lite (2018). U.S. National Library of Medicine [dostęp: sierpień 2018; https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/ chemidplus/rn/107-13-1].
  • 30. Chen J.T., Walrath J., O’Berg M.T., Burke C.A., Pell S. (1987). Cancer incidence and mortality among workers exposed to acrylonitrile. Am. J. Ind. Med. 11(2), 157–163.
  • 31. Chen Y., Chen C., Jin S, Zhou L. (1999). The diagnosis and treatment of acute acrylonitrile poisoning: a clinical study of 144 cases. J. Occup. Health. 41, 172–176.
  • 32. Chen Y., Chen C., Zhu P. (2000). Study on the effects of occupational exposure to acrylonitrile in workers. China. Occup. Med. J. 18(3), (cyt. za: Pałaszewska-Tkacz i in. 2013).
  • 33. Cole P., Mandel J.S., Collins J.J. (2008). Acrylonitrile and cancer: a review of the epidemiology. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 52(3), 342–351.
  • 34. Colenbie S., Buylaert W., Stove C., Deschepper E., Vandewoude K., De Smedt T., Bader M., Goen T., Van Nieuwenhuyse A., De Paepe P. (2017). Biomarkers in patients admitted to the emergency department after exposure to acrylonitrile in a major railway incident involving bulk chemical material. Int. J. of Hyg. Environ. Health 220(2), 261–270.
  • 35. Collins J.J., Page L.C., Caprossi J.C., Utidjian H.M., Lucas L.J. (1989). Mortality patterns among employees exposed to acrylonitrile. J. Occup. Med. 31(4), 368–371.
  • 36. Collins J.J., Acquavella J.F. (1998). Review and meta-analysis of studies of acrylonitrile workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 24(2), 71–80.
  • 37. Crespi C.L., Ryan C.G., Seixas G.M. (1985). Test for mutagenic activity using mutation assays at two loci in the human limphoblast cell lines TK6 and AHH-1. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 497–516.
  • 38. Danford N. (1985). Tests for chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy in the Chinese hamster fibroblast cell line CH1-L. Prog. Mutat. Res 5, 397–411
  • 39. Dang Y., Zhao Q., Luo B., Pan L., Wei Q., Zhang R., Fan Q., Chen J., Chang R., Zhang J., Li Z. (2017a). Effects of acrylonitrile-induced oxidative stress on testicular apoptosis through activation of NFκB signaling pathway in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Am. J. Transl. Res. 9, 4227–4235.
  • 40. Dang Y., Li Z., Luo B., Pan L., Wei Q., Zhang Y. (2017b). Protective effects of apigenin against acrylonitrile-induced subchronic sperm injury in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 109(1), 517–525.
  • 41. Davis J.H., Davies J.E., Raffonelli A., Reich G. (1973). The investigation of fatal acrylonitrile intoxications. In: Pesticides and the Environment: A continuing controversy. Intercontinental Medical Book Corp, Vol. 2, 547–556 (cyt. za: RAC 2018).
  • 42. De Meester C., Poncelet F., Roberfroid I. (1978). Mutagenicity of acrylonitrile. Toxicology. 11, 19–27.
  • 43. De Meester C., Duverger-Van Bogaert M., Lambotte-Vandepaer M., Roberfroid M. F., Mercier M. (1979). Liver extract mediated mutagenicity of acrylonitrile. Toxicology 13(1), 7–15.
  • 44. DFG (2007). The MAK-Collection Part I. MAK Value Documentation, vol. 24, DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemienschaft, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinham.
  • 45. DFG (2010). The MAK-Collection Part I. MAK Value Documentation, vol. 24, DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemienschaft, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinham.
  • 46. Ding S., Lai-ji M.A., Fan W., Zhu R.J., Ying Q., Zhou Y.L., Jin F.S. (2003). Study on mitochondrial DNA damage in peripheral blood nucleate cells of the workers exposed to acrylonitrile. Chinese J. Indust. Hyg. Occup. Disease 21, 99–101 (cyt za: Pałszewska-Tkacz i in. 2013).
  • 47. Douglas G.R., Blakey D.H., Liu-Lee V.W. Bell R.D., Bayley J.M. (1985). Alkaline sucrose sedimentation, sister chromatid exchange and micronucleus assays in CHO cells. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 359–366.
  • 48. Dudley H.C., Neal P.A. (1942). Toxicology of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide). J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 24, 255-258 (cyt. za: Piekarska i in. 1997).
