A Brief Overview of Antibiotic Contamination Sources in Wastewater and Elimination Approaches

• Autorzy: Mumtaj Zeba Ali , Khan Abdul Rahman , Ansari Jamal Akhtar , Asiri Abdullah , Khan Saimah

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.54740/ros.2024.021

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Antibiotic contamination of natural resources and the receiving environment is of great concern. This brief discussion consists of the sources regarding antibiotic contamination and the analysis of several viable methods of removing antibiotic substances. The sources include domestic discharges, agricultural runoff, and pharmaceutical manufacturing effluents. Antibiotics are classified as emerging contaminants attributed to their persistence in the environment. Antibiotics and their metabolites enter the environment through human and animal urine and faeces. Persistent pollutants are introduced to aquatic ecosystems as they pass the wastewater treatment process. The overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of bacteria and genes resistant to antibiotics in the environment. This study provides a descriptive overview of antibiotic sources in the environment, their harmful effects, analytical techniques for its detection in wastewater, related challenges in monitoring antibiotic contamination in water, and recently used techniques for its removal from wastewater and problems associated with current strategies. The study also underscores the importance of understanding the sources and learning how to successfully apply methods to minimise the effects of antibiotic contamination in wastewater.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

antibiotics; bioremediation; wastewater; sustainable; effluent

• Wydawca: Politechnika Koszalińska
• Czasopismo: Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Tom 26
• Strony: 201--216
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 98 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Mumtaj Zeba Ali

