Problems with glow plug - a review

• Autorzy: Woźniak Marek , Ozuna Gustavo , Siczek Krzysztof

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.19206/CE-140114

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Despite the development of hybrid and electric vehicles, a many-million population of cars with combustion engines, and particularly CI engines occurs on the roads. Also, many stationary CI engines are still utilized. Despite their improved technologies and characteristics the modern CI engines negatively affect an environment due to cold starting problems. Below 0°C, engine starts are problematic due to the decreased battery performance and the spray characteristics, the increased ignition delay time, and the engine oil viscosity. Therefore, various glow plugs are applied to facilitate this process. Types, features, and applications of glow plugs in various engines have been discussed in the paper. One case of failure of glow plug has been presented in the article, including the cause of it.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

CI engine; glow plug; failure

PL

silnik ZI; świeca żarowa; awaria

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
• Czasopismo: Combustion Engines
• Rocznik: 2021
• Tom: R. 60, nr 3
• Strony: 11--30
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 88 poz., 1 il. kolor., fot.

Twórcy

autor

Woźniak Marek

• Department of Vehicles and Fundamentals of Machine Design, Lodz University of Technology, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9204-4024+

autor

Ozuna Gustavo

• Department of Industrial Engineering and Systems, University of Sonora, Mexico

autor

Siczek Krzysztof

• Department of Vehicles and Fundamentals of Machine Design, Lodz University of Technology, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-3452

