Nowe podejście do oceny właściwości elektroprzewodzących włókienniczych struktur anizotropowych

• Autorzy: Tokarska M.
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Elektroprzewodzące wyroby włókiennicze stanowią grupę nowoczesnych tekstyliów. Dobre przewodnictwo elektryczne materiału włókienniczego połączone z jego giętkością, elastycznością i komfortem odczuwanym przez użytkownika przyczynia się do tego, że są one stosowane w wielu dziedzinach życia - w ochronie zdrowia i medycynie, odzieży ochronnej i ratownictwie, łączności, sporcie, rozrywce i wielu innych. Możliwość integracji elementów elektronicznych z materiałami tekstylnymi przyczyniła się do rozwoju tekstroniki - wiedzy łączącej technologie włókiennicze z elektronicznymi i informatycznymi. Potencjalne możliwości aplikacyjne wyrobów włókienniczych, jako elementów w systemach tekstronicznych, wymagają oceny ich właściwości elektroprzewodzących. W większości tekstylia charakteryzują się anizotropią właściwości elektroprzewodzących ze względu na złożoną, niejednorodną strukturę. W pracy zaproponowano sposób rozwiązania problemu oceny anizotropii właściwości elektroprzewodzących wyrobów włókienniczych. W ramach prowadzonych badań naukowych opracowano koncepcję analizy anizotropowych struktur tkanych w oparciu o ideę metody Van der Pauwa. Na tej podstawie zbudowano stanowisko pomiarowe służące do wielowariantowych badań próbek. Przewidziano następujące warianty rozmieszczenia elektrod na powierzchni próbki: L1 - długość boku kwadratu równa 60 mm; L2 - długość boku kwadratu równa 40 mm; L3 - długość boku kwadratu równa 20 mm. Zaproponowano oryginalne narzędzie umożliwiające ocenę anizotropii właściwości elektroprzewodzących tekstyliów, w którym wykorzystano tzw. funkcję anizotropii. Funkcja ta pozwala określić przebieg zmian wartości rezystancji próbki tekstylnej w zależności od kierunku jej badania. Umożliwia również wykrycie najkorzystniejszych kierunków na próbce z punktu widzenia przewodnictwa prądu elektrycznego. Wyróżniono dwa warianty związane z kierunkami badania płaskiej anizotropii właściwości elektroprzewodzących tkanin: W1 - przyjęty kierunek badania 0°; W2 - przyjęty kierunek badania 90°. Stwierdzono, że największe wartości rezystancji tkanin wystąpiły w wariancie W1, tzn. wówczas, gdy linia łącząca elektrody napięciowe jest równoległa do nitek osnowy o rezystancji liniowej większej niż rezystancja liniowa nitek wątku. Natomiast najmniejsze wartości rezystancji tkanin wystąpiły w wariancie W2, tzn. wówczas, gdy linia łącząca elektrody napięciowe jest równoległa do nitek wątku. Funkcja anizotropii daje możliwość stwierdzenia wpływu biegunowości napięcia doprowadzonego do elektrod prądowych na wyniki pomiarów rezystancji. Ilościowa ocena płaskiej anizotropii właściwości elektroprzewodzących tkanin została przeprowadzona na podstawie wskaźnika anizotropii. Największą wartość wskaźnika uzyskano dla tkaniny charakteryzującej się stosunkowo cienkimi nitkami zarówno osnowy jak i wątku. Najmniejszą wartość wskaźnika uzyskano dla tkaniny złożonej ze stosunkowo grubych nitek obu systemów. Zakres prowadzonych prac obejmował również szczegółową analizę założeń metody Van der Pauwa pod kątem możliwości jej stosowania do obiektów włókienniczych - wyznaczenia rezystancji powierzchniowej tkanin elektroprzewodzących. Zaproponowano kryterium oceny struktury tkanej w aspekcie występowania cech struktury Van der Pauwa. Kryterium to obejmuje trzy warunki wymagające sprawdzenia: geometria próbki, spójność struktury, homogeniczność struktury. W przypadku badanych tkanin wszystkie warunki tego kryterium zostały spełnione. Stwierdzono, że tkaniny elektroprzewodzące, przyjęte do badań posiadają cechy struktury Van der Pauwa. W prowadzonych pracach badawczych zwrócono uwagę na wybór elektrod przeznaczonych do pomiaru rezystancji próbki. W szczególności skupiono się na doborze powierzchni styku elektrody do badanego podłoża włóknistego. Wybrano najmniejszą z możliwych powierzchni styku elektrody z powierzchnią próbki przyjmując założenie, że pokrywa ona jeden raport tkaniny. Opracowano metodykę badania tkanin pozwalającą określić ich rezystancję powierzchniową w sytuacji, gdy elektrody znajdują się w pewnej niezerowej odległości od jej brzegu. Opracowana koncepcja została zrealizowana na stanowisku pomiarowym przeznaczonym do wielowariantowych badań próbek. Zaproponowano określenie rezystancji powierzchniowej tkanin, charakteryzujących się anizotropią właściwości elektroprzewodzących, z użyciem metody Van der Pauwa. W oparciu o równanie Van der Pauwa, rozszerzone na przypadek próbek anizotropowych, obliczono rezystancje powierzchniowe tkanin. Rezystancje te znajdują się w zakresie od 0,0135 Ω do 0,2420 Ω, co świadczy o ich dobrych właściwościach elektroprzewodzących. Wyniki prac badawczych pozwoliły pozytywnie zweryfikować postawione tezy. Zatem stwierdza się, że: właściwości elektroprzewodzące płaskich wyrobów włókienniczych, w szczególności tkanin, można opisać za pomocą funkcji anizotropii; metoda Van der Pauwa umożliwia określenie rezystancji powierzchniowej tkanin z tym, że stosowanie metody do obiektów włókienniczych wymaga stwierdzenia, na ile cechy struktury Van der Pauwa są w nich odwzorowane; metoda Monte Carlo umożliwia analizę niepewności pomiaru rezystancji powierzchniowej otrzymanej z użyciem metody Van der Pauwa.