• Department of Chemistry, Integral University, India

• https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8634-6945

autor

Khan Abdul Rahman

• Department of Chemistry, Integral University, India

autor

Ansari Jamal Akhtar

• Department of Chemistry, Integral University, India

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1467-6226

autor

Asiri Abdullah

• Department of Civil Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

• https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8592-4314

autor

Khan Saimah

• Department of Chemistry, Integral University, India

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6483-4325

Bibliografia

• Aga, D.S., Lenczewski, M., Snow, D., Muurinen, J., Sallach, J.B., Wallace, J.S. (2016). Challenges in the measurement of antibiotics and in evaluating their impacts in agroecosystems: a critical review. Journal of environ-mental quality, 45(2), 407-419.
• Aghdam, E.M., Hejazi, M. S., Barzegar, A. (2016). Riboswitches: From living biosensors to novel targets of antibiotics. Gene, 592(2), 244-259.
• Ahmad, N., Anae, J., Khan, M.Z., Sabir, S., Yang, X.J., Thakur, V.K., ... Coulon, F. (2021). Visible light-conducting polymer nanocomposites as efficient photocatalysts for the treatment of organic pollutants in wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management, 295, 113362.
• Ahuja, S. (1976). Derivatisation in gas chromatography. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 65(2), 163-182.
• Ajala, O.A., Akinnawo, S.O., Bamisaye, A., Adedipe, D.T., Adesina, M.O., Okon-Akan, O.A., ... Bello, O.S. (2023). Adsorptive removal of antibiotic pollutants from wastewater using biomass/biochar-based adsorbents. RSC advances, 13(7), 4678-4712.
• Alsager, O.A., Alnajrani, M.N., Abuelizz, H.A., Aldaghmani, I.A. (2018). Removal of antibiotics from water and waste milk by ozonation: kinetics, byproducts, and antimicrobial activity. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 158, 114-122.
• Alsubih, M., El Morabet, R., Khan, R. A., Khan, N. A., Khan, A. R., Khan, S., ... Yousefi, M. (2022). Performance evaluation of constructed wetland for removal of pharmaceutical compounds from hospital wastewater: Seasonal perspective. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 15(12), 104344.
• Alsubih, M., El Morabet, R., Khan, R.A., Khan, N.A., Khan, A.R., Khan, S., ... Singh, L. (2022). Field performance investigation for constructed wetland clubbed with tubesettler for hospital wastewater treatment. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 49, 103147.
• Al-Wasify, R.S., Alruwaili, M.M., Aljohani, F.S., Hamed, S.R., Ragab, S. (2023). The Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants for the Removal of Antibiotics.
• Anjum, M., Al-Makishah, N.H., Barakat, M.A. (2016). Wastewater sludge stabilisation using pretreatment methods. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 102, 615-632.
• Brown, A.K., Wong, C.S. (2018). Distribution and fate of pharmaceuticals and their metabolite conjugates in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Water research, 144, 774-783.
• Brown, P.C., Borowska, E., Peschke, R., Schwartz, T., Horn, H. (2020). Decay of elevated antibiotic resistance genes in natural river sediments after sedimentation of wastewater particles. Science of The Total Environ-ment, 705, 135861.
• Cacace, D., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Manaia, C.M., Cytryn, E., Kreuzinger, N., Rizzo, L., ... Berendonk, T.U. (2019). Antibiotic resistance genes in treated wastewater and in the receiving water bodies: A pan-European survey of urban settings. Water research, 162, 320-330.
• Carvalho, I.T., et al. (2014). Antibiotics in the aquatic environments: A review of the European scenario. Environment International, 69, 78-97.
• Chattopadhyay, I. (2021). Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes profile in wastewater treatment plants by using genomic approaches. In Wastewater treatment reactors (pp. 567-582). Elsevier.
• Chen, C., Dubin, R., Kim, M.C. (2014). Emerging trends and new developments in regenerative medicine: a scientometric update (2000-2014). Expert opinion on biological therapy, 14(9), 1295-1317.
• Chen, H., Jing, L., Teng, Y., Wang, J. (2018). Multimedia fate modeling and risk assessment of antibiotics in a water-scarce megacity. Journal of hazardous materials, 348, 75-83.
