Quasi Real-Time X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer in Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter in a Typical Suburban Area

• Autorzy: Mach Tomasz , Rybak Justyna , Bihałowicz Jan , Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12911/22998993/152282

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The article studies the data from a weekly campaign devoted to the study of the elemental composition of PM₁₀ in a selected receptor, in a suburban area (Mazowieckie Voivodeship). The sampling point was located at the intersection of main roads and in the vicinity of a typical single-family housing, not far from the electrified Warsaw-Białystok railway line and a small heating plant. The research was carried out in the summer season, in order to minimize the impact of municipal emissions on the concentrations and elemental composition of PM₁₀. A Horiba PX-375 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to measure the one-hour concentrations of elements related to PM₁₀. On the basis of the obtained results, the enrichment factors for PM₁₀ in the analyzed elements (EF) were calculated and the principal components analysis (PCA) was performed. It was found that although the elemental composition of PM₁₀ in all tested time intervals was noticeably influenced by the emissions from transport, the municipal emissions had a significant impact on the elemental composition, especially those related to coal combustion, and thus the concentration of PM₁₀ during the study period. It seems that the possibility of observing the influence of all relevant sources on the composition and concentration of PM₁₀ was possible owing to the use of hourly-averaged measurements of the elemental composition of PM₁₀. In the case of daily averaged measurements, in a receptor with such PM₁₀ elemental profile, it would be impossible to determine the periods, in which specific – qualitatively completely different – emission sources dominate.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

atmospheric aerosol; traffic emission; enrichment factor; 24-h concentrations; diurnal variability; PX-375; XRF analysis

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej ; Lublin University of Technology
• Czasopismo: Journal of Ecological Engineering
• Rocznik: 2022
• Tom: Vol. 23, nr 10
• Strony: 89--97
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 39 poz., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Mach Tomasz

• Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Rybak Justyna

• Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3606-4220

autor

Bihałowicz Jan

• The Main School of Fire Service, ul. Słowackiego 52/54, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3465-5315

autor

Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta

• The Main School of Fire Service, ul. Słowackiego 52/54, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4339-0657