Bibliografia

• [1] ABATE, V. Natural gas ignition delay study under diesel engine conditions in a combustion bomb with glow plug assist. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto 2001.
• [2] AESOY, V. Hot surface assisted compression ignition in a direct injection natural gas engine. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Trondheim, Trondheim 1996.
• [3] AESOY, V., VALLAND, H. Hot surface assisted compression ignition of natural gas in a direct injection diesel engine. SAE Technical Paper 960767. 1996. https://doi.org/10.4271/960767
• [4] AESOY, V., VALLAND, H. The influence of natural gas composition on ignition in a direct injection gas engine using hot surface assisted compression ignition. SAE Technical Paper 961934. 1996. https://doi.org/10.4271/961934
• [5] AESOY, V., VALLAND, H. Hot Surface assisted compression ignition of natural gas in a simulated diesel engine environment. SAE Transactions 1996, 105(3), 1022-1030.
• [6] AGARWAL, A., ASSANIS, D.N. Multi-dimensional modeling of natural gas autoignition using detailed chemical kinetics. Combustion Science and Technology 2001, 163(1), 177-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200108952155
• [7] All about glow plugs. Technical Information No. 04. www.beruparts.eu/support/catalogues/brochures.html (accessed on 04 June 2021)
• [8] AMBEKAR, A., BHANGALE, R., CHATTERJEE, R. et al. Glow-plug-assisted combustion of nitromethane sprays in a constant volume chamber. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2015, 76, 462-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.11.043
• [9] ARAKI, M., DONG, H., OBOKADA, T. et al. Characteristics of CNG direct injection with auto-ignition. SAE Technical Paper 2005-26-358. 2005. https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-26-358
• [10] BARTSCH, C. Der neue 1,3-l-Dieselmotor von Fiat. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2003, 64, 374-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03226701
• [11] BARTUNEK, B., GOSSE, P., HILGER, U. et al. Entwicklung eines schadstoffarmen Nutzfahrzeugmotors mit Hochdruck-Direkteinblasung von Erdgas für den Einsatz in Stadbussen. Final report of DBU research project 14100, 2004.
• [12] BARTUNEK, R., HILGER, U. Direct injection natural gas (DING): a diesel-derived combustion system for low emissions and high fuel economy. SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2827. 2000. https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-2827
• [13] BERUPARTS. www.beruparts.pl/parts/glow-plugs/pressure-sensor-glow-plug.html (accessed on 04 June 2021)
• [14] BLANC, M., GEIGER, S., HOUBEN, H. et al. Diesel-Kaltstartsystem ISS der zweiten Generation mit Ansaugluft-Vorwärmung. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2006, 67, 352-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03225390
• [15] BORGERS, M., HAUSSNER, M., HOUBEN, H. et al. Drucksensor-Glühkerze für Dieselmotoren. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2004, 65, 888-895. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03227227
• [16] BORGQVIST, P., TUNESTAL, P., JOHANSSON, B. Comparison of negative valve overlap (NVO) and rebreathing valve strategies on a gasoline PPC engine at low load and idle. SAE International Journal of Engines. 2013, 6(1), 366-378. https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0902
• [17] BUELTE, H., SCHIFFGENS, H.J., LUTAT, M. et al. Die Neuen Tier-4I-Motoren von Deutz. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2010, 71, 814-821. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03225627
• [18] BURROWS, J., GORETTI, S., RAMOND, A. et al. Glühkerzenintegrierter piezokeramischer Brennraumdrucksensor für Dieselmotoren. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2005, 66, 908-910. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03226727
• [19] CECH, M., KNAPE, M., WILFERT, T. et al. Der abgasfreie Wasserstoff-Kreislaufmotor. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2021, 82, 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s35146-021-0645-1
• [20] ÇELIK, A., CEVIZ, M.A., YILMAZ, M. et al. Effects of using vortex tubes on events during cold start of a direct injection diesel engine. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2013, 5, 021411. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4798489
• [21] CHENG, S., WALLACE, J. Transient behavior of glow plugs in direct-injection natural gas engines. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 2012, 134, 92802-1. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2011-60131
• [22] Commercial Vehicles and Industrial Applications Glow Plugs. www.beruparts.co.uk/parts/glow-plugs/commercial-vehicles-industrial-applications.html (accessed on 04 June 2021).
