Factors influencing the transformation of Iraqi holy cities: the case of Al-Najaf

• Autorzy: Farhan Sabeeh L. , Antón Daniel , Akef Venus S. , Zubaidi Salah L. , Hashim Khalid S.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.31

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The historic centre of the Iraqi city of Al-Najaf embraces a seasonal pilgrimage to its holy sites that forces unusual urban conditions. This paper examines the impact of development projects and studies on the heritage integrity of the public (religious). This paper, therefore, recommends raising public awareness to adopt design approaches to face the overflow of visitors and the loss of heritage identity.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

urban transformation factor; traditional urban pattern; heritage; Al-Najaf; Iraqi holy cities; Islamic culture

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
• Czasopismo: Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska
• Rocznik: 2021
• Tom: Vol. 30, No. 2
• Strony: 365--375
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 44 poz., mapy, zdj.

Twórcy

autor

Farhan Sabeeh L.

• Wasit University Engineering, College Department of Architectural Engineering, Al-Rabee Street, Al Kut, Wasit, Iraq
• Nottingham Trent University, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4460-1268

autor

Antón Daniel

• Universidad de Sevilla, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Edificación, Departamento de Expresión Gráfica e Ingeniería en la Edificació, 4A Reina Mercedes Avenue, 41012 Seville, Spain
• Nottingham Trent University School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, The Creative and Virtual Technologies Research Laboratory, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4267-2433

autor

Akef Venus S.

• University of Technology, Department of Architect Engineering, Baghdad, Iraq

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0822-8259

autor

Zubaidi Salah L.

• Wasit University, College of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering, Wasit, Iraq

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4229-9314

autor

Hashim Khalid S.

• University of Babylon, Environmental Research and Studies Centre, Hill, Babylon City, Iraq
• BEST Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-4060