Bibliografia

• 1. Barbieri, M. 2016. The Importance of Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) to Evaluate the Soil Contamination. Journal of Geology & Geophysics, 5.
• 2. Bokwa, A. 2008. Environmental Impacts of Long-Term Air Pollution Changes in Kraków, Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 17.
• 3. Cesari, D., Amato, F., Pandolfi, M., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., Contini, D. 2016. An inter-comparison of PM10 source apportionment using PCA and PMF receptor models in three European sites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 15133–15148.
• 4. Hallquist, M., Wenger, J.C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N.M., George, C., Goldstein, A.H., Hamilton, J.F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M.E., Jimenez, J.L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, T.F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A.S.H., Seinfeld, J.H., Surratt, J.D., Szmigielski, R., Wildt, J. 2009. The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 5155–5236.
• 5. Hans Wedepohl, K. 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta.
• 6. Hopke, P.K. 2016. Review of receptor modeling methods for source apportionment. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association.
• 7. Hulskotte, J.H.J., van der Gon, H.A.C.D., Visschedijk, A.J.H., Schaap, M. 2007. Brake wear from vehicles as an important source of diffuse copper pollution. In: Water Science and Technology.
• 8. Idriss, I.E.A., Abdel-Azim, M., Karar, K.I., Osman, S., Idris, A.M. 2021. Isotopic and chemical facies for assessing the shallow water table aquifer quality in Goly Region, White Nile State, Sudan: focusing on nitrate source apportionment and human health risk. Toxin Reviews, 40, 764–776.
• 9. IMGW-PIB. 2021. Dane publiczne IMGW-PIB.
• 10. Jones, W.P., Furnas, G.W. 1987. Pictures of relevance: A geometric analysis of similarity measures. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 38, 420–442.
• 11. Kaivosoja, T., Jalava, P.I., Lamberg, H., Virén, A., Tapanainen, M., Torvela, T., Tapper, U., Sippula, O., Tissari, J., Hillamo, R., Hirvonen, M.R., Jokiniemi, J. 2013. Comparison of emissions and toxicological properties of fine particles from wood and oil boilers in small (20–25 kW) and medium (5–10 MW) scale. Atmospheric Environment, 77, 193–201.
• 12. Kormoker, T., Proshad, R., Islam, M.S., Shamsuzzoha, M., Akter, A., Tusher, T.R. 2021. Concentrations, source apportionment and potential health risk of toxic metals in foodstuffs of Bangladesh. Toxin Reviews, 40, 1447–1460.
• 13. Li, J., Deng, Q., Lu, C., Huang, B. 2010. Chemical compositions and source apportionment of atmospheric PM10 in suburban area of Changsha, China. Journal of Central South University of Technology, 17, 509–515.
• 14. Li, Q., Zhang, H., Guo, S., Fu, K., Liao, L., Xu, Y., Cheng, S. 2020. Groundwater pollution source apportionment using principal component analysis in a multiple land-use area in southwestern China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 9000–9011.
• 15. Liang, S.Y., Cui, J.L., Bi, X.Y., Luo, X.S., Li, X.D. 2019. Deciphering source contributions of trace metal contamination in urban soil, road dust, and foliar dust of Guangzhou, southern China. Science of the Total Environment.
• 16. Mach, T., Bihałowicz, J., Bihałowicz, J.S. 2021. Dobowa i godzinowa zmienność stężeń Pb, Ni, Zn, Mn i V w powietrzu atmosferycznym: badania pilotażowe w wybranym receptorze centralnej Polski. In: Energetyka i ochrona środowiska – współczesne rozwiązania i perspektywy na przyszłość. Wydawnictwo Naukowe TYGIEL, 145–163.
• 17. Majewski, G., Rogula-Kozłowska, W. 2016. The elemental composition and origin of fine ambient particles in the largest Polish conurbation: first results from the short-term winter campaign. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 125, 79–92.
• 18. Moore, K., Polidori, A., Sioutas, C. 2011. Toxicological Assessment of Particulate Emissions from the Exhaust of Old and New Model Heavy- and Light-Duty Vehicles. This research was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation.
• 19. Pant, P., Harrison, R.M. 2013. Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: A review. Atmospheric Environment.
• 20. Penkała, M., Ogrodnik, P., Rogula-Kozłowska, W. 2018. Particulate Matter from the Road Surface Abrasion as a Problem of Non-Exhaust Emission Control. Environments, 5, 9.
• 21. Pernigotti, D., Belis, C.A., Spanó, L. 2016. SPECIEUROPE: The European data base for PM source profiles. Atmospheric Pollution Research.
• 22. Pervez, S., Bano, S., Watson, J.G., Chow, J.C., Matawle, J.L., Shrivastava, A., Tiwari, S., Pervez, Y.F. 2018. Source Profiles for PM10–2.5 Resuspended Dust and Vehicle Exhaust Emissions in Central India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 18, 1660–1672.
• 23. Pokorná, P., Hovorka, J., Hopke, P.K. 2016. Elemental composition and source identification of very fine aerosol particles in a European air pollution hot-spot. Atmospheric Pollution Research.
• 24. Qu, M., Wang, Y., Huang, B., Zhao, Y. 2018. Source apportionment of soil heavy metals using robust absolute principal component scores-robust geographically weighted regression (RAPCS-RGWR) receptor model. Science of The Total Environment, 626, 203–210.
• 25. Reimann, C., Caritat, P. de. 2000. Intrinsic Flaws of Element Enrichment Factors (EFs) in Environmental Geochemistry. Environmental Science & Technology, 34, 5084–5091.
• 26. Rodriguez, S., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Viana, M., Alarcon, M., Mantilla, E., Ruiz, C. 2004. Comparative PM10–PM2.5 source contribution study at rural, urban and industrial sites during PM episodes in Eastern Spain. Science of The Total Environment, 328, 95–113.
• 27. Rogula-Kozłowska, W., Błaszczak, B., Szopa, S., Klejnowski, K., Sówka, I., Zwoździak, A., Jabłońska, M., Mathews, B. 2013. PM2.5 in the central part of Upper Silesia, Poland: Concentrations, elemental composition, and mobility of components. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
• 28. Rogula-Kozłowska, W., Klejnowski, K., Rogula-Kopiec, P., Mathews, B., Szopa, S. 2012. A Study on the Seasonal Mass Closure of Ambient Fine and Coarse Dusts in Zabrze, Poland. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88, 722–729.
• 29. Rogula-Kozłowska, W., Majewski, G., Błaszczak, B., Klejnowski, K., Rogula-Kopiec, P. 2016. Origin-oriented elemental profile of fine ambient particulate matter in central European suburban conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13.
• 30. Rogula-Kozłowska, W., Majewski, G., Czechowski, P.O. 2015. The size distribution and origin of elements bound to ambient particles: a case study of a Polish urban area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
• 31. Rybak, J., Wróbel, M., Bihalowicz, J.S., Rogula-Kozlowska, W. 2020. Selected metals in Urban road dust: Upper and lower silesia case study. Atmosphere, 11, 290.
• 32. Samek, L., Gdowik, A., Ogarek, J., Furman, L. 2016. Elemental composition and rough source apportionment of fine particulate matter in air in Cracow, Poland. Environment Protection Engineering.
• 33. Sternbeck, J., Sjödin, Å., Andréasson, K. 2002. Metal emissions from road traffic and the influence of resuspension – Results from two tunnel studies. Atmospheric Environment.
• 34. Stojanowska, A., Mach, T., Olszowski, T., Bihałowicz, J.S., Górka, M., Rybak, J., Rajfur, M., Świsłowski, P. 2021. Air Pollution Research Based on Spider Web and Parallel Continuous Particulate Monitoring–A Comparison Study Coupled with Identification of Sources. Minerals, 11, 812.
• 35. Stojanowska, A., Rybak, J., Bożym, M., Olszowski, T., Bihałowicz, J.S. 2020. Spider Webs and Lichens as Bioindicators of Heavy Metals: A Comparison Study in the Vicinity of a Copper Smelter (Poland). Sustainability, 12, 8066.
• 36. Yang, H.-H., Gupta, S. K., Dhital, N. B., Lee, K.-T., Hsieh, Y.-S., Huang, S.-C. 2019. Establishment of Indicatory Metals for Filterable and Condensable PM2.5 Emitted from Important Stationary Emission Sources. Energy & Fuels, 33, 10878–10887.
• 37. Yongming, H., Peixuan, D., Junji, C., Posmentier, E. 2006. Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an, Central China. Science of The Total Environment, 355, 176–186.
• 38. ZEC Wołomin. 2022. System ciepłowniczy – ZEC Wołomin.
• 39. Zhu, Y., Huang, L., Li, J., Ying, Q., Zhang, H., Liu, X., Liao, H., Li, N., Liu, Z., Mao, Y., Fang, H., & Hu, J. 2018. Sources of particulate matter in China: Insights from source apportionment studies published in 1987–2017. Environment International. Elsevier Ltd.