Baranogale helbingi Kormos, 1934 (Mustelidae, Carnivora) from the late Pliocene site Węże 1 (Poland)

• Autorzy: Marciszak Adrian , Lipecki Grzegorz , Wolsan Mieczysław

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.14241/asgp.2024.09

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The ancient and archaic mustelid Baranogale helbingi is a European endemit. Its occurrence is characteristic for the Pliocene, but the species occurred also during the early Pleistocene. Among 30 sites, where its occurrence is documented, 8 are located in Poland. Among them, the most abundant material was found at Węże 1, dated at 3.6–3.2 Myr. The newly described remains, with two relatively well preserved skulls, broadly expand knowledge about the species. Morphometrical analysis showed the important role of sexual dimorphism in the variability of the species. Like other European Ictonychini, B. helbingi vanished during the early Pleistocene, owing to competition with small Mustelinae that were extremely adaptable in terms of ecology.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Baranogale; ecological niche; competition; Mustela; sexual dimorphism

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne
• Czasopismo: Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 94, No. 3
• Strony: 255--272
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 111 poz., fot., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Marciszak Adrian

• Department of Palaeozoology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1472-6553

autor

Lipecki Grzegorz

• Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2650-9385

autor

Wolsan Mieczysław

• Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-7743

Bibliografia

• 1. Abella, J., Hontecillas, D., Valenciano, A., Montoya, P., Morales, J., Pesquero, M. D. & Alcala, L., 2019. The last record of an ailuropod bear from the Iberian Peninsula. In: de Bonis, L. & Werdelin, L. (eds), Memorial to Stéphane Peigné, carnivores (Hyaenodonta and Carnivora) of the Cenozoic. Geodiversitas, 41: 797-809.
• 2. Abramov, A. V & Baryshnikov, G. F., 2000. Geographic variation and intraspecific taxonomy of weasel Mustela nivalis (Carnivora, Mustelidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 8: 365-402.
• 3. Adrover, R., Martinez, L. A., Mein, P., Moissenet, E. & Orrios, J., 1986. Mamiferos del turoliense medio en la Rambla de Valdecebro (Teruel). Estudios Geológicos, 42: 495-510.
• 4. Alberdi, M. T., Azanza, B., Cerdeño, E. & Prado, J. L., 1997. Similarity relationship between mammal faunas & biochronology from latest Miocene to Pleistocene in the Western Mediterranean area. Ecoglae Geologicae Helvetiae, 90: 115-132.
• 5. Alcalé, L. A., 1994. Macromamiferos neógenos de la fosa de Alfambra-Teruel. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Teruel, 563 pp.
• 6. Alcalé, L. & Montoya, P., 1990. Las faunas de macromamiferos del Turoliense inferior español. Paleontologia i Evolució, 23: 111-119.
• 7. Alcalé, L., Morales, J. & Soria, D., 1990. El registro fósil neógeno de los carmvoros (Creodonta y Carnivora, Mammalia) de España. Paleontologia i Evolució, 23: 55-74.
• 8. Azzaroli, A., 1977. The Villafranchian stage in Italy and the Plio-Pleistocene bounduary. Giornale di Geologia, 41: 61-79.
• 9. Benammi, M., Aidona, E., Merceron, G., Koufos, G. D. & Kostopoulos, D. S., 2020. Magnetostratigraphy and chronology of the Lower Pleistocene primate bearing Dafnero fossil site, N. Greece. Quaternary, 22: 1-15.
• 10. Biknevicius, A. R. & Ruff, C. B., 1992. The structure of the mandibular corpus and its relationship to feeding behaviour in extant carnivores. Journal of Zoology, 228: 479-507.
• 11. Biknevicius, A. R. & Van Valkenburgh, B., 1996. Design for killing, craniodental adaptations of predators. In: Gittleman, J. L. (ed.), Carnivore Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution, Vol. 2. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp. 393-428.
