Factors determining swimming efficiency observed in less skilled swimmers

• Autorzy: Kucia-Krzysztoń K. , Dybińska E. , Ambroży T. , Chwała W.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The dynamics of performance in professional sport requires a systematic improvement of the training process. Such activities should also include optimizing the children and youth training in these disciplines, where an early specialization operates. The main aim of this paper was to search for the relationship between swimmer’s segmental kinematics (segmental velocities, stroke rate, stroke length, stroke index); the relationship between swimmer’s technical skill level (in four competitive swimming techniques) and training overloads taking into consideration gender and age effect. The study group consisted of 121 swimmers (69 female and 52 male), of the Polish 12–15 age group swim team, volunteered to serve as subjects. Video-based methods and video equipment are being applied to assist qualitative and simple quantitative analysis for immediate feedback and research in swimming. Both technical skill level preparation and segmental kinematics of 12–15 year old swimmers proved to be highly conditioned by implemented training intensity ( p < 0.001), as well as the volume of training (high and average trade at a level of significance p < 0.001). Implemented training overloads expressed by both volume and intensity of training showed high and very high correlation with the swimming efficiency, presented segmental kinematics and technical skill level, however, there appeared particularly pronounced relationship with the size of kinematic parameters taken into account in four competitive swimming techniques, components of the 100 m individual medley.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

training loads; swimming strokes; kinematics

PL

pływalnia; kinematyka; szkolenie; sport

• Wydawca: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
• Czasopismo: Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
• Rocznik: 2013
• Tom: Vol. 15, no. 4
• Strony: 115--124
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 29 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Kucia-Krzysztoń K.

• Department of Theory and Methodology of Water Sports, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland

autor

Dybińska E.

• Department of Theory and Methodology of Water Sports, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland

autor

Ambroży T.

• University School of Physical Education in Cracow, Department Theory and Methodology of Gymnastics Cracow, Poland

autor

Chwała W.

• Department of Biomechanics, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland

