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The main hurdle for the estimation of the purity of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) is its insolubility in most of the known organic solvents. In the conventional method, TATB is digested with steam in a modified Kjeldahl digester and the ammonia evolved is estimated quantitatively. To do away with this cumbersome method, a simple, rapid HPLC technique using a reverse phase C-18 column has been established for quantitative determination of the purity of TATB. A sharp and symmetrical peak with a retention time of 2.92 min at 355 nm is obtained for pure TATB when the flow rate is 2.0 mL/min. The linearity of the detector response has been studied with sample concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 mg/L. The method addresses two important issues of sample preparation and the precision of measurement. Unlike the previously reported HPLC techniques which mainly aimed at the detection of TATB, the present work is a validated account of a quantitative estimation of purity. Regular production batch samples have been assayed by this method and the results are compared with those obtained from the conventional analysis. The HPLC method is convenient and reliable for quality control of the product at the plant level.
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
641--657
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 34 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Indian Institute Of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400076, India
- Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials (ACEM), P.B. No. 11, CIDCO Post Office, Nasik − 422 009, India
autor
- Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials (ACEM), P.B. No. 11, CIDCO Post Office, Nasik − 422 009, India
autor
- Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials (ACEM), P.B. No. 11, CIDCO Post Office, Nasik − 422 009, India
autor
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Defence Research & Development Organisation, Sutarwadi, Pune − 411 021, India
autor
- Indian Institute Of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400076, India
autor
- Indian Institute Of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400076, India
Bibliografia
- [1] Rice S.F., Simpson R.L., The Unusual Stability of TATB: a Review of the Scientific Literature, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, Report, UCRL-LR-103683, 1990.
- [2] Tarver C.M., Koerner J.G., Effects of Endothermic Binders on Times to Explosion of HMX- and TATB-based Plastic Bonded Explosives, J. Energ. Mater., 2007, 26, 1-28.
- [3] Burgess C.E., Woodyard J.D., Rainwater K.A., Lightfoot J.M., Richardson B.R., Literature Review of the Lifetime of DOE Materials: Aging of Plastic Bonded, Explosives and the Explosives and Polymers Contained Therein, Amarillo National Resource Center for Plutonium Report, ANRCP-1998-12.
- [4] Dobratz B.M., Insensitive High Explosive Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB):Development and Characterization – 1888 to 1994, Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-13014-H, University of California Report UC-741, 1995.
- [5] Kumar R., Sood D., Bhardwaj V., Biswas I., Singh M., Analysis of the Impact Sensitivity of TATB-Viton and HMX-Viton, Proc. 9th Int. High Energy Materials Conference and Exhibits, HEMCE, Trivandrum, India, 2014.
- [6] Singh A., Kumar M., Soni P., Singh M., Srivastava A., Mechanical and Explosive Properties of Plastic Bonded Explosives Based on Mixture of HMX and TATB, Def. Sci. J., 2013, 63, 622-629.
- [7] Breslow R., Maslak P., Thomaides J.S., Synthesis of the Hexaaminobenzene Derivative Hexaazaoctadecahydrocoronene (HOC) and Related Cations, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106(21), 6453-6454.
- [8] Nasielski-Hinkens R., Benedek-Vamos M., Maetens D., Nasielski J., A New Heterocyclic Ligand for Transition Metals: 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylene and its Chromium Carbonyl Complexes, J. Organomet. Chem., 1981, 217(2), 179-182.
- [9] Bhattacharya B., Singh P.P., Mehilal, Kurva R., Jawalkar S.N., Bhattacharyya S.C., Rao A.S., A Novel Composite Propellant Composition with a Reduced Pressure Exponent, Indian Patent Application No. 393/DEL/2010, 2010.
- [10] Jackson C.L., Wing J.F., On Tribromotrinitrobenzol, Am. Chem. J., 1888, 10, 283-287.
- [11] Benziger T.M., Method for the Production of High-purity Triaminotrinitrobenzene, Patent US 4032377, 1977.
- [12] Mitchell A.R., Coburn M.D., Lee G.S., Schmidt R.D., Pagoria P.F., Hsu P.C., Synthesis of Trinitrophloroglucinoland Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB), Patent US 7057073 B2, 2006.