• 12. Biknevicius, A. R., Van Valkenburgh, B. & Walker, J., 1996. Incisor size and shape, implications for feeding behaviours in saber-toothed “cats”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16: 510-521.
• 13. Bowdich, T. E., 1821. An analysis of the natural classifications of Mammalia: for the use of students and travellers. J. Smith, Paris.Böhme, M., 2003. The Miocene Climatic Optimum, evidence from ectothermic vertebrates of Central Europe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195: 389-401.
• 14. Colombero, S., Alba, D. M., D’Amico, C., Delfino, M., Esu, D., Giuntelli, P., Harzhauser, M., Mazza, P. P. A., Mosca, M., Neubauer, T. A., Pavia, G., Pavia, M., Villa, A. & Carnevale, G., 2017. Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications. Palaeontologia Electronica, 20.1.10A: 1-66.
• 15. Dolákova, N., Kováčová, M. & Utescher, T., 2020. Vegetation and climate changes during the Miocene climatic optimum & Miocene climatic transition in the northwestern part of Central Paratethys. Geological Journal, 56: 729-743.
• 16. Edwards, E. J., Osborne, C. P., Strömberg, C. A. E., Smith, S. A. & Consortium, C. G., 2010. The origins of C4 grasslands, integrating evolutionary and ecosystem science. Science, 328: 587-591.
• 17. Erlinge, S., 1975. Feeding habits of the weasel (Mustela nivalis) in relation to prey abundance. Oikos, 26: 378-384.
• 18. Erlinge, S., 1979. Adaptive significance of sexual dimorphism in weasels. Oikos, 33: 233-245.
• 19. Erlinge, S., 1987. Why do European stoats Mustela erminea not follow Bergmann’s rule? Holarctic Ecology, 10: 33-39.
• 20. Fabre, P.-H., Hautier, L., Dimitrov, D. & Douzery, E. J. P., 2012. A glimpse on the pattern of rodent diversification, a phylogenetic approach. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 12: 88.
• 21. Finarelli, J. A. & Badgley, C., 2010. Diversity dynamics of Miocene mammals in relation to the history of tectonism and climate. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277: 2721-2726.
• 22. Fischer de Waldheim, G., 1817. Adversaria zoologica. Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 5: 357-472.
• 23. Flower, B. P. & Kennett, J. P., 1994. The Middle Miocene climatic transition, East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycling. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108: 537-555.
• 24. Franzen, J. L., Pickford, M. & Costeur, L., 2013. Palaeobiodiversity, palaeoecology, palaeobiogeography & biochronology of Dorn-Dürkheim 1: a summary. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93: 277-284.
• 25. Girotti, O., Capasso Barbato, L., Esu, D., Gliozzi, E., Kotsahis, T., Martinetto, E., Petronio, C., Sardella, R. & Squazzini, E., 2003. The section of Torre Picchio (Terni, Umbria, central Italy), a Villafranchian site rich in vertebrates, molluscs, ostracods and plants. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 109: 77-98.
• 26. Głazek, J., Sulimski, A. & Wysoczański-Minkowicz, T., 1976. On the stratigraphic position of Węże I locality, Middle Poland. In: Panoś, V (ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Speleology, Olomouc - CSSR. Academia, Praha, pp. 435-442.
• 27. Głazek, J. & Szynkiewicz, A., 1987. Stratygrafia młodotrzeciorzędowych i wczesnoczwartorzędowych osadów krasowych i jej paleogeograficzne implikacje. In: Jahn, A. & Dyjor, S. (eds), Problemy młodszego neogenu i eoplejstocenu w Polsce. Materiały Konferencji Naukowej Plioceńska i eoplejstoceńska sieć rzeczna i związane z nią kompleksy osadów gruboklastycznych w Polsce. Ossolineum, Wrocław, pp. 113-130. [In Polish.]
• 28. Greaves, W. S., 1983. A functional analysis of carnassial biting. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 20: 353-363.
• 29. Guerin, C., Faure, M., Argant, A., Argant, J., Cregut-Bonnoure, E., Debard, E., Delson, E., Eisenmann, V., Hugueney, M., Limondin-Lozouet, N., Martin-Sufirez, E., Mein, P., Mourer-Chauvirea, C., Parenti, F., Pastreh, J.-F., Seng, S. & Vallia, A., 2004. Le gisement pliocene superieur de Saint-Vallier (Drome, France) synthese biostratigraphique et paleoecologique. Geobios, 37: 349-360.