EN

Flat textile products have a complex, heterogeneous structure. The arrangement of fibers and yarns in the structure forms layout of empty spaces with a relatively small size, compared to the size of the characteristic dimension of the product. Consequently, the vast majority of textiles are characterized by anisotropy of electroconductive properties. These properties depend on the interlaced yarns and their electroconductive properties. The evaluation of these properties is important from the point of view of the destination of textile products, particularly as a part of the textronic system. Research of planar anisotropy is intended to provide relevant information on the tested object. The problem of assessing the anisotropy of electroconductive properties of woven fabric structures was solved in the monography. Methodology of measurement takes into account the entire surface of a sample of the flat textile product. Resistance is determined in many directions φ, which gives an accurate view of changes in the electroconductive properties of anisotropic textile structures. Curve of anisotropy is obtained in this way. On the basis of the quotient Rmin/Rmax the occurrence of a flat anisotropy of the sample is found. It is proposed preparation the two curves of anisotropy for cases P1 and P2 connected with the polarity of the voltage supplied to the current electrodes. Thanks to them, it is possible to determine the effect of the polarity of the voltage on the resistance value of anisotropic textile structure. The electroconductive properties of woven fabrics are characterized by values of quotient Rmin/Rmax contained in the intervals: [0.45; 0.70] - case P1 and [0.32; 0.69] - case P2. The influence of the polarity of the voltage supplied to the current electrodes on the resistance values of fabrics signed as T4 and T7 (the assumed significance level was 0.05). The obtained research results allow to detect the most favorable directions on the fabric sample from the point of view of electric current flow. The ratio At is a measure of the intensity of occurrence of flat anisotropy of the fabric electroconductive properties. The average flat anisotropy ratio At of the woven fabrics is in the range of [7.3; 21.3]%. The largest value of the ratio was obtained for the woven fabric signed as T4, the smallest one - for fabric signed as T7. With a strong anisotropy, when the ratio reaches a significant value, the resistance of the sample, measured in certain directions, is characterized by large dispersion. Special attention should be paid to the fact that the designated anisotropy functions are characteristic to the samples of a specified thickness and planar dimensions. By examining textile structures of other planar dimensions, for example preparing a larger sample, other resistance values are expected. From this point of view, the assessment should be conducted on the subject of target geometries. It is proposed to determine the woven fabrics surface resistance using Van der Pauw method and the evaluation of its uncertainty using a Monte Carlo simulation. The received surface resistance values of the tested fabrics are in the range from 0.0135 Ω to 0,2420 Ω, taking into account case P1. By changing the polarity of the voltage supplied to the current electrodes the surface resistance decreased by 24% for the fabric signed as T4, and by 11% - for the fabric signed as T7. The conducted research allowed to verify the formulated hypothesis. It means that: electroconductive properties of the flat textile products, especially woven fabrics, can be described by a function of anisotropy; Van der Pauw method allows to determine a surface resistance of woven fabrics, except that using the method to textile objects requires confirmation to what extent the features of Van der Pauw structures are projected into them; Monte Carlo method allows the analysis of measurement uncertainty of the obtained surface resistance using Van der Pauw method. The original achievement is a tool developed to assess the anisotropy of electrically conductive properties of flat textile products based on the anisotropy function. Detailed analysis of the assumptions of Van der Pauw method for the possibility of its application to anisotropic textile structures and, consequently, the determination of the surface resistance of woven fabrics was conducted. The criterion for assessing the woven fabric structure, in terms of the occurrence of the features of Van der Pauw structure, was proposed. Next, attention was paid to the choice of