• [23] DENGER, D., MISCHKER, K. Die elektrohydraulische Ventilsteuerung. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2004, 65, 978-987. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03227236
• [24] ENDLER, M. Schlanke Glühkerzen für Dieselmotoren mit Direkteinspritzung. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 1998, 59, 98-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03226439
• [25] ENGE, C., STERNBERG, R., TSCHIGGFREI, W. Effizienzsteigerung in der Dieselmotoren-Kälteapplikation. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2012, 73, 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1365/s35146-012-0228-2
• [26] FABBRONI, M.A., WALLACE, J.S. Flame propagation in natural gas fueled direct injection engines. Proceedings of the Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference, San Antonio 2010. ICEF2010-35182. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2010-35182
• [27] FABBRONI, M.A., WALLACE, J.S. Ignition by shielded glow plug in natural gas fueled direct injection engines. Proceedings of the Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference, Morgantown 2011. 2011, ICEF2011-60085. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2011-60085
• [28] FORMAGGIA, L., MICHELETTI, S., SACCO, R. et al. Mathematical modelling and numerical simulation of a glow-plug. Applied Numerical Mathematics. 2007, 57(10), 1125-1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnum.2006.09.012
• [29] GECA, M., BARANSKI, G., MAJCZAK, A. CI engine cold start-up facilitating systems tests. Logistyka. 2015, 3(CD 1), 1451-1458.
• [30] Glow Plugs, Glow Plug Controllers and Ignition Coils Catalog. BERU. BorgWagner 2021.
• [31] GOERING, C.E., PARCELL, R.T., RITTER, C.P. Hydrated ethanol as a fuel for a DI, CI engine. Transactions of the ASAE. 1998, 41(5), 1255-1260. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.17291
• [32] GRAGLIA, R., CATANESE, A., PARISI, F. et al. Die neue Dieselmotor-Steuerungvon General Motors. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2011, 72, 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1365/s35146-011-0032-4
• [33] HABBAKY, C. A comparative study between circular and elliptical nozzle holes on natural gas combustion and soot formation in a direct injection engine. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto 2012.
• [34] HANENKAMP, A., TERBECK, S., KOEBLER, S. 32/40 PGI - Neuer Otto-Gasmotor ohne Zündkerze. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2006, 67(12), 932-941. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03225433
• [35] HANULA, B., TAFEL, S., MUECK, A. et al. Schnelllaufender Hochleistungs-Dieselmotor für kleine Flugzeuge. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2003, 64, 286-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03226697
• [36] HASEGAWA, M., NISHIZAWA, T., IMAOKA, Y. et al. Improvement of combustion stability under cold ambient condition by mixture control. SAE International Journal of Engines. 2013, 6(2013-01-1303), 1021-1034. https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1303
• [37] HAVENITH, C., KUEPPER, H., HILGER, U. Performance and emission characteristics of the Deutz glow plug assisted heavy-duty methanol engine. SAE Technical Paper. 872245. 1987. https://doi.org/10.4271/872245
• [38] HEYNE, S., MEIER, M., IMBERT, B. et al. Experimental investigation of pre-chamber autoignition in a natural gas engine for cogeneration. Fuel. 2009, 88(3), 547-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.09.032
• [39] HINTERBERGER, C., HOSSFELD, C., OLESEN, M. Simulation der durch Kraftstoffeindampfung unterstützten. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2007, 68, 576-582. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03227423
• [40] HOLZENDORF, S., ALEKSIC-ROESSNER, K., LECHMANN, A. Regelung von Heizverläufen mittels lernender Algorithmen. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2018, 79, 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s35146-017-0195-8
• [41] HOUBEN, H., LAST, B., PECHHOLD, F. et al. Glow plug with integrated pressure sensor: a key component for closed-loop-combustion control. Proceeding of the Conference: The Operating Process of the Combustion Engine. Graz, 2007.
• [42] HOUBEN, H., UHL, G., SCHMITZ, H.G. et al. Das elektronisch gesteuerte Glühsystem ISS für Dieselmotoren. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2000, 61, 668-675. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03227304
• [43] IDZIOR, M. Problems of starting-up in modern diesel engines. Technical Transactions. Mechanics. 2008, 11(105), 7-M, 207-214.
• [44] IKEGAMI, M., SHIOJI, M., UMEKITA, K. et al. A glow-plug assisted direct-injection diesel engine using low-ignitability fuels. Proceedings of the 23rd FISITA Congress. Torino 1990, 905024, 183-191