• 30. Güldenstädt, A. I., 1770. Peregusna nova mustelae species. Novi Commentari Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae, 14: 441-455.
• 31. Hassanin, A., Veron, G., Ropiquet, A., van Vuuren, B. J., Lécu, A., Goodman, S., Haider, J. & Nguyen, T. T., 2021. Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes. PLoS One, 16: e0240770.
• 32. Heintz, E., Guerin, C., Martin, R. & Prat, F., 1974. Principanx gisements villafranchiens de France, listes fanniques et biostratigraphie. Memoires du Bureau de Recherches geologiques et minieres, 78: 169-182.
• 33. Heller, F., 1967. Die Altersstellung des Villafranchium und seiner Fauna. Quartär, 18: 9-23.
• 34. Hosoda, T., Suzuki, H., Harada, M., Tsuchiya, K., Han, S. H., Zhang, Y., Kryukov, A. P. & Lin, L. K., 2000. Evolutionary trends of the mitochondrial lineage differentiation in species of genera Martes and Mustela. Genes and Genetic Systems, 75: 259-267.
• 35. Izor, R. J. & De La Torre, L., 1978. A new species of weasel (Mustela) from the highlands of Colombia, with comments on the evolution and distribution of South American weasels. Journal of Mammalogy, 59: 92-102.
• 36. Jánossy, D., 1986. Pleistocene Vertebrae Faunas of Hungary. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 226 pp.
• 37. Jánossy, D., 1996. Lower Pleistocene vertebrate faunas from the localities 16 and 17 of Beremend (southern Hungary). Fragmenta Mineralogica et Paleontologica, 18: 91-102.
• 38. King, C. M., 1989. The advantages and disadvantages of small size to weasels, Mustela species. In: Gittleman, J. L. (ed.), Carnivore Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution. Springer, Boston, pp. 302-334.
• 39. King, C. M. & Powell, R. A., 2007. The Natural History of Weasels and Stoats. Ecology, Behaviour, and Management. Oxford University Press, New York, 456 pp.
• 40. Koepfli, K.-P., Deere, K. A., Slater, G. J., Begg, C., Begg, K., Grassman, L., Lucherini, M., Veron, G. & Wayne, R. K., 2008. Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae, resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation. BMC Biology, 6: 10.
• 41. Kokotini, M., Kargopoulos, N., Iliopoulos, G., Roussiakis, S., Skalos, P., Michailidis, D., Svorligkou, G., Kampouridis, P. & Theodorou, G., 2019. Karnezeika (Argolis, Peloponnese), preliminary data concerning a new Villafranchian locality of Southern Greece. In: Kranis, H. (ed.), Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the Geological Society of Greece, Athens, Greece, 22-24May 2019. Athens, pp. 39-40.
• 42. Kormos, T., 1934. Neue und wenig bekannte Musteliden aus dem ungarischen Oberpliozän. Folia Zoologica etHydrobiologica, 5: 129-158.
• 43. Kotsakis, T., 1986. Elementi di paleobiogeographia dei mammiferi Terziari della Italia. Hystrix, 1: 25-68.
• 44. Koufos, G. D., 1993. Late Pliocene carnivores from Western Macedonia (Greece). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 67: 357-376.
• 45. Koufos, G. D., 2001. The Villafranchian mammalian faunas and biochronology of Greece. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 40: 217-223.
• 46. Koufos, G. D., 2014. The Villafranchian carnivoran guild of Greece, implications for the fauna, biochronology and paleoecology. Integrative Zoology, 9: 444-460.
• 47. Koufos, G. D., 2022. The fossil record of mustelids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) in Greece. In: Vlachos, E. (ed.), Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2. Laurasiatherians, Artiodactyles, Perissodactyles, Carnivorans, and Island Endemics. Springer, Cham, pp. 641-659.
• 48. Koufos, G. D. & Kostopoulos, D. S., 1997. New carnivore material from the Plio-Pleistocene of Macedonia (Greece) with the description of a new canid. Müncher Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A, Geologie und Paläontologie, 34: 33-63.
• 49. Koufos, G. D., Kostopoulos, D. S. & Koliadimou, K. K., 1991. Un nouveau gisement de mammifères dans le Villafranchien de Macédoine occidentale (Grèce). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 313: 831-836.