Bibliografia

• Abdelmonem, M.G. (2017). Architectural and urban heritage in the digital age: dilemmas of authenticity, originality and reproduction. International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 11(3), 5-15.
• Abid, S.K. (2015). Imam Ali Shrine, institution and cultural monument: the implications of cultural significance and its impact on local conservation management. Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XIV, 153, 87-98
• Abid, S.K. (2016). An examination of heritage protection and conservation practices in the pilgrimage city of Najaf (PhD thesis). University of Sheffield, Sheffield. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17278/1/Sadiq.Abid.pdf
• Ahmed (1945). The Euphrates Valley and the Siddh Indian Project. Baghdad: Al-Ma’arif Press.
• Al-Amely, M.F. (2015). The impact of Kufa mosque in the urban growth of the Holy City. Baghdad: University of Technology.
• Al-Ansari, R.M. (2007). Proposal for the development of the center of the city of Najaf and expansion of kindergarten Al-Haidariya, Mujahmah al-Muhajir. London: Association for the Care of Iraqis.
• Al-Ansari, R.M. (2013). Najaf: past and present. Baghdad: Al-Mamoon House for Translation and Publishing.
• Al-Daraji, H.M. (2014). The heritage buildings in Najaf: Characteristic between past and present. Baghdad: Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities.
• Al-Hakim, H. (2006). Detailed of the history of Najaf: scientific and cultural. Qom, Iran: The Hydrological Library.
• Al-Jibory, K.S. (2011). Management of Imam Ali Shrine in Najaf. Afaaq Najafiya, 2011, 70-147.
• Al-Maliki, F. (2011). Najaf heritage buildings under threat.
• Al-Marri, S., Alquzweeni, S.S., Hashim, K.S., Alkhaddar, R., Kot, P., Alkizwini, R.S., Zubaidi, S.L. & Al-Khafaji, Z.S. (2020). Ultrasonic-Electrocoagulation method for nitrate removal from water. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 888, 012073. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/888/1/012073
• Allan, J.W. (2012). The art and architecture of twelver Shi’ism: Iraq, Iran and the Indian Sub-continent. London: Azimuth Editions.
• Alnaimi, H., Idan, I.J., Al-Janabi, A., Hashim, K.S., Gkantou, M., Zubaidi, S.L., Kot, P. & Muradov, M. (2020). Ultrasonic-electrochemical treatment for effluents of concrete plants. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 888, 012063. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/888/1/012063
• Alyafei, A., Alkizwini, R.S., Hashim, K.S., Yeboah, D., Gkantou, M., Al Khaddar, R., AlFaluji, D. & Zubaidi, S.L. (2020). Treatment of effluents of construction industry using a combined filtration-electrocoagulation method. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 888, 012032. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/888/1/012032
• Attia, A.N. (2016). Protection and promotion of cultural heritage to enhance the Iraqi cultural identity. Najaf: Dar Al-Turath.
• Bashir, S. (1995). The renewal of islamic law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf and the Shi’i International, Chibli Mallat. Digest of Middle East Studies, 4(2), 64-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.1995.tb00552.x
• Batuta, I. & Lee, S. (1829). The travels of Ibn Batűta. London: Oriental Translation Committee. Retrieved from: https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005211621
• Bender, T. (2006). Sacred space, sacred art. Retrieved from: tombender.org/sustdesignarticles/SACRED_SPACE.pdf [access dd.mm.yr].
• Bosworth, C.E. (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
• Correia, J. & Taher, M. (2015). Traditional Islamic cities unveiled: the quest for urban design regularity. Gremium, 2(4), 21-36.
• Department of Planning – Municipality of Najaf (2017). Foundation of physical planning of Najaf. Najaf: Municipality of Najaf.
• Department of Planning – Municipality of Najaf (2020). Built areas in the Old City of Al-Najaf. Najaf: Municipality of Najaf.
• Directorate of Urban Planning of Najaf Governorate (2006). Urban Renewal of the Najaf City Center. Najaf: Directorate of Urban Planning of Najaf Governorate.
• Farhan, S.L., Abdelmonem, M.G. & Nasar, Z.A. (2018). The urban transformation of traditional city centres: holy Karbala as a case study. Archnet-IJAR, 12(3), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625
• Farhan, S.L., Jasim, I.A. & Al-Mamoori, S.K. (2019). The transformation of the city of Najaf, Iraq: analysis, reality and future prospects. Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal, 13(2), 160-171.
• Farhan, S.L., Akef, V. & Nasar, Z. (2020). The transformation of the inherited historical urban and architectural characteristics of Al-Najaf’s Old City and possible preservation insights. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 9(4), 820-836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2020.07.005
• Grimm, N.B., Faeth, S.H., Golubiewski, N.E., Redman, C.L., Wu, J., Bai, X. & Briggs, J.M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities. Science, 319(5864), 756-760. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150195
• Hashim, K.S., Ewadh, H.M., Muhsin, A.A., Zubaidi, S.L., Kot, P., Muradov, M., … AlKhaddar, R. (2020). Phosphate removal from water using bottom ash: adsorption performance, coexisting anions and modelling studies. Water Science and Technology, 83(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.561
• Hendrigan, C. (2019). A future of polycentric cities: how urban life, land supply, smart technologies and sustainable transport are reshaping cities. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9169-9
• Kamona, H.A. (2010). Perception in the reconstruction of the city of Najaf as a capital of islamic culture 2012. Najaf: Association Forum Posting in Najaf.
• Matar, S. (2013). Iraq: Seven thousand years of life. Beirut: Arab Foundation for Publishing.
• Merzah, M.S. (2006). Heritage buildings in Najaf: the religious architecture and service architecture. Baghdad: University of Baghdad.
• Michell, G. (1978). Architecture of the Islamic world: its history and social meaning. London: Thames and Hudson.
• Mohammed, M. & Hadi, E. (2011). The best way to deal with the centre of Najaf old town. In Development and Planning (p. 11). Baghdad: University of Baghdad.
• Mustafa, M.H. (2010). Information technology role in the development of Al-Najaf City. Baghdad: University of Baghdad.
• Nasar, Z. (2015). The sacred shrines on directing the movement axes within the urban fabric of the Islamic holy cities – An-Najaf Al-Ashraf as a case study. Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences, 23(4).
• Orbasli, A. (2007). Training conservation professionals in the Middle East. Built Environment, 33(3), 307-322. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.33.3.307
• Shah-Kazemi, R. (2006). Ali Ibn Abi Talib. In J.W. Meri (ed.), Medieval islamic civilization: an encyclopedia (pp. 36-37). New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Retrieved from: http://opac.regesta-imperii.de/id/1429519
• Smith, L. (2006). Uses of heritage. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203602263
• Tabbaa, Y., Mervin, S. & Bonnier, E. (2014). Najaf, the gate of wisdom. History, heritage & significance of the holy city of the Shi’a. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000228324
• Urutseg (2011-03-16). Iraq physical map. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf#/media/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg
• Zubaidi, S.L., Al-Bugharbee, H., Muhsin, Y.R., Hashim, K. & Alkhaddar, R. (2020). Forecasting of monthly stochastic signal of urban water demand: Baghdad as a case study. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 888, 012018. https://doi. org/10.1088/1757-899X/888/1/012018
• Zubaidi, S.L., Kot, P., Alkhaddar, R.M., Abdellatif, M. & Al-Bugharbee, H. (2018). Shortterm water demand prediction in residential complexes: case study in Columbia City, USA. 2018 11th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE), 2018, 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1109/DeSE.2018.0001

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023)