• [45] Installation and fault finding. Denso. www.denso-am.eu/products/automotive-aftermarket/ignition/glow-plugs/installation-and-fault-finding/ (accessed on 04 June 2021).
• [46] KAPPELMAN, P. Method for controlling glow behavior of heater plugs of diesel engine for use in hybrid vehicle, involves operating heater plugs as function of operational parameter of vehicle to restart engine in current operating cycle of vehicle. Patent DE102012204534A1, Germany 2013.
• [47] KARSTEN, W., GOY, M., VOM SCHLOSS, H. et al. Vollstrombrenner zur Partikelfilterregeneration bei mobilen Anwendungen. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2013, 74, 556-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s35146-013-0168-5
• [48] KITA, H., HIRAO, K., HYUGA, H. et al. Chapter 3.2 - Review and overview of silicon nitride and Si-AlON, including their applications, In: Handbook of Advanced Ceramics (Second Edition), Ed(s): Shigeyuki Somiya, Academic Press 2013, 245-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385469-8.00015-0
• [49] KOLINSKI, K., PSZCZOLKOWSKI, J. The start-up characteristics of 4CT90 engine. Combustion Engines. 2009, 48(SC1), 215-223.
• [50] KROEGER, C.A. A neat methanol direct injection combustion system for heavy-duty applications. SAE Technical Paper 861169. 1986. https://doi.org/10.4271/861169
• [51] LI, Q., SHAYLER, P., MCGHEE, M. et al. The initiation and development of combustion under cold idling conditions using a glow plug in diesel engines. International Journal of Engine Research. 2017, 18(3), 240-255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087416652266
• [52] LINDL, B. Vergleich des Kaltstartverhaltens eines Diesel-motors mit Stahl- und mit Keramikglühkerzen. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 1998, 59, 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03226445
• [53] LINDL, B., SCHMITZ, H.G. Cold-start equipment for diesel direct-injection engines. SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-1244. 1999. https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1244
• [54] MAASSEN, F.J., THOMAS, S. Dieselmotorenentwicklung in Aluminium. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2001, 62, 694-703. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03226598
• [55] MANENTE, V., TUNESTAL, P., JOHANSSON, B. A study of a glow plug ignition engine by chemiluminescence images. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1884. 2007. https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-1884
• [56] MANENTE, V., TUNESTAL, P., JOHANSSON, B. Influence of inlet temperature and hot residual gases on the performances of a mini high speed glow plug engine. SAE Technical Paper 2006-32-0057. 2006. https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-32-0057
• [57] MCGHEE, M., SHAYLER, P., LAROCCA, A. et al. The influence of injection strategy and glow plug temperature on cycle-by-cycle stability under cold idling conditions for a low compression ratio, HPCR diesel engine. SAE International Journal of Engines. 2012, 5(3), 923-937.
• [58] MERKISZ, J., PIELECHA, J., ANDRYCH-ZALEWSKA, M. Influence of the length of a catalyst-coated glow plug on exhaust emissions. Energies. 2020, 13, 6557. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246557
• [59] MUELLER, C.J., MUSCULUS, M.P. Glow plug assisted ignition and combustion of methanol in an optical DI diesel engine. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-2004. 2001. https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-2004
• [60] NEAME, G.R., WALLACE, J.S. Bluff-body stabilized glow plug ignition of a methanol fueled IDI diesel engine. SAE Technical Paper 930935. 1993. https://doi.org/10.4271/930935
• [61] NGK glow plug types and features. www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/39721252/ngk-glow-plug-types-and-features-ngk-glow-plug-types-and-features/ (accessed on 04 June 2021).
• [62] NGK glow plugs: 20 questions & answers. www.partinfo.co.uk/files/Glow%20Plugs%20QA.pdf (accessed on 04 June 2021).
• [63] OBD-codes. www.obd-codes.com (accessed on 04 June 2021)
• [64] OEHLER, G., VOGEL, W., RAUP, M. et al. Der neue V8-Dieselmotor von MAN. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2008, 69, 670-679. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03227478
• [65] PAN, K., WALLACE, J.S. Numerical studies of the ignition characteristics of a high-pressure gas jet in compression-ignition engines with glow plug ignition assist: Part 1-Operating condition study. International Journal of Engine Research. 2017, 18(10), 1035-1054. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087417699753
• [66] PAN, K., WALLACE, J.S. Numerical studies of the ignition characteristics of a high-pressure gas jet in compression ignition engines with glow plug ignition assist: Part 2-Effects of multi-opening glow plug shields. International Journal of Engine Research. 2018, 19(9), 977-1001. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087417736997
