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Arctic – the region of dissonant international interests

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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
The enduring global warming has opened new views on the exploitation of the Arctic. The opportunity to open new shipping routes, huge resource reserves, and fishery are of interest to many entities; however, experts' opinions still differ. Although cooperation between nations has been peaceful, the military presence in the area is increasing and it remains to be seen how the recent Ukrainian crisis will affect development in the area. As for now, no major conflicts in this area are likely and cooperation is supported by international treaties (e.g. UNCLOS) and organisations (e.g. theArctic Council). Thereareseveral international disputes and also perils related to the Russian Federation, being the major player there. Russia builds multidimensional capabilities, including military and economic ones, to support national interests. The Western sanctions are negatively influencing exploration of natural resources making Moscow nervous and the country must be treated very seriously to avoid creating new "Cold war" type icy relations and confrontation.
Rocznik
Strony
3--21
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 71 poz., map., rys.
Twórcy
  • Baltic Defence College, Tartu Estonia
  • Baltic Defence College, Tartu Estonia
Bibliografia
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  • 5. Baranov V., Russia concerned by NATO, Asian states' activities in Arctic, (Moscow, 06 July 2011), RIA Novosti, http://en.ria. ru/russia/20110706/165057023.html [accessed: 02 June 2014].
  • 6. Bierman S., Gismatullin E., Exxon Drilling Russian Arctic Shows Sanction Lack Bite, Sanctions, what sanctions? Bloomberg L.P. (08 August 2014), http://www.bloomberg.com/ news/2014-08-08/exxon-dri ll ing-russian-arctic-shows-sanction-lack-bite.html [accessed: 05 September 2014].
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  • 8. Borgerson S., C. Antrim, An Arctic Circle of Friends, (New York, 28 March 2009), the report in the New York Times states that „Driving much of the new interest in the Arctic, however, are the stores of oil and gas that lie beneath the water — amounting to an estimated 22 percent of the earth's remaining supplies". http://www.nytimes. com/2009/03/28/opinion/28borgerson.html?_r=0 [accessed: 07 January 2014].
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  • 32. Keck Z., Russia to Establish Arctic Military Command, the Diplomat 21 January 2014, http://thediplomat. com/2014/02/russia-to-establish-arctic-military-command/ [accessed: 02 June 2014].
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  • 35. Mikkola H., The Return of Realpolitik? The deepening crisis in Ukraine may spill over to the Arctic, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, FHA Comment 6/2014 (Helsinki, 2014).
  • 36. Mitchell J., Russia's Territorial Ambition and Increased Military Presence in the Arctic, 23 April 2014, http://www. foreignpolicyjournal.com/2014/04/23/russias-territorial-ambition-and-increased-military-presence-in-the-arctic/ [accessed: 09 September 2014].
  • 37. National SecurityPresidential Directive and Homeland Security Presidential Directive, (Washington, 09 January 2009), Arctic Region Policy. http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/ nspd/nspd-66.htm [accessed: 09 August 2014].
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  • 39. Ng Teddy, Blueprint called for on China's ambitions in Arctic and Antarctic, The South China Morning Post, (20 September 2014), http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1402721/ blueprint-called-chinas-ambitions-arctic-and-antarctic [accessed: 02 September 2014].
  • 40. Nilsen T., China-Nordic Arctic Research Center opens in Shanghai, (Kirkenes 12 December 2013), The Barents Observer, http:// barentsobserver.com/en [accessed: 05 September 2014].
  • 41. O'Dwyer G., NATO Rejects Direct Arctic Presence, The Defense News, (29 May 2013), http://www.defensenews.com/ article/20130529/DEFR EG/305290022/NATO-Rejects-Direct-Arctic-Presence [accessed: 15 August 2014].
  • 42. Perovic J., Orttung R., Russia's Role for Global Energy Security, in: Wenger A., Perovic J., Orttung R., Energy and the Transformation of International Relations, the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, (Oxford, 2009).
  • 43. Pettersen T., Russia to reorganize military forces in the Arctic, (17 February 2012), The Barents Observer, http://barent sobserver.com/en/security/2014/02/russia-reorga nize-military-forces-arctic-17-02 [accessed: 02 June 2014].