  • 49. Duverger-Van Bogaert M., Lambotte-Vandepaer M., de Meester C., Rollman B., Poncelet F. Mercier M. (1981). Effect of severall factors on the liver extract mediated mutagenicity of acrylonitrile and indentification of four new in vitro metabolites. Toxicol. Lett. 7, 311–319.
  • 50. Duverger-Van Bogaert M., Lambotte-Vandepaer M., de Meester C., Mercier M., Poncelet F. (1982a). Role of glutathione in liver-mediated mutagenicity of acrylonitrile. Toxicol. Lett. 11, 305–311.
  • 51. Duverger-Van Bogaert M., Lambotte-Vandepaer M., de Meester C., Mercier M., Poncelet F. (1982b). Vinyl chloride and acrylonitrile: activation mechanism and mutagenicity. Toxicol. Eur. Res. 4, 35–37.
  • 52. Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 29 kwietnia 2004 r. w sprawie ochrony pracowników przed zagrożeniem dotyczącym narażenia na działanie czynników rakotwórczych lub mutagenów podczas pracy (szósta dyrektywa szczegółowa w rozumieniu art. 16 ust. 1 dyrektywy Rady 89/391/EWG). Dz.Urz. UE Rozdział 05, Tom 005, s. 35–45 z późn. zm.
  • 53. Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2017/2398 z dnia 12 grudnia 2017 r. zmieniająca dyrektywę 2004/37/WE w sprawie ochrony pracowników przed zagrożeniem dotyczącym narażenia na działanie czynników rakotwórczych lub mutagenów podczas pracy. Dz.Urz. L 345 z dnia 27.12.2017, s. 87–95.
  • 54. ECHA (2018). Acrylonitrile. Registration dossier [dostęp: wrzesień 2018; https://echa.europa.eu/pl/ registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15561].
  • 55. Etebari M., Jafarian-Dehkordi A., Kahookar A., Moradi S. (2014). Assessment of the deoxyribonucleic acid damage caused by occupational exposure to chemical compounds in Isfahan Polyacryl Company. J. Res. Med. Sciences 19(6), 542–548.
  • 56. EU RAR (2004). European Union Risk Assessment Report. Acrylonitrile.
  • 57. Fahmy M.A. (1999). Evaluation of the genotoxicity of acrylonitrile in different tissues of male mice. Cytologia 64, 1–9.
  • 58. Fennell T.R., Kedderis G.L., Sumner C.J. (1991). Urinary metabolites of [1,2,3-13C]acrylonitrile in rats and mice detected by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 4, 678–687.
  • 59. Fennell T.R., Macneela J.P., Morris R.W., Watson M., Thompson C.L., Bell D.A. (2000). Hemoglobin adducts from acrylonitrile and ethylene oxide in cigarette smokers: effects of glutathione S-transferase T1-nul and M1- null genotypes. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9(7), 705–712.
  • 60. Foureman P., Mason J.M., Valencia R., Zimmering S. (1994). Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila. IX. Results of 50 coded compounds tested for the National Toxicology Program. Environ. Mol. Mutag. 23, 51–63.
  • 61. Fujikawa K., Ryo H., Kondo S. (1985). The Drosophila reversion assay using the unstable zeste-white somatic eye color system. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 319–324.
  • 62. Gagnaire F., Marignac B., Bonnet P. (1998). Relative neurotoxicological properties of five unsaturated aliphatic nitriles in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 18, 25–31.
  • 63. GESTIS, International Limit Values (2018). The Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA) [dostęp: wrzesień 2018; http:// limitvalue.ifa.dguv.de/WebForm_ueliste2.aspx].
  • 64. GESTIS, Substance Database (2018). The Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA) [dostęp: sierpień 2018; http://gestis-en. itrust.de/nxt/gateway.dll/gestis_en/000000.xml?f=templates$fn=default.htm$vid=gestiseng:sdbeng$3.0].
  • 65. Ghanayem B.I., Farooqui M.Y.H., Elshabrawy O., Mumtaz M.M., Ahmed A.E. (1991). Assessment of the acute acrylonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 13, 499–502.
  • 66. GIS (2018). Główny Inspektorat Sanitarny. Zestawienie zbiorcze danych dotyczących ekspozycji pracowników na wybrane substancje chemiczne. GIS 2018 [dane niepublikowane].
  • 67. Gulati D., Sabharwal P., Shelby M. (1985). Tests for the induction of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 413–426.