• 50. Kowalski, K., 1959. Baranogale helbingi Kormos & other Mustelidae from the bone breccia in Podlesice near Kroczyce (Poland). Acta Palaeolontologica Polonica, 4: 61-69.
• 51. Kowalski, K., 1962. Les micro-mammifères du Pliocène et du Pléistocène inférieur de la Pologne. In: Savage, R. J. G. (ed.), Problèmes Actuels de Paléontologie (Évolution des Vertébrés), Paris, 29 Mai - 3 Juin, 1961. Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 104: 409-416.
• 52. Kowalski, K., 1964. Paleoecology of mammals from the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene of Poland. Acta Theriologica, 8: 73-88. [In Polish, with English summary.]
• 53. Kowalski, K., 1973. Rozwój fauny w czwartorzędzie Polski. In: Rühle, E. (ed.), Metodyka badań osadów czwartorzędowych. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa, pp. 110-111. [In Polish.]
• 54. Kowalski, K., 1990. Stratigraphy of Neogene mammals of Poland. In: Lindsay, E. H., Fahlbusch, V & Mein, P. (eds), European Neogene Mammal Chronology. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 193-209.
• 55. Kratochvil, J., 1951. Kolčavy a kolčavky v Československu. Sbornik Vysoké školy zemědělskě v Brně, 1: 61-148. [In Czech.]
• 56. Kratochvil, J., 1977a. Studies on Mustela erminea (Mustelidae, Mammalia) I. Variability of metric and mass traits. Folia Zoologica, 26: 291-304.
• 57. Kratochvil, J., 1977b. Sexual dimorphism & status of Mustela nivalis in Central Europe (Mammalia, Mustelidae). Acta Scientarum Naturalium Bohemoslovacae Brno, 11: 1-42.
• 58. Kretzoi, M., 1942. Tigeriltis, Iltis und Nerz im ungarischen Pleistozän. Földtani Közlöny, 72: 323-344.
• 59. Kretzoi, M., 1956. Die altpleistozänen Wilberltierfaunen des Villanyer Gebirges. Geologica Hungarica, Seria Paleontologia, 27: 1-264.
• 60. Kretzoi, M., 1959a. A Csarnotai fauna es faunaszint. Födtani evi Jelentese, 17: 297-395. [In Hungarian.]
• 61. Kretzoi, M., 1959b. Insectivoren, Naugetiere und Lagomorphen der jüngstpliozänen Fauna von Csarnota in Villanyer Gebirge (Südungarn). Vertebrata Hungarica, 2: 237-246.
• 62. Kretzoi, M. & Pécsi, M., 1982. A Pannóniai-medence pliocén és pleisztocén idöszakának tagolása. Földrajzi Közlemányek, 106: 300-326. [In Hungarian.]
• 63. Law, C. J., 2019. Evolutionary shifts in extant mustelid (Mustelidae, Carnivora) cranial shape, body size and body shape coincide with the Mid-Miocene Climate Transition. Biology Letters, 15: 20190155.
• 64. Law, C. J., Slater, G. J. & Mehta, R. S., 2018. Lineage diversity and size disparity in Musteloidea, testing patterns of adaptive radiation using molecular and fossil based methods. Systematic Biology, 67: 127-144.
• 65. Lesson, R. P., 1827. Manuel de mammalogie, ou Histoire naturelle des mammiferes. J. B. Bailliere, Paris, 441 pp.
• 66. Linnaeus, K., 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus 1. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], 824 pp.
• 67. Linnaeus, K., 1766. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus 1. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], 532 pp.
• 68. Liu, Y, Pu, Y, Chen, S., Wang, X., Murphy, R. W., Wang, X., Liao, R., Tang, K., Yue, B. & Liu, S., 2023. Revalidation and expanded description of Mustela aistoodonnivalis (Mustelidae, Carnivora) based on a multigene phylogeny and morphology. Ecology and Evolution, 13: e9944.
• 69. Marciszak, A., 2012. Mustelids (Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Pleistocene of Poland. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, 1078 pp. [In Polish, with English abstract.]
• 70. Marciszak, A., Ambros, D. & Hilpert, B., 2021. Mustelids from Sackdilling Cave (Bavaria, Germany) and their biostratigraphic significance. Geobios, 68: 83-107.
• 71. Marciszak, A. & Socha, P., 2014. Stoat Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758 and weasel Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 in palaeoecological analysis, a case study of Biśnik Cave. Quaternary International, 339-340: 258-265.