• Chen, H., Wang, J. (2019). Catalytic ozonation of sulfamethoxazole over Fe3O4/Co3O4 composites. Chemosphere, 234, 14-24.
• Chen, X., Davitt‐Liu, I., Erickson, A.J., Feng, X. (2023). Integrating the spatial configurations of green and gray infrastructure in urban stormwater networks. Water Resources Research, 59(12), e2023WR034796.
• Christofilopoulos, S., Kaliakatsos, A., Triantafyllou, K., Gounaki, I., Venieri, D., Kalogerakis, N. (2019). Evaluation of a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment: Addressing emerging organic contaminants and an-tibiotic resistant bacteria. New biotechnology, 52, 94-103.
• Cycoń, M., Mrozik, A., Piotrowska-Seget, Z. (2019). Antibiotics in the soil environment – degradation and their impact on microbial activity and diversity. Frontiers in microbiology, 10, 338.
• De Cazes, M., Abejón, R., Belleville, M.P., Sanchez-Marcano, J. (2014). Membrane bioprocesses for pharmaceutical micropollutant removal from waters. Membranes, 4(4), 692-729.
• De la Torre, A., Iglesias, I., Carballo, M., Ramírez, P., Muñoz, M.J. (2012). An approach for mapping the vulnerability of European Union soils to antibiotic contamination. Science of the Total Environment, 414, 672-679.
• Ebrahimi, S.M., Dehghanzadeh Reyhani, R., Asghari-JafarAbadi, M., Fathifar, Z. (2020). Diversity of antibiotics in hospital and municipal wastewaters and receiving water bodies and removal efficiency by treatment pro-cesses: a systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence, 9, 1-9.
• Escher, B.I., Baumgartner, R., Koller, M., Treyer, K., Lienert, J., McArdell, C.S. (2011). Environmental toxicology and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater. Water research, 45(1), 75-92.
• Ezzariai, A., Hafidi, M., Khadra, A., Aemig, Q., El Fels, L., Barret, M., ... Pinelli, E. (2018). Human and veterinary antibiotics during composting of sludge or manure: Global perspectives on persistence, degradation, and re-sistance genes. Journal of hazardous materials, 359, 465-481.
• Farouk, F., Azzazy, H.M., Niessen, W.M. (2015). Challenges in the determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics, a review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 890, 21-43.
• Fatta-Kassinos, D., Meric, S., Nikolaou, A. (2011). Pharmaceutical residues in environmental waters and wastewater: current state of knowledge and future research. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 399, 251-275.
• Gadipelly, C., Pérez-González, A., Yadav, G.D., Ortiz, I., Ibáñez, R., Rathod, V.K., Marathe, K.V. (2014). Pharma-ceutical industry wastewater: review of the technologies for water treatment and reuse. Industrial & Engi-neering Chemistry Research, 53(29), 11571-11592.
• Gao, R., Sui, M. (2020). Antibiotic resistance fate in the full-scale drinking water and municipal wastewater treatment procedures: A.
• Gros, M., Rodríguez-Mozaz, S., Barceló, D. (2012). Fast and comprehensive multi-residue analysis of a broad range of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and some of their metabolites in surface and treated waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1248, 104-121.
• Gupta, A., Mumtaz, S., Li, C.H., Hussain, I., Rotello, V.M. (2019). Combatting antibiotic-resistant bacteria using nanomaterials. Chemical Society Reviews, 48(2), 415-427.
• Hashemi, B., Zohrabi, P., Raza, N., Kim, K. H. (2017). Metal-organic frameworks as advanced sorbents for the extraction and determination of pollutants from environmental, biological, and food media. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 97, 65-82.
• Hübner, U., Wurzbacher, C., Helbling, D.E., Drewes, J.E. (2022). Engineering of managed aquifer recharge systems to optimize biotransformation of trace organic chemicals. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 27, 100343.
• Iatrou, E.I., Stasinakis, A.S., Thomaidis, N.S. (2014). Consumption-based approach for predicting environmental risk in Greece due to the presence of antimicrobials in domestic wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 12941-12950.
• Jahan, K., Hoque, S., Ahmed, T. (2014). Activated sludge and other aerobic suspended culture processes. Water Environment Research, 86(10), 1026-1069.
• Jain, G.K., Jain, N., Iqbal, Z., Talegaonkar, S., Ahmad, F.J., Khar, R.K. (2007). Development and validation of an HPTLC method for determination of minocycline in human plasma. Acta Chromatographica, 19, 197.