• [67] PASTOR, J.V., GARCIA-OLIVER, J.M., PASTOR, J.M. et al. Ignition and combustion development for high-speed direct injection diesel engines under low temperature cold start conditions. Fuel. 2011, 90, 1556-1566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.01.008
• [68] PIELECHA, J., ANDRYCH-ZALEWSKA, M., SKOBIEJ, K. The impact of using an in-cylinder catalyst on the exhaust gas emission in real driving conditions tests of a Diesel engine. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018, 421, 042064. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/421/4/042064.
• [69] PISCHINGER, S., GRUETERING, U., GRAF, M. et al. Entflammung von Dieselkraftstoff bei tiefen Temperaturen. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2008, 69, 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03227276
• [70] PRAGER, M. Analytische Modellierung des Betriebsverhaltens eines Gasmotors mit neuem Gaszündstrahlverfahren für hohe Leistungsdichte. Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universität München, München 2010.
• [71] Product information automotive glow plugs. Bosch. aa-boschap-uk.resource.bosch.com/media/parts/engine_sys-tems__auto_parts_1/diesel__engine_systems_1/glow_plugs/pia_glow_plugs_en_58333.pdf (accessed on 04 June 2021).
• [72] PSZCZOLKOWSKI, J., KOLINSKI, K. Characteristic of starting rotational speed of self-ignition engine. Biuletyn WAT. 2006, 55(3), 97-112.
• [73] PUENTE LEON, F., DEMIRDELEN, I. Drehzahlermittlung mithilfe der Keramikglühkerze als Sensorelement. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2015, 76, 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s35146-014-2049-y
• [74] RUDOLPH, F., HADLER, J., ENGLER, H.-J. et al. Der neue 2.0l 4V TDI mit Common-Rail. Moderne Dieseltechnologie von Volkswagen. 16 Aachener Kolloquium Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik. 2007, 21144498, 115-140.
• [75] SCHOLL, F. Study of premixed combustion induced by controlled hot surface ignition in stationary gas engines. Ph.D. Thesis. Valladolid/Karlsruhe, 2017
• [76] Shedding light on the technical evolution of glow plugs. www.denso-technic.com/shedding-light-on-the-technical-evolution-of-glow-plugs (accessed on 04 June 2021).
• [77] Spark plugs & glow plugs Denso catalogue, 2020.
• [78] Steel Glow Plugs. BorgWarner. www.borgwarner.com/aftermarket/diesel-cold-start-ignition/steel-glow-plugs (accessed on 04 June 2021).
• [79] STEVENS, M. 5 symptoms of a bad glow plug (and replacement cost). July 2020. cartreatments.com/bad-glow-plug-symptoms (accessed on 04 June 2021).
• [80] SUTEEKARN, R., SACKMANN, M., GUHMANN, C. High-precision, robust cascade model for closed-loop control of ceramic glow plug surface temperature in a diesel engine. Proceedings of the 26th European Conference on Modelling and Simulation (ECMS) 2012, 17054522. https://doi.org/10.7148/2012-0229-0235
• [81] TOEDTER, O., LAST, B., ROTTNER, M. et al. Einfluss der Glühtemperatur auf Abgaswerte und Kraftstoffverbrauch von Dieselmotoren. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift. 2011, 72, 894-899. https://doi.org/10.1365/s35146-011-0192-2
• [82] WANG, J., YANG, F., OUYANG, M. Dieseline fueled flexible fuel compression ignition engine control based on in-cylinder pressure sensor. Applied Energy. 2015, 159, 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.101
• [83] WLODARCZYK, M.T. Fiber optic-based in-cylinder pressure sensor for advanced engine control and monitoring. Combustion Engines. 2012, 4(151), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-117016
• [84] WOS, P., JAWORSKI, A., KUSZEWSKI, H. et al. Technical and operating problems yielded from setting up the optimum value of geometric compression ratio in piston engines. Combustion Engines. 2016, 164(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-116483
• [85] WUNSCH, D., HEYNE, S., VOS, J.B. et al. Numerical flow simulation of a natural gas engine equipped with an unscavanged auto-ignition prechamber. Proceedings of the 3rd European Combustion Meeting Chania, Crete 2007.
• [86] YAMAYA, Y., TAKEMOTO, T., FURUTANIM, M. et al. Glow-plug assisted cold start of premixed compression-ignition natural-gas engines. Journal of KONES. 2003, 10(1-2), 303-309.
• [87] YAO, C., ZHOU, T., YANG, F. et al. Experimental study of glow plug assisted compression ignition, Fuel. 2017, 197, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.02.008
• [88] ZHOU, T., YAO, C., HU, Y. et al. Research on performance and temperature control of glow plugs for PPCI low load assist. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2016, 49(11), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.08.034

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).