  • 44. Pourzitakis S., Japan and Russia: Arctic Friends, the Diplomat (01 February 2014), http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/japan-and-russia-arctic-friends [accessed: 02 August 2014].
  • 45. Rainwater S., Race To The North - China's Arctic Strategy and Its Implication, the Naval War College Review Vol. 66, No. 2, (Newport, Spring 2013), http://www.usnwcedu/ getattachment/31708e41-a53c-45d3-a5e4-ccb5ad550815/ [accessed: 05 September 2014].
  • 46. Russia fires back at Canada's Arctic claims, vows increased military presence, (Vancouver, 11 December 2013), The Province, the Canadian Press, http://www.theprovince. com/news/Russian+president+fires+back+after+Cana da+salvo+Arctic+claims/9270757/story.html [accessed: 02 June 2014].
  • 47. Russia to Field First Arctic Brigade in 2015, Riallovosti 02 February 2012, http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20120221/171440711. html [accessed: 09 September 2014].
  • 48. Russia's New Arctic Strategy - The Foundations of Russian Federation Policy in the Arctic until 2020 and Beyond, (18 September 2008), http://www.securityaffairs.org/ issues/2010/18/russia's_new_a rctic_strategy.pdf, [accessed: 10 September 2014].
  • 49. Russia's New Arctic Strategy - The Foundations of Russian Federation Policy in the Arctic until 2020 and Beyond, The Journal of International Security Affairs No 18, (Washington, Spring 2010) courtesy of the American Foreign Policy Council, translated from the Russian by M. Rusnak and I. Berman, http://www.securityaffairs. org/issues/2010/18/russia's_new_arctic_strategy.pdf [accessed: 15 June 2014].
  • 50. Russian navychiefwarnsofChina śraceforArctic,TheTelegraph (London, 04 October 2010), http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/worldnews/europe/russia/8041997/Russian-navy- chief-warns-of-Chinas-race-for-Arctic.html [accessed: 10 September 2014].
  • 51. Shaparov A., NATO and a New Agenda for the Arctic, Russian International Affairs Council, North (Arctic) Federal University, (24 September 2013), http://russiancouncil.ru/ en/inner/?id_4=2377#top [accessed: 16 August 2014].
  • 52. SIPRI, 01 Oct. 2013: Russia's Strategy for Developing the Arctic Region Until 2020, (Stockholm, 01 October 2013), Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI, http://www.sipri. org/resea rch/security/a rctic/a rcticevents/russias-strategy-for-developing-the-arctic-region [accessed: 03 June 2014].
  • 53. Smalley D., Top Officials Meet at ONR as Arctic Changes Quicken, (Washington 13 December 2012) Office of Naval Research, http://www.navy.mil/submit/display. asp?story_id=71080, [accessed: 09 June 2014]. See also: U.S. Navy Arctic Roadmap, (Washington, 10 November 2009), US Department of the Navy.
  • 54. Stephen Harper concerned by Russia's growing military presence in Arctic, the Canadian Press 22 August 2014, http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/stephen-harper-concerned-by-russia-s-g rowi ng-m it ita ry-presence-in-arctic-1.2744499 [accessed: 06 September 2014].
  • 55. The Arctic: Canada's legal claims, (Ottawa, 24 October 2008), the Parliament of Canada, the Parliamentary Information And Research Service, Publication PRB 08-05E http:// www.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/ prb0805-e.pdf [accessed: 03 August 2014].
  • 56. The Ilulissat Declaration, Arctic Ocean Conference, (Ilulissat, 27- 29 May 2008), Greenland, http://www.oceanlaw.org/ downloads/arctic/Ilulissat_Declaration.pdf [accessed: 06 June 2014].
  • 57. Trenin D., Baev P. K., The Arctic A View from Moscow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, (Washington 2010), http://carnegieendowment.org/files/arctic_cooperation. pdf, [accessed:10 September 2014].
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Bibliografia
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bwmeta1.element.baztech-13089d86-014b-40e0-86e0-8a74b9eaf97f
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