• 72. Morlo, M., 1997. Die Raubtiere (Mammalia, Carnivora) aus dem Turolium von Dorn-Dürkheim 1 (Rheinhessen). Teil 1, Mustelidae, Hyaenidae, Percrocutidae, Felidae. In: Franzen, J. L. (ed.), Die Säugetiere aus dem Turolium von Dorn-Dürkheim 1 (Rheinhessen, Deutschland). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 197: 11-47.
• 73. Morlo, M. & Kundrat, M., 2001. The first carnivoran fauna from the Ruscinium (Early Pliocene, MN 15) of Germany. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 75: 163-187.
• 74. Nagel, D., Pronin, K., Pytlik, I., Urbanek, C., Ivanoff, D. & Semenov, Y., 2004. Die Pliozäne Fauna der Katakomben von Odessa (Ukraine). Berichte des Institutes für Geologie und Paläontologie der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, 9: 278-280.
• 75. Patterson, B. D., Ramnez-Chaves, H. E., Vilela, J. F., Soares, A. E. R. & Grewe, F., 2021. On the nomenclature of the American clade of weasels (Carnivora, Mustelidae). Journal of Animal Diversity, 3: 1-8.
• 76. Petényi, S. J., 1864. János hátrahagyott munkái. Eggenberger, Pest, 141 pp. [In Hungarian.]
• 77. Petter, G., 1964. Deux Mustélidés nouveaux du Pontien d’Espagne orientale. Bulletin du Muséum National d’histoire Naturelle, 36: 270-278.
• 78. Petter, G., 1987. Small carnivores (Viverridae, Mustelidae, Canidae) from Laetoli. In: Leakey, M. & Harris, J. (eds), A Pliocene Site in Northern Tanzania. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 194-234.
• 79. Pinel, P., 1792. Recherches sur une nouvelle classification des quadrupèdes, fondée sur la structure méchanique des parties osseuses qui servent á l’articulation de la mâchoire inférieure. Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 1: 50-60.
• 80. Pocock, R. I., 1921. On the external characters and classification of the Mustelidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1921: 803-837.
• 81. Poljakova, R. S., 1978. O neprijamon opredelnii cili zhevatelnoy muskulaturi nekotorych kunich (Mustelidae). Trudy Zoologiczeskava Istituta, Sbornik Sistematika i Morfologija Mlekopitajuscich, 75: 106-118. [In Russian.]
• 82. Pomel, A., 1853. Catalogue méthodique et descriptif des vertébrés fossiles découverts dans le bassin hydrographique supérieur de la Loire, et surtout dans la vallée de son affluent principal l’Allier. Baillière, Paris, 198 pp.
• 83. Puzachenko, A. Y., Abramov, A. V & Rozhnov, V V., 2017. Cranial variation and taxonomic content of the marbled polecat Vormela peregusna (Mustelidae, Carnivora). Mammalian Biology, 83: 10-20.
• 84. Rabeder, G., 1973. Ein neuer Mustelidae (Carnivora) aus dem Altpleistozan von Deutsch Altenburg 2 (Niederösterreich). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie München, 11: 674-689.
• 85. Rabeder, G., 1976. Die Carnivore (Mammalia) aus dem Altpleistozän von Deutsch-Altenburg 2. Mit Beiträgen zur Systematik einiger Musteliden und Caniden. Beiträge zur Paläontologie von Österreich, 1: 5-119.
• 86. Radulescu, C., Samson, P.-M., Petculescu, A. & Stiuca, E., 2003. Pliocene large mammals of Romania. Coloquios de Paleontologia, 1: 549-558.
• 87. Rozhnov, V. V & Abramov, A. V, 2006. Sexual dimorphism of marbled polecat Vormela peregusna (Carnivora, Mustelidae). Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33: 144-148.
• 88. Samsonowicz, J., 1934. Zjawiska krasowe i trzeciorzędowa brekcja kostna w Wężach pod Działoszynem. Zabytki Przyrody Nieożywionej Ziem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, 3: 151-162. [In Polish.]
• 89. Samuels, J. X. & Hopkins, S. S. B., 2017. The impacts of Cenozoic climate and habitat changes on small mammal diversity of North America. Global & Planetary Change, 149: 36-52.
• 90. Sato, J. J., Wolsan, M., Prevosti, F. J., D’Eha, G., Begg, C., Begg, K., Hosoda, T., Campbell, K. L. & Suzuki, H., 2012. Evolutionary and biogeographic history of weasel-like carnivorans (Musteloidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63: 745-757.
• 91. Schaub, S., 1949. Révision de quelques carnassiers villafranchiens du Niveau des Etouaires (montagne de Perrier, Puy-de-Dôme). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 42: 492-506.