  • 68. Hashimoto K., Kobayasi T. (1961). A case of acute dermatitis caused by contact with acrylonitrile. Q. J. Labor. Res. 9(1–4), 21–24 (cyt. za: RAC 2018).
  • 69. HSDB (2018). Acrylonitrile. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, USA [dostęp: wrzesień 2018; https://toxnet.nlm. nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/f?./temp/~Na9JhN:1].
  • 70. IARC (1979). Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic risk of Chemical to Humans. Some monomers, plastics and synthetic elastomers and acrolein. Acrylonitrile. Vol. 19, 73–113.
  • 71. IARC (1999). Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic risk of Chemical to Humans. Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide. Acrylonitrile. Vol. 71, 43–108.
  • 72. IFA (2017). Report 3/2017 Grenzwerteliste 2017 Sicherheit und Gesundheitsschutz am Arbeitsplatz [dostęp: wrzesień 2018; http://publikationen.dguv.de/dguv/ pdf/10002/rep0317.pdf].
  • 73. IMP (2018). Centralny Rejestr Danych o Narażeniu na Substancje, Czynniki i Procesy Technologiczne o Działaniu Rakotwórczym lub Mutagennym w Środowisku Pracy [dane niepublikowane].
  • 74 .Inge-Vechtomov S.G., Pavlov Y.I., Noskov V.N., Repnevskaya M.V., Aarpova T.S., Khromov-Borisov N.N., Chekuolene J., Chitavichus D. (1985). Tests for genetic activity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: study of forward and reverse mutation, mitotic recombination and illegitimate mating induction. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 243–255.
  • 75. Ishidate M. Jr., Sofuni T. (1985). The in vitro chromosomal aberration test using Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblast cells in culture. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 427–432.
  • 76. Ishidate, M.J., Sofuni, T., Yoshikawa, K. (1981). Chromosomal aberration tests in vitro as a primary screening tool for environmental mutagens and/or carcinogens. Gann Monogr. Cancer Res. 27, 95–108.
  • 77. Jacob S., Ahmed A.E. (2004). Species difference in the disposition of acrylonitrile: quantitative whole-boy autoradiographic study in rats and mice. Toxicol. Ind. Health 20, 9–19.
  • 78. Jakubowski M., Linhart I., Pielas G., Kopecky J. (1987). 2-Cyanoethylmercapturic acid (CEMA) in the urine as a possible indicator of exposure to acrylonitrile. Br. J. Ind. Med. 44, 834–840.
  • 79. Johannsen F.R., Levinskas G.J. (2002a). Comparative chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of acrylonitrile by drinking water and oral intubation to Spartan Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol. Lett. 132, 197–219.
  • 80. Johannsen F.R., Levinskas G.J. (2002b). Chronic toxicity and oncogenic dose-response effects of lifetime oral acrylonitrile exposure to F344 rats. Toxicol. Lett. 132, 221–247.
  • 81. Jung R., Engelhart G., Herbolt B., Jackh R., Muller W. (1992). Collaborative study of mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium TA102. Mutat. Res. 278, 265–270.
  • 82. Kaneko Y., Omae K. (1992). Effect of chronic exposure to acrylonitrile on subjective symptoms. Keio J. Med. 41(1), 25–32.
  • 83. Kedderis G.L., Sumner S.C.J., Held S.D. (1993a). Dose-dependent urinary excretion of acrylonitrile metabolites by rats and mice. Tox. Appl. Pharm. 120, 288–297.
  • 84. Kedderis G.L., Batra R., Koop D.R. (1993b). Epoxidation of acrylonitrile by rat and human cytochromes P450. Chem. Res. in Toxicol. 6, 866–871.
  • 85. Kedderis G.L., Batra R., Turner M.J. Jr. (1995). Conjugation of acrylonitrile and 2-cyanoethylene oxide with hepatic glutathione. Tox. Appl. Pharm. 135, 9–17.
  • 86. Kirman C.R., Gargas M.L., Marsh G.M., Strother D.E., Klaunig J.E., Collins J.J., Deskin R. (2005). Cancer dose-response assessment for acrylonitrile based upon rodent brain tumor incidence: use of epidemiologic, mechanistic, and pharmacokinetic support for non-linearity. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 43, 85–103.
  • 87. Kirman (2017). Comments submitted by Kirman CR in the public consultation on the proposal by ECHA in support f occupational exposure limit values for Acrylonitrile in the workplace. Comment reference number 30. [W:] Załącznik 2 do RAC (2018) Opinion on scientific evaluation of occupational exposure limits for Acrylonitrile ECHA/ RAC/O-0000001412-86-188/F.