• Jones, D.L., Rhymes, J.M., Wade, M.J., Kevill, J.L., Malham, S.K., Grimsley, J.M., ... Weightman, A.J. (2023). Suitability of aircraft wastewater for pathogen detection and public health surveillance. Science of The Total Environment, 856, 159162.
• Jones, E.R., Van Vliet, M.T., Qadir, M., Bierkens, M.F. (2021). Country-level and gridded estimates of wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse. Earth System Science Data, 13(2), 237-254.
• Justino, C.I., Duarte, K.R., Freitas, A.C., Panteleitchouk, T.S., Duarte, A.C., Rocha-Santos, T.A. (2016). Contaminants in aquaculture: Overview of analytical techniques for their determination. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 80, 293-310.
• Kappes, T., Hauser, P.C. (1999). Electrochemical detection methods in capillary electrophoresis and applications to inorganic species. Journal of Chromatography A, 834(1-2), 89-101.
• Khan, R.A., Khan, N.A., El Morabet, R., Alsubih, M., Khan, A.R., Khan, S., ... Khoo, K.S. (2023). Comparison of constructed wetland performance coupled with aeration and tubesettler for pharmaceutical compound removal from hospital wastewater. Environmental Research, 216, 114437.
• Kim, K.R., Owens, G., Kwon, S.I., So, K.H., Lee, D.B., Ok, Y.S. (2011). Occurrence and environmental fate of vet-erinary antibiotics in the terrestrial environment. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 214, 163-174.
• Kumar, A., Pal, D. (2018). Antibiotic resistance and wastewater: Correlation, impact and critical human health challenges. Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 6(1), 52-58.
• Kumar, S.B., Arnipalli, S.R., Ziouzenkova, O. (2020). Antibiotics in food chain: The consequences for antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics, 9(10), 688.
• Kümmerer, K. (2009). Antibiotics in the aquatic environment – a review – part I. Chemosphere, 75(4), 417-434.
• Larsson, D.J. (2014). Pollution from drug manufacturing: review and perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1656), 20130571.
• Larsson, D.J., de Pedro, C., Paxeus, N. (2007). Effluent from drug manufactures contains extremely high levels of pharmaceuticals. Journal of hazardous materials, 148(3), 751-755.
• Li, D., Yang, M., Hu, J., Zhang, Y., Chang, H., Jin, F. (2008). Determination of penicillin G and its degradation products in a penicillin production wastewater treatment plant and the receiving river. Water Re-search, 42(1-2), 307-317.
• Li, L., Guo, C., Fan, S., Lv, J., Zhang, Y., Xu, Y., Xu, J. (2018). Dynamic transport of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes under different treatment processes in a typical pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 30191-30198.
• Liu, J.L., Wong, M. H. (2013). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): a review on environmental contamination in China. Environment international, 59, 208-224.
• Lyu, J., Yang, L., Zhang, L., Ye, B., Wang, L. (2020). Antibiotics in soil and water in China – a systematic review and source analysis. Environmental Pollution, 266, 115147.
• Mahara, G., Wu, Z., Ge, Q., Li, Z., Zhang, J. (2021). Assessment on the impact on human health, environment, water and soil by disposing household expired drugs: A cross-sectional study in China. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 1711-1721.
• Martinez, J.L. (2009). Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants. Environmental pollution, 157(11), 2893-2902.
• McClure, E.L., Wong, C.S. (2007). Solid phase microextraction of macrolide, trimethoprim, and sulfonamide antibiotics in wastewaters. Journal of Chromatography A, 1169(1-2), 53-62.
• Mecha, A.C., Chollom, M.N. (2020). Photocatalytic ozonation of wastewater: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18, 1491-1507.
• Michael, I., Rizzo, L., McArdell, C.S., Manaia, C.M., Merlin, C., Schwartz, T., ... Fatta-Kassinos, D.J.W.R. (2013). Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environment: a review. Water research, 47(3), 957-995.
• Michael-Kordatou, I., Karaolia, P., Fatta-Kassinos, D. (2018). The role of operating parameters and oxidative damage mechanisms of advanced chemical oxidation processes in the combat against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes present in urban wastewater. Water research, 129, 208-230.