Bibliografia

• [1] BROKER J.P., CRAWELEY J.D., Advanced Sport Technologies: Enhancing Olympic Performance, [in:] J.R. Blackwell (ed.), Proceedings of the XIXth ISBS Symposium, San Francisco, 2001, 323–327.
• [2] BARBOSA T.M., FERNANDES R.J., MOROUÇO P., VILAS-BOAS J.P., Predicting the intra-cyclic variation of the velocity of the centre of mass from segmental velocities in butterfly stroke: a pilot study, J. Sport Sci. Med., 2008, Vol. 7, 201–209.
• [3] BARBOSA T.M., REIS V.M., MARINHO D.A., CARVALHO C., SILVA A.J., Energetic and biomechanics as determining factors of swimming performance: Updating the state of the art, J. Sci. Med. Sport, 2010, Vol. 13(2), 262–269.
• [4] SEIFERT L., CHOLLET D., ALLARD P., Arm coordination symmetry and breathing effect in front crawl, Hum. Mov. Sci., 2005, Vol. 24(2), 234–256.
• [5] CRAIG A.B., PENDERGAST D.R., Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity in competitive swimming, Med. Sci. Sport, 1979, Vol. 11, 278–283.
• [6] ARELLANO R., SANCHEZ-MOLINA J., NAVARRO F., DE AYMERICH J., Analysis of 100-m backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle swimmers at the 2001 European youth Olympic days, [in:] J.C. Chatard (ed.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX, Saint Etienne University, Saint Etienne, 2003, 255–260.
• [7] GRIMSTON S.K., HAY J.G., Relationships among anthropometric and stroking characteristics of college swimmers, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 1986, Vol. 18, 60–68.
• [8] PAI Y.C., HAY J.G., WILSON B.D., Stroking techniques of elite swimmers, J. Sports Sci., 1984, Vol. 2, 225–239.
• [9] DUCHÈ G., FALGAIRETTE G., BEDU M., LAC G., Analysis of performance of pre pubertal swimmers assessed from anthropometric and bio-energetic characteristics, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol., 1993, Vol. 66(5), 467–471.
• [10] PELAYO P., WILLE F., SIDNEY M., Swimming performance and stroking parameters in non skilled grammar school pupils: relation with age, gender and some anthropometric characteristics, J. Sport. Med. Phys. Fitness, 1997, Vol. 37(3), 187–193.
• [11] KJENDLE P., INGJER F., STALLMAN R., STRAY-GUNDERSEN J., Factors affecting swimming economy in children and adults, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 2004, Vol. 91(4), 473–480.
• [12] KJENDLIE P.L., HALJAND R., FJORTOFT O., STALLMAN R.K., Stroke frequency strategies of international and national swimmers in 100-m races, [in:] J.P. Vilas-Boas, F. Alves, A. Marques (eds.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X, Portuguese Journal of Sport Science, Porto, 2006, 52–54,
• [13] ZAMPARO P., Effects of age and gender on the propelling efficiency of the arm stroke, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 2006, Vol. 97(1), 52–58.
• [14] JÜRIMÄE J., HALJASTE K., CICCHELLA A., LÄTT E., PURGE P., LEPPIK A., JÜRIMÄE T., Analysis of swimming performance from physical, physiological, and biomechanical parameters in young swimmers, Pediatry Exerc. Sci., 2007, Vol. 19(1), 70–81.
• [15] PHILIPS G., British Swimming Training Classification, M. Peyrebrune, 2005.
• [16] KUCIA-CZYSZCZOŃ K., DYBIŃSKA E., Quantitative criterion of swimming techniques using multi-camera registration system on the exemple of individual medley among 13–14-year old girls, [in:] K. Zatoń, M. Rejman, A. Kwasna (eds.), Science in Swimming III, 2011, 82–93.
• [17] CRAIG A., SKEHAN P., PAWELCZYK J., BOOMER W., Velocity, stroke rate and distance per stroke during elite swimming competition, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 1985, Vol. 17, 625–634.
• [18] COSTILL D., KOVALESKI J., PORTER D., Energy expenditure during front crawl swimming: predicting success in middle-distance events, Int. J. Sports Med., 1985, Vol. 6, 266–270.
• [19] BARBOSA T.M, DANIEL A., MARINHO J., MÁRIO J., COSTA A., SILVA J. Biomechanics of Competitive Swimming Strokes, Biomechanics in Applications, [in:] V. Klika (ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-969-1, 2011, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/biomechan ics-of-competitive-swimming-strokes [22.10.2011].
• [20] CHENGALUR S., BROWN P., An analysis of male and female Olympic swimmers in the 200 m events, Can. J. Sports Sci., 1992, Vol. 17, 104–109.
• [21] TOUSSAINT H., CAROL A., KRANENBORG H., TRUIJENS M., Effect of fatigue on stroking characteristics in an arms-only 100-m front-crawl race, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2006, Vol. 38, 1635–1642.
• [22] KJENDLIE P.L., STALLMAN R., Drag characteristics of competitive swimming children and adults, J. Appl. Biomech., 2008, Vol. 24, 35–42.
• [23] KESKINEN K.L., KOMI P.V., The stroking characteristics in four different exercises in freestyle swimming, [in:] G. de Groot P.A., Hollander P., Huijing, G. van Ingen Schenau (eds.), Biomechanics XI-B, Free University Press, Amsterdam, 1988, 839–843.
• [24] KESKINEN K.L., LAURI J., KOMI P.V., Maximum velocity swimming: interrelationships of stroking characteristics, force production and anthropometric variables, Scand. J. Sports Sci., 1989, Vol. 11, 87–92.
• [25] PENDERGAST D.R., CAPELLI C., CRAIG A.B., DI PRAMPERO P.E., MINETTI A.E., MOLLENDORF J., TERMIN I.I., ZAMPARO P., Biophysics in swimming, [in:] J.P. Vilas-Boas, F. Alves, A. Marques (eds.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X, Portuguese J. Sport Sci., 2006, 185–189.
• [26] REIS J., ALVES F., Training induced changes in critical velocity and V4 in age group swimmers, Portuguese J. Sport Sci., 2006, Vol. 6 (Suppl. 1), 55–56.
• [27] TAIAR R., TOSHEV J., LODINI A., ROUARD A., Performance modelling of butterfly swimmers: links between morphometric, kinematic and hydrodynamic variables. Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 2004, 6(2), 77–88.
• [28] MORAIS J.R., SAAVEDRA J.M., COSTA M.J., SILVA A.J., DANIEL A. MARINHO D.A., BARBOSA T.M., Tracking young talented swimmers: follow-up of performance and its biomechanical determinant factors, Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 2013, 13(6), DOI: 10.5277/abb130316.
• [29] MINGHELLI F., CASTRO F., Kinematics parameters of front crawl stroke sprinting trough a training season, Portuguese J. Sport Sci., 2006, Vol. 6 (Suppl. 1), 102–103.