  • 88. Koopmans M.J.E., Daamen P.A.M. (1989). Skin sensitisation to acrylonitrile in albino guinea pig (maximization test). Study 012972 of RCC NOTOX BV. The Netherlands. 1989 (cyt. za: RAC 2018).
  • 89. Lawrence N., McGregor D.B. (1985). Assays for the induction of morphological transformation in C3H/10T1/2 cells in culture with and without S9-mediated metabolic activation. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 651–658.
  • 90. Lee C.G., Webber T.D. (1985). The induction of gene mutations in the mouse lymphoma L5178Y/K+/ - assay and the chinese hamster V79/HGPRT assay. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 547–554.
  • 91. Leonard A., Garny V., Poncelet F. (1981). Mutagenicity of acrylonitrile in mouse. Toxicol. Lett. 7, 329–334.
  • 92. Lewalter J. (1996). N-Alkylvaline levels in globin as a new type of biomarker in risk assessment of alkylating agents. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 68, 519–530.
  • 93. Lewalter J., Neumann H.G. (1998). Biologische Arbeitsstoff-Toleranzwerte (Biomonitoring). Teil XII. Die Bedeutung der individuellen Empfindlichkeit beim Biomonitoring. Arbeitsmed Sozialmed Umwelmed 33, 352–364 (cyt. za: DFG 2016; Thier i in. 2000).
  • 94. Liber H.L. (1985). Mutation test with Salmonella using 8-azaguanine resistance as the genetic marker. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 213–216.
  • 95. Lijinsky W., Andrews A.W. (1980). Mutagenicity of vinyl compounds in Salmonella typhimurium. Teratog. Carcin. Mut. 1, 259–267.
  • 96. Maltoni C., Ciliberti A., Dimaio V. (1977). Carcinogenicity bioassays on rats of acrylonitrile administered by inhalation and ingestion. Med. Lav. 68, 401–411.
  • 97. Maltoni C., Ciliberti A., Cotti G., Perino G. (1988). Longterm carcinogenicity bioassays on acrylonitile administered by inhalation and by ingestion to Sprague-Dawley rats. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 534, 179–202.
  • 98. Marsh G.M., Gula M.J., Youk A.O., Schall L.C. (1999). Mortality among chemical plant workers exposed to acrylonitrile and other substances. Am. J. Ind. Med. 36, 423–436.
  • 99. Marsh G.M., Youk A.O., Collins J.J. (2001). Reevaluation of lung cancer risk in the acrylonitrile cohort study of the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health 27, 5–13.
  • 100. Marsh G.M., Zimmerman S.D. (2015). Mortality among chemical plant workers exposed to acrylonitrile: 2011 follow-up. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 57(2), 134–145.
  • 101. Matsushima T., Muramatsu M., Haresaku M. (1985). Mutation tests on Salmonella typhimurium by the preincubation method. [W:] J. Ashby, F.J. de Serres [eds.] Progress in mutation research. Vol. 5, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam 181–186 (cyt. za: Pałaszewska- -Tkacz i in. 2013).
  • 102. Matthews E.J., DelBalzo T., Rundell J.O. (1985). Assay for morphological transformation and mutation to ouabain resistance of Balb/C-3T3 cells in culture. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 639–650.
  • 103. Mehta R.D., von Borstel R.C. (1985). Tests for genetic activity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using strains D7- 144, XV185-14C, and RM52. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 271–284.
  • 104. Morita T., Asano N., Awogi T., Sasaki Y.F., Sato S., Shimada H., Sutou S., Suzuki T., Wakata A., Sofuni T., Hayashi M. (1997). Evaluation of the rodent micronucleus assay in the screening of IARC carcinogens (groups 1,2A and 2B): The summary report of the 6th collaborative study by CSGMT/ JEMS MMS. Collaborative study of the micronucleus group test. Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group. Mutat. Res. 389(1), 3–122.
  • 105. Muto T., Sakurai H., Omae K. (1992). Health profiles of workers exposed to acrylonitrile. Keio J. Med. 41(3), 154–160.
  • 106. Nakagawa Y., Toyoizumi T., Sui H., Ohta R., Kumagai F., Usumi K., Saito Y., Yamakage K. (2015). In vivo comet assay of acrylonitrile, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride monohydrate and ethanol in rats. Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 786–788, 104–113.