• 92. Sianis, P. D., Kostopoulos, D. S., Roussiakis, S. & Iliopoulos, G., 2023. Carnivora from the Early Pleistocene locality of Karnezeika (Southern Greece). Geobios, 79: 43-59.
• 93. Sianis, P. D., Kostopoulos, D. S., Roussiakis, S., Koufos, G. D. & Iliopoulos, G., 2021. New Baranogale (Mammalia, Mustelidae) finds from the Middle Villafranchian of Southern Greece. In: Belvedere, M., Diez Diaz, V, Mecozzi, B. & Sardella, R. (eds), Abstract Book of the XVIII Annual Conference of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists (5-9 July 2021, Benevento, Italy). Palaeovertebrata (Special Volume), 1: 1-151.
• 94. Spassov, N., 1997. Varshets and Slivnitsa, new rich localities of vertebrate fauna from Bulgaria (taxonomical composition, biostratigraphy, climatochronology). Geologica Balcanica, 27: 83-90.
• 95. Spassov, N., 2000. Biochronology and zoogeographic affinities of the Villafranchian faunas of South Europe. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 12: 89-128.
• 96. Spassov, N., 2001. Zorillas (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Ictonychini) from the Villafranchian of Bulgaria with a description of a new species of Baranogale Kormos, 1934. Geodiversitas, 23: 87-104.
• 97. Spassov, N., 2003. The Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate fauna in south-eastern Europe and the megafaunal migratory waves from the east to Europe. Revue de Paleobiologie, 22: 197-229.
• 98. Spassov, N. & Spiridonov, G., 1993. Vormela peregusna. In: Niethammer, J. & Krapp, F. (eds), Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas. Band 5, Raubsäuger-Carnivora (Fissipedia). Teil 2.
• 99. Mustelidae, Viverridae, Herpestidae, Felidae. AULA-Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 817-855.
• 100. Stach, J., 1959. On some Mustelinae from the Pliocene bone breccia of Węże. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 4: 101-117.
• 101. Stach, J., 1961. On two carnivores from the Pliocene breccia of Węże. Acta Paleontologica Polonica, 6: 321-329.
• 102. Strömberg, C. A. E., 2011. Evolution of grasses and grassland ecosystems. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 39: 517-544.
• 103. Vangengeim, E. A., Vislobokova, I. A. & Sotnikova, M. V, 1998. Large Ruscinian Mammalia in the territory of the former Soviet Union. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 6: 368-382.
• 104. Van Valkenburgh, B., 1988. Trophic diversity in past and present guilds of large predatory mammals. Paleobiology, 14: 155-173.
• 105. Van Valkenburgh, B. & Ruff, C. B., 1987. Canine tooth strength and killing behaviour in large carnivores. Journal of Zoology, 212: 379-397.
• 106. Viret, J., 1929. Les faunes de mammiferes de l’oligocène supérieur de la Limagne bourbonnaise. Annales de l’Université de Lyon Nouvelle série, 1 Sciences, Médecine, 47: 1-328.
• 107. Viret, J., 1951. Catalogue critique de la faune des mammifères miocènes de la Grive Saint-Alban (Isère). Première partie, chiroptères, carnivores, èdentès pholidotes. Archives du Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Lyon, 3: 1-104.
• 108. Viret, J., 1954. Le loess à bancs durcis de Saint-Vallier (Drôme) et sa faune de mammifères villafranchiens. Nouvelles Archives de Museum Histoire de Naturelle de Lyon, 4: 1-200.
• 109. Vislobokova, I., Sotnikova, M. & Dodonov, A., 2001. Late Miocene-Pliocene mammalian faunas of Russia and neighbouring countries. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 40: 307-313.
• 110. Wolsan, M., 1989. Drapieżne Carnivora. In: Kowalski, K. (ed.), Historia i ewolucja lądowej fauny Polski. Folia Quaternaria, 59-60: 177-197. [In Polish.]
• 111. Wolsan, M., 1993. Évolution des Carnivores quaternaires en Europe centrale dans leur contexte stratigraphique et paléoclimatique. Anthropologie, 97: 203-222.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr POPUL/SP/0154/2024/02 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki II" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki (2025).