• Mumtaj, Z.A., Khan, A.R., Alsubih, M., Aleya, L., Khan, R. A., Khan, S. (2024). Removal of pharmaceutical con-taminants from hospital wastewater using constructed wetlands: a review. Environmental Science and Pollu-tion Research, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32022-9
• Munjanja, B.K. (2017). Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Multiresidue Methods for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food, 197-234.
• Nqombolo, A., Mpupa, A., Moutloali, R.M., Nomngongo, P.N. (2018). Wastewater treatment using membrane technology. Wastewater and water quality, 29, 30-40.
• Oliver, S.P., Murinda, S.E., Jayarao, B.M. (2011). Impact of antibiotic use in adult dairy cows on antimicrobial resistance of veterinary and human pathogens: a comprehensive review. Foodborne pathogens and dis-ease, 8(3), 337-355.
• Petrović, M., et al. (2005). Analysis and removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater and drinking water. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 24(10), 685-706.
• Phillips, I., Casewell, M., Cox, T., De Groot, B., Friis, C., Jones, R., ... Waddell, J. (2004). Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 53(1), 28-52.
• Prados Joya, G. (2010). Tratamiento de aguas para la eliminación de antibióticos-nitroimidazoles-mediante ad-sorción sobre carbón activado y tecnologías avanzadas de oxidación.
• Pruden, A., Larsson, D.J., Amézquita, A., Collignon, P., Brandt, K.K., Graham, D.W., ... Zhu, Y.G. (2013). Management options for reducing the release of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes to the environ-ment. Environmental health perspectives, 121(8), 878-885.
• Pyka, A. (2014). Detection progress of selected drugs in TLC. BioMed research international, 2014.
• Qiao, M., Ying, G.G., Singer, A.C., Zhu, Y.G. (2018). Review of antibiotic resistance in China and its environ-ment. Environment international, 110, 160-172.
• Radjenović, J., Petrović, M., Barceló, D. (2009). Fate and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and sew-age sludge of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) and advanced membrane bioreactor (MBR) treat-ment. Water research, 43(3), 831-841.
• Rahman, Q.I., Ali, A., Ahmad, N., Lohani, M.B., Mehta, S.K., Muddassir, M. (2020). Synthesis and characterisation of CuO rods for enhanced visible light driven dye degradation. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnolo-gy, 20(12), 7716-7723.
• Rehman, M.S.U., Rashid, N., Ashfaq, M., Saif, A., Ahmad, N., Han, J.I. (2015). Global risk of pharmaceutical contamination from highly populated developing countries. Chemosphere, 138, 1045-1055.
• Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Chamorro, S., Marti, E., Huerta, B., Gros, M., Sànchez-Melsió, A., ... Balcázar, J.L. (2015). Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in hospital and urban wastewaters and their impact on the receiving river. Water research, 69, 234-242.
• Samrot, A.V., Wilson, S., Sanjay Preeth, R.S., Prakash, P., Sathiyasree, M., Saigeetha, S., ... Rajesh, V.V. (2023). Sources of Antibiotic Contamination in Wastewater and Approaches to Their Removal – An Overview. Sus-tainability, 15(16), 12639.
• Sapkota, A.R., Lefferts, L.Y., McKenzie, S., Walker, P. (2007). What do we feed to food-production animals? A review of animal feed ingredients and their potential impacts on human health. Environmental health per-spectives, 115(5), 663-670.
• Schowanek, D., Webb, S. (2002). Exposure simulation for pharmaceuticals in European surface waters with GREATER. Toxicology Letters, 131(1-2), 39-50.
• Segura, P.A., François, M., Gagnon, C., Sauvé, S. (2009). Review of the occurrence of anti-infectives in contaminated wastewaters and natural and drinking waters. Environmental health perspectives, 117(5), 675-684.
• Shafi, A., Ahmad, N., Imtiaz, S., Jabeen, S., Bhat, A.H., Sabir, S. (2024). Photocatalytic Wastewater Remediation using Nanoparticles. Application of Nanotechnology for Resource Recovery from Wastewater, 36.
• Sharmaa, N., Sharmab, S.K. (2020). Wastewater Treatment Plants as emerging source of antibiotic resistance. Green Chemistry and Water Remediation: Research and Applications, 239.
• Singh, N.K., Gupta, G., Upadhyay, A.K., Rai, U.N. (2019). Biological wastewater treatment for prevention of river water pollution and reuse: perspectives and challenges. Water conservation, recycling and reuse: issues and challenges, 81-93.