  • 107. Natarajan A.T., Bussmann C.J.M., van Kesteren-van Leeuwen A.C., Meijers A.C.M., Van Rijn J.L.S. (1985). Tests for chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in culture. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 433–437.
  • 108. Nemec M.D., Kirkaptrick D.T., Sherman J., Van Miller J.P., Pershing M.L., Strother D.E. (2008). Two generation reproduction toxicity study of inhaled acrylonitrile vapors in Crl:CD(SD) rats. Int. J. Toxicol. 27, 11–29.
  • 109. Nerland E.E., Benz F.W., Babiuk C. (1989). Effects of cysteine isomers and derivatives on acute acrylonitrile toxicity. Drug Metab. Rev. 20, 233–246.
  • 110. NTP, National Toxicology Program (2001). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of acrylonitrile (CAS No. 107-13-1) in B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2001; NTP TR 506b [dostęp: czerwiec 2018; https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr506.pdf].
  • 111. Obe G., Hille A., Jonas R., Schmidt S., Thenhaus U. (1985). Tests for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes in culture. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 439–442.
  • 112. O’Berg M.T. (1980). Epidemiologic study of workers exposed to acrylonitrile. J. Occup. Med. 22(4), 245–252.
  • 113. O’Berg M.T., Chen J.I., Burke C.A., Walrath J., Pell S. (1985). Epidemiological study of workers exposed to acrylonitrile: an uptade. J. Occup. Med. 27(11), 835–840.
  • 114. Orusev T., Bauer S., Popovski P. (1973). Occupational exposure to acrylonitrile in a plant for production of acrylic synthetic fibres. God. Zb. Med. Fak. Skopje. 19, 445–449 (cyt. za: Sapota, Jakubowski 1985).
  • 115. Osgood C., Bloomfield M., Zimmering S. (1991). Aneuploidy in Drosophila, IV. Inhalation studies on the induction of aneuploidy by nitriles. Mutat. Res. 259, 165–176.
  • 116. Pałaszewska-Tkacz A., Czerczak S., Szymczak W. (2013). Akrylonitryl. Wytyczne szacowania ryzyka zdrowotnego dla czynników rakotwórczych 31(1), 5–54.
  • 117. Parent R.A., Casto B.C. (1979). Effect of acrylonitrile on primary Syrian golden hamster embryo cells in culture: transformation and DNA fragmentation. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62, 1025–1029.
  • 118. Perocco P., Pane G., Bolognesi S. (1982). Increase in sister chromatid exchange and unscheduled synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid by acrylonitrile in human lymphocytes in vitro. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 8, 290-293.
  • 119. Piekarska A., Czerczak S., Starzyński Z., Szymczak W. (1997). Akrylonitryl. Wytyczne szacowania ryzyka zdrowotnego dla czynników rakotwórczych 4, 5–31.
  • 120. Priston R.A., Dean B.J. (1985). Tests for the induction of chromosome aberrations, polyploidy and sister chromatid exchanges in rat liver (RL4) cells. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 387–395.
  • 121. Probst G.S., Hill L.E. (1985). Test for the induction of DNA repair synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 381–386.
  • 122. Pu X., Kamendulis L.M., Klaunig J.E. (2009). Acrylonitrile-induced oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol. Sci. 111, 64–71.
  • 123. Pu X., Wang Z., Zhou S., Klaunig J.E. (2016). Protective effects of antioxidants on acrylonitrile-induced oxidative stress in female F344 rats. Environ. Toxicol. 31, 1808–1818.
  • 124. Puts C., ter Burg W. (2015). Identifying prevalent carcinogens at the workplace in Europe. RIVM Report 2015-0107.
  • 125. Quast J.F., Schwetz B.A., Balmer M.F., Gushow T.S., Park C.N,. McKenna M.J. (1980a). A two-year toxicity and oncogenicity study with acrylonitrile following inhalation exposure of rats. Dow Chemical Co., Toxicology Research Laboratory, Midland, MI (cyt. za: RAC 2018; SCOEL 2003).
  • 126. Quast J.F., Wade C.E., Humiston C.G., Carreon R.M., Hermann E.A., Park C.N., Schwetz B.A. (1980b). A two-year toxicity and oncogenicity study with acrylonitrile incorporated in the drinking water of rats. Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Services, Dow Chemical USA, Midland MI for the Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington DC (unpublished report). Testing laboratory: Toxicology Research Laboratory, Dow (cyt. za: RAC 2018).