electrodes for measuring the sample resistance. In particular, the work was focused on the selection of the contact area of the electrode to the tested textile substrate. The unique tool for determination of fabric surface resistance, in case of contacts distant from the sample edge, was developed. The original solution is the use of Monte Carlo method to evaluate the measurement uncertainty of surface resistance of anisotropic woven fabric structures. The analysis of the structure of electrically conductive sample may be that it hasn’t all the features of Van der Pauw structure. In this case of textile products in which the length to width ratio of the electrically conductive part of the material is at least 10:1, it is proposed to use four strip electrodes according to the draft of the standard TC 248 WI 00248533 (E). Group of such products, in particular, are woven, embroidered, printed and sputtered conductive paths. Determining the method of evaluating the electroconductive properties of flat textile products requires further research, what is confirmed in the undertaken works by the European Committee for Standardization. The monography doesn’t contain solution to the global problem of measuring the surface resistance of electrically conductive flat textile products. Nevertheless, the scope of research presented in the monography is important for the further development of textiles. Elaborations included in the monograph can be used in science. The measurement and statistical methods, presented in the work, will allow to gain knowledge of specialized textile materials, essential in modern and future applications of these materials, in particular, as the elements of textronic systems. As a result of the conducted research the following conclusions were formulated. 1. The anisotropy function allows to determine the changes of the resistance values of the textile sample depending on the testing direction. It allows to detect the most favorable directions on the sample surface from the point of view of conduction of electric current. In addition, it shall make it possible to tell whether the polarity of the voltage supplied to the current electrodes affects the sample resistance results. 2. The largest resistance values occurred when four electrodes are connected according to variant W1 corresponding to the direction φ = 0°. In this situation, a line connecting the voltage electrodes is parallel to the warp yarns which have the linear resistance greater than the linear resistance of the weft yarns. The smallest resistance values occurred when four electrodes were connected according to variant W2 corresponding to the direction φ = 90°. In this situation, a line connecting the voltage electrodes is parallel to the weft yarns which have linear resistance less than the linear resistance of the warp yarns. 3. Anisotropy ratio A_t enables an overall evaluation of the anisotropy of electrically conductive properties of textile structures. Detailed information is provided by the function of anisotropy. 4. In the assessment of the structure of the electrically conductive woven fabrics, based on the developed criterion, it was stated that the structure is typical to that used by van der Pauw. 5. The surface resistance of woven fabrics, characterized by anisotropy of electroconductive properties, can be determined using Van der Pauw method. 6. Monte Carlo method can be applied in the assessment of the measurement of uncertainty of surface resistance, implied by Van der Pauw equation. The method enables obtaining an estimate of the surface resistance, the standard deviation associated with this estimate and the coverage interval corresponding to a specified coverage probability p = 0.95. 7. Resistive model allows the analysis of the electroconductive properties of woven fabric structure assuming that the yarns are ideal resistors.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

tkaniny elektroprzewodzące; tekstronika; anizotropia właściwości elektroprzewodzących; rezystencja powierzchniowa tkanin

EN

electro-conductive textile; textronics; anisotropy of electroconductive properties; surface resistance of woven fabrics

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Naukowe. Rozprawy Naukowe / Politechnika Łódzka
• Rocznik: 2015
• Tom: Z. 436
• Strony: 1--124
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 225 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Tokarska M.

• Politechnika Łódzka. Zakład Odzieżownictwa i Tekstroniki

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