• Smith, M.B. (2020). March's advanced organic chemistry: reactions, mechanisms, and structure. 8th Edition. ISBN: 978-1-119-37179-3
• Sun, S., Yao, H., Fu, W., Xue, S., Zhang, W. (2020). Enhanced degradation of antibiotics by photo-fenton reactive membrane filtration. Journal of hazardous materials, 386, 121955.
• Tanaka, H., Hayashi, W., Iimura, M., Taniguchi, Y., Soga, E., Matsuo, N., ... Nagano, N. (2019). Wastewater as a probable environmental reservoir of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase genes: detection of chimeric β-lactamases CTX-M-64 and CTX-M-123. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 85(22), e01740-19.
• Tanaka, Y. (2023). The international law of the sea. Cambridge University Press.
• Teixeira, P., Costa, S., Brown, B., Silva, S., Rodrigues, R., Valerio, E. (2020). Quantitative PCR detection of enteric viruses in wastewater and environmental water sources by the Lisbon municipality: A case study. Water, 12(2), 544.
• Ternes, T.A., Herrmann, N., Bonerz, M., Knacker, T., Siegrist, H., Joss, A. (2004). A rapid method to measure the solid–water distribution coefficient (Kd) for pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in sewage sludge. Water research, 38(19), 4075-4084.
• Thompson, M., et al. (2011). Analysis of antibiotics in water and wastewater using liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 30(5), 772-783.
• Wajsman, D., Rudén, C. (2006). Identification and evaluation of computer models for predicting environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals and veterinary products in the Nordic environment. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 16(1), 85-97.
• Wang, J., Sun, Y., Xia, K., Deines, A., Cooper, R., Pallansch, K., Wang, Z.W. (2022). Pivotal role of municipal wastewater resource recovery facilities in urban agriculture: A review. Water Environment Research, 94(6), e10743.
• Wang, J., Wang, S. (2016). Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewater: a review. Journal of environmental management, 182, 620-640.
• Wang, K., Zhuang, T., Su, Z., Chi, M., Wang, H. (2021). Antibiotic residues in wastewaters from sewage treatment plants and pharmaceutical industries: Occurrence, removal and environmental impacts. Science of the Total Environment, 788, 147811.
• Williams, R.J., Keller, V.D., Johnson, A.C., Young, A.R., Holmes, M.G., Wells, C., ... Benstead, R. (2009). A nation-al risk assessment for intersex in fish arising from steroid estrogens. Environmental Toxicology and Chemis-try: An International Journal, 28(1), 220-230.
• Wu, D., Sui, Q., Mei, X., Yu, X., Gu, Y., Zhao, W. (2022). Non-antibiotics matter: Evidence from a one-year investigation of livestock wastewater from six farms in East China. Science of The Total Environment, 846, 157418.
• Wu, M., Que, C., Tang, L., Xu, H., Xiang, J., Wang, J., ... Xu, G. (2016). Distribution, fate, and risk assessment of antibiotics in five wastewater treatment plants in Shanghai, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Re-search, 23, 18055-18063.
• Xia, M., Niu, Q., Qu, X., Zhang, C., Qu, X., Li, H., Yang, C. (2023). Simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation of oxytetracycline in wastewater by Mycolicibacterium sp. immobilised on magnetic biochar. Environmental Pollution, 339, 122728.
• Zhang, A., He, J., Shen, Y., Xu, X., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Makinia, J. (2021). Enhanced degradation of glucocorticoids, a potential COVID-19 remedy, by cofermentation of waste activated sludge and animal manure: The role of manure type and degradation mechanism. Environmental Research, 201, 111488.
• Zhang, K., Zhao, Z., Luo, H., Chen, W., An, X., Mo, Y., Chen, J. (2023). Enhanced the treatment of antibiotic wastewater and antibiotic resistance genes control by FeO-catalyzed microalgal MFCs in continuous flow mode. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 53, 103701.
• Zhu, Y. G., Johnson, T. A., Su, J. Q., Qiao, M., Guo, G. X., Stedtfeld, R. D., ... Tiedje, J. M. (2013). Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci-ences, 110(9), 3435-3440.
• Zúñiga, M.C.Z., Pérez, M.A.P., Berrio, J.A.Á., Gómez, N.I.M. (2022). Technologies in Wastewater Treatment Plants for the Removal of Antibiotics, Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: a Review of the Current Literature. Ingeniería y universidad, 26, 4.