  • 127. Quast J.F. (2002). Two-year toxicity and oncogenicity study with acrylonitrile incorporated in the drinking water of rats. Toxicol. Lett. 132, 153–196.
  • 128. Rabello-Gay M.N, Ahmed A.E. (1980). Acrylonitrile: in vivo cytogenetic studies in mice and rats. Mutat. Res. 79, 249–255.
  • 129. RAC (2018). Committee for Risk Assessment. Opinion on scientific evaluation of occupational exposure limits for Acrylonitrile ECHA/RAC/O-0000001412-86-188/F, adopted 9 march 2018.
  • 130. Radimer G.F., Davis J.H., Ackerman A.B. (1974). Fumigant-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Arch. Dermatol. 110(1), 103–104 (cyt. za: RAC 2018).
  • 131. Recio L., Skopek T.R. (1988). Mutagenicity of acrylonitrile and its metabolite 2-cyanoethylene oxide in human lymphoblasts in vitro. Mutat. Res. 206, 297–305.
  • 132. Rexroat M.A., Probst G.S. (1985). Mutation tests with Salmonella using the plate-incorporation assay. [In:] Ashby J., de Serres F.J., Draper M., Ishidate Jr M., Margolin B.H., Matter B.E., Shelby M.D. [eds.] Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens. Report of the International Programme on Chemical Safety’s collaborative study on in vitro assays. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 201–212.
  • 133. Rogaczewska T. (1975). Wchłanianie par akrylonitrylu przez skórę u zwierząt. Med. Pracy 26(6), 459–465.
  • 134. Rogaczewska T., Piotrowski J. (1968). Experimental evaluation of the absorption routes of acrylonitrile in man. Med. Pracy 19, 349–354.
  • 135. Rongzhu L., Ziqiang C., Fusheng J., Collins J.J. (2005). Neurobehavioral effects of occupational exposure to acrylonitrile in Chinese workers. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 19(3), 695–700.
  • 136. Rongzhu L., Suhua W., Guangwei X., Fangan H., Ziqiang C., Fusheng J., Kacew S. (2007). Neurobehavioral alterations in rats exposed in acrylonitrile in drinking water. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 26, 179–184.
  • 137. Rothman K.J. (1994). Cancer occurence among workers exposed to acrylonitrile. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 20, 313–321.
  • 138. Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 24 lipca 2012 r. w sprawie substancji chemicznych, ich mieszanin, czynników lub procesów technologicznych o działaniu rakotwórczym lub mutagennym w środowisku pracy (tekst jednolity DzU z 2016 r., poz. 1117) [Polish legal act].
  • 139. Rozporządzenie Ministra Rodziny, Pracy i Polityki Społecznej z dnia 12 czerwca 2018 r. w sprawie najwyższych dopuszczalnych stężeń i natężeń czynników szkodliwych dla zdrowia w środowisku pracy (DzU z 2018 r., poz. 1286) [Polish legal act].
  • 140. Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1907/2006 Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 18 grudnia 2006 r. w sprawie rejestracji, oceny, udzielania zezwoleń i stosowanych ograniczeń w zakresie chemikaliów (REACH), utworzenia Europejskiej Agencji Chemikaliów, zmieniające dyrektywę 1999/45/WE oraz uchylające rozporządzenie Rady (EWG) nr 793/93 i rozporządzenie Komisji (WE) nr 1488/94, jak również dyrektywę Rady 76/769/EWG i dyrektywy Komisji 91/155/ EWG, 93/67/EWG, 93/105/WE i 2000/21/WE (w wersji sprostowanej Dz.Urz. UE L 136 z 29.05.2007 r., s. 3 z późn. zm.).
  • 141. Rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady WE nr 1272/2008 z dnia 16 grudnia 2008 r. w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji oraz mieszanin, zmieniającego i uchylającego dyrektywy 67/548/EWG i 1999/45/WE oraz zmieniającego rozporządzenie WE nr 1907/2006 z dnia 31.12.2008 r. (Dz. Urz. WE L 353, 1–1355 z późn. zm.).
  • 142. Sakurai H., Kusumoto M. (1972). Epidemiologic study of health impairment among acrylonitrile workers. J. Sci. Labour. Tokyo 48(5), 273–282 (cyt. za: Sapota, Jakubowski 1985).
  • 143. Sakurai H., Onoderna M., Utsunomiya T., Minakuchi H., Iwai H., Matsumura H. (1978). Health effects of acrylonitrile in acrylic fibre factories. Br. J. Ind. Med. 35(3), 219–225.