- [13] Pagoria P.F., Mitchell A.R., Schmidt R.D., 1,1,1-Trimethylhydrazinium Iodide: a Novel, Highly Reactive Reagent for Aromatic Amination via Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 2934-2935.
- [14] Bellamy A.J., Ward S.J., Golding P., A New Synthesis Route to 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 2002, 27, 49-58.
- [15] Silva G., Mattos E., Synthesis of 2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., 2011, 3, 65-72.
- [16] Agrawal J.P., Past, Present and Future of Thermally Stable Explosives, Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater., 2012, 9(3), 273-290.
- [17] Bhattacharyya S.C., Narasimhan V.L., Indigenous Development of the Insensitive High Explosive: TATB, Proc. Propex Seminar, Ordnance Factory Bhandara, India, 2002, 30-38.
- [18] Nandi A.K., Kasar S.M., Thanigaivelan U., Ghosh M., Mandal A.K., Bhattacharyya S.C., Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrafine TATB, J. Energ. Mater., 2007, 25(4), 213-231.
- [19] Yasuda S.K., Simultaneous Determination of 1,3-Dinitro-2,4,6-trichlorobenzene and 1,3-Dinitro-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene in 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, J. Chromatogr. A, 1973, 76(2), 331-335.
- [20] O’Keefe D.M., Gurule F.T., The Synthesis of Symmetrical Trichlorotrinitrobenzene, Dept. of Energy, Sandia Laboratories Report, SAND 78-1001, 1978.
- [21] Selig W., Estimation of the Solubility of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) in Various Solvents, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Report UCID-17412, 1977.
- [22] Foltz M.F., Ornellas D.L., Pagoria P.F., Mitchell A.R., Recrystallization and Solubility of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene in Dimethyl Sulfoxide, J. Mater. Sci., 1996, 31(7), 1893-1901.
- [23] Talawar M.B., Agarwal A.P., Anniyappan M., Gore G.M., Asthana S.N., Venugopalan S., Method for Preparation of Fine TATB (2-5μm) and its Evaluation in Plastic Bonded Explosive (PBX) Formulations, J. Hazard. Mater., 2006, B137, 1848-1852.
- [24] Cady H.H., Larson A.C., The Crystal Structure of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, Acta Cryst., 1965, 18, 485-496.
- [25] Kohn E., Determination of Inorganic Chlorides in TATB, Mason and Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc. Pantex Plant, Amarillo, Texas 79177, MHSMP-75-5K, 1974.
- [26] Faubion B.D., Chemical Analysis of TATB, Mason and Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc. Pantex Plant, Amarillo, Texas 79177, MHSMP-75-5J, 1974.
- [27] Mehilal, Prasad U.S., Survey R.N., Agrawal J.P., Determination of Chlorine Content in 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene by Converting it into 1,3,5-Trihydroxy-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene by Treatment with Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide, Analyst, 1998, 123, 397-398.
- [28] Rigdon P., Stephens F.B., Harrar J.E., Precise Assay of TATB by the Determination of Total Amino and Nitro Functional Group, Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 1983, 8, 206-211.
- [29] Provisional Specification for TATB, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune, India, No. HEMRL/CEPP/PS/364, 2005.
- [30] Schaffer C.L., Assay of TATB by HPLC, Mason and Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc. Pantex Plant, Amarillo, Texas 79177, Report No. MHSMP-78-65, 1978.
- [31] Schaffer C.L., Analysis of Soil and Water for TATB Content, Mason and Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc. Pantex Plant, Amarillo, Texas 79177, Report No. MHSMP-92-40, 1992.
- [32] Kayser E.G., Analysis Methods for Explosive Materials – I. Polynitro Compounds, Naval Surface Weapons Center, Virginia, 22448 Report NSWC TR 81-123, 1982.
- [33] Dressen S., Merrill D., Sanderson A., Velarde S., Pilot Plant Synthesis of TATB from a Novel Process, IM/EM Technical Symposium, San Francisco, CA, Nov. 15-17, 2004.
- [34] Yu W., Zhang T., Huang Y., Yang L., Li G., Li H., Li J., Huang H., Effect of Microwave Irradiation on TATB Explosive, J. Hazard. Mater., 2009, 168, 952-954.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-0eaf38ba-7070-41a1-81fb-37386ed3d76d