  • 144. Sandberg E.C., Slanina P. (1980). Distribution of [1-14C] acrylonitrile in rat and monkey. Toxicol. Lett. 6, 187–191.
  • 145. Sanner T., Rivedal E. (1985). Tests with the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell transformation assay. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 665–671.
  • 146. Sapota A. (1982). The disposition of [14C]acrylonitrile in rats. Xenobiotica 12(4), 259–264.
  • 147. Sapota A., Jakubowski M. (1995). Dokumentacja proponowanej wartości dopuszczalnych poziomów narażenia zawodowego. Akrylonitryl. Dane niepublikowane, IMP, Łódź.
  • 148. Sartorelli E. (1966). Acute acrylonitrile intoxication. Med. Lab. 57(3), 184–187.
  • 149. SCOEL (2003). Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for Acrylonitrile. SCOEL/SUM/104 December 2003.
  • 150. Sharief Y., Brown A.M., Backer L.C. (1986). Sister chromatid exchange and chromosome aberration analyses in mice after in vivo exposure to acrylonitrile, styrene or butadiene monoxide. Environ. Mutagen. 8, 439–448.
  • 151. Sram R.J., Beskid O., Binkova B., Rossner P., Smerhovsky Z. (2004). Cytogenetic analysis using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to evaluate occupational exposure to carcinogens. Toxicol. Lett. 149, 335–344.
  • 152. Steffens W., Sibbing D., Kiesselbach N., Lewalter J. (1998). Behandlung von Patienten mit Vergiftungen durch aliphatische oder olefnische Nitrile. Arbeitsmed Sozialmed Umweltmed 33, 479–484 (cyt. za: Thier i in. 2000).
  • 153. Stewart P.A., Zaebst D., Zey J.N., Herrick R., Dosemeci M., Hornung R., Bloom T., Pottern L., Miller B.A., Blair A. (1998). Exposure assessment for a study of workers exposed to acrylonitrile. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health 24(suppl 2), 42–53.
  • 154. Styles J.A., Clay P., Cross M.F. (1985). Assays for the induction of gene mutations at the thymidine kinase and the Na+/K+ ATPase loci in two different mouse lymphoma cell lines in culture. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 587–596.
  • 155. SUVA (2015). Grenzwerte am Arbeitsplatz 2015 [dostęp: wrzesień 2018; http://www.ecoserve.ch/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/SUVA_MAK-Werte_2015.pdf].
  • 156. Swaen G.M., Bloemen L.J., Twisk J., Scheffers T., Slangen J.J., Sturmans F. (1992). Mortality of workers exposed to acrylonitrile. J. Occup. Med. 34, 801–809.
  • 157. Swaen G.M., Bloemen L.J., Twisk J., Scheffers T., Slangen J.J., Collins J.J., ten Berge W.F., Sturmans F. (1998). Mortality update of workers exposed to acrylonitrile in the Netherlands. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health 24(suppl. 2), 10–16.
  • 158. Swaen G.M., Bloemen L.J., Twisk J., Scheffers T., Slangen J.J., Collins J.J., ten Berge W.F. (2004). Mortality update of workers exposed to acrylonitrile in the Netherlands. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 46, 691–698.
  • 159. Symons J.M., Kreckmann K.H., Sakr C.J., Kaplan A.M., Leonard R.C. (2008). Mortality among workers exposed to acrylonitirled in fiber production: an update. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 50, 550–560.
  • 160. Szustow W., Mawrina E.A. (1975). Clinical picture of chronic poisoning in the production of nitrone. Gig. Truda Prof. Zabol. 3, 27 (cyt. za: Sapota, Jakubowski 1985).
  • 161. Tandon R., Saxena D.K., Chandra S.V. (1988). Testicular effects of acrylonitrile in mice. Toxicol. Lett. 42, 55–63.
  • 162. Thier R., Lealter J., Bolt H.M. (2000). Species differences in acrylonitrile metabolism and toxicity between experimental animals and humans based on observations in human accidental poisonings. Arch. Toxicol. 74(4-5), 184–189.
  • 163. Thiess A.M., Fleig I. (1978). Analysis of chromosomes of workers exposed to acrylonitrile. Arch. Toxicol. 41, 149–152.
  • 164. Ved Brat S.V., Williams G.M. (1982). Hepatocyte-mediated production of sister chromatid exchange in co-cultured cells by acrylonitrile: evidence for extracellular transport of a stable reactive intermediate. Cancer Lett. 17, 213–216.
  • 165. Venitt S., Bushell C.T., Osborne M. (1977). Mutagenicity of acrylonitrile (cyanoethylene) in Escherichia coli. Mutat. Res. 45, 283–288.
  • 166. Vernon P.A., Dulak L.H., Deskin R. (1969). Acute toxicological evaluation of acrylonitrile. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 1, 114–115.
  • 167. Vogel E.V. (1985). The Drosophila somatic recombination and mutation assay (SRM) using the white-coral somatic eye color system. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 313–317.
  • 168. Vogel R.A., Kirkendall W.M. (1984). Acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide) poisoning: a case report. Texas Med. 80, 48–51 (cyt. za: Pałaszewska-Tkacz i in. 2013).
  • 169. Williams G.M., Kobets T., Duan J.D., Iatropoulos M.J. (2017). Assessment of DNA binding and oxidative DNA damage by acrylonitrile in two rat target tissues of carcinogenicity: implications for the mechanism of action. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 30, 1470–1480.
  • 170. Williams G.M., Tong C., Brat S.V. (1985). Test with the rat hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 341–345.
  • 171. Wilson R.H., Hough G.V., McCormick W.E. (1948). Medical problems encountered in the manufacture of American made rubber. Ind. Med. 17, 199–207 (cyt. za: Piekarska i in. 1997).
  • 172. Wniosek (2017). Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady zmieniająca dyrektywę 2004/37/WE w sprawie ochrony pracowników przed zagrożeniem dotyczącym narażenia na działanie czynników rakotwórczych lub mutagenów podczas pracy. COM/2017/011 final [dostęp: wrzesień 2018; https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PL/ TXT/?qid=1536586060661&uri=CELEX:52017PC0011].
  • 173. Wniosek (2018). Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady zmieniająca dyrektywę 2004/37/WE w sprawie ochrony pracowników przed zagrożeniem dotyczącym narażenia na działanie czynników rakotwórczych lub mutagenów podczas pracy COM/2018/171 final [dostęp: wrzesień 2018; https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PL/ TXT/?qid=1536586531053&uri=CELEX:52018PC0171].
  • 174. Wood S.M., Buffler P.A., Burau K.. Krivanek N. (1998). Mortality and morbidity of workers exposed to acrylonitrile in fiber production. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health 24(suppl. 2), 54–62.
  • 175. Working P.,K.., Bentley K.S., Hurtt Mohr K.L. (1987). Comparison of the dominant lethal effects of acrylonitrile and acrylamide in male F344 rats. Mutagenesis 2, 215–220.
  • 176. Wuergler F.E., Graf U., Frei H. (1985). Somatic mutation and recombination test in wings of Drosophila melanogaster. Prog. Mutat. Res. 5, 325–340.
  • 177. Xu D.X., Zhu Q.X., Zheng L.K., Wang Q.N., Shen H.M., Deng L.X., Ong C.N. (2003). Exposure to acrylonitrile induced DNA strand breakage and sex chromosome aneuploidy in human spermatozoa. Mutat. Res. 537, 93–100.
  • 178. Young J.D., Slaurer R.W., Karbowski R.J. (1977). The pharmacokinetic and metabolism profile of 14C-acrylonitrile given to rats by three routes. Midland MI, USA, Toxicol. Res. Lab. Dow. Chem. (cyt. za: Pałaszewska-Tkacz i in. 2013).
  • 179. Zeiger E., Haworth S. (1985). Test with a preincubation modification of the Salmonella/microsome assay. In: Ashby J., de Serres F.J., eds. Progress in mutation research. Vol. 5. The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 187–199.
  • 180. Zeller H., Hofmann H.T., Thiess A.M., Hey W. (1969). Toxicity of nitriles. Results of animal experiments and industrial experiences during 15 years. Zbl. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz. 19(8), 225–237 (cyt. za: RAC 2018).
  • 181. Zhurkov V.S., Shram R.Y., Dugan A.M. (1983). Analysis of the mutagenic activity of acrylonitrile. Gig. Sanit. 1, 71–72 (cyt. za: Sapota, Jakubowski 1985).
  • 182. Zotova L.V. (1975). Working conditions in the production of acrylonitrile and their effect on workers. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 8, 8–11 (cyt. za: Sapota, Jakubowski 1985).
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-1afeecdf-1eda-4091-9ccf-35ae621e08c1
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.