e-Navigation vs. Autonomous Navigation – Challenges for Marine Pilots

• Autorzy: Weintrit Adam

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12716/1001.19.02.03

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Maritime navigation is currently evolving along two parallel paths: e‑Navigation, designed to integrate and harmonize ship‑ and shore‑based information for enhanced decision‑making, and Autonomous Navigation, which seeks to transfer these decisions to automated and remotely supervised systems. This paper explores how these two trajectories align and diverge, focusing on their impact on marine pilots. The e‑Navigation concept, including the IMO‑endorsed S‑Mode interface standardization, has demonstrated tangible benefits for pilotage by improving situational awareness, operational safety, and data exchange through standardized user interfaces and information flows. In contrast, the transition toward autonomous vessels raises significant technological, operational, legal, and human‑factor challenges, including redefined pilot roles, liability issues, mixed‑fleet operations, and cybersecurity risks. While both approaches rely on similar enabling technologies, their design philosophies differ fundamentally: e‑Navigation augments human expertise, whereas Autonomous Navigation seeks to reduce or replace it. The paper concludes with recommendations for pilot training, competencies, and regulatory frameworks, emphasizing human‑machine collaboration and staged implementation.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Automatic Identification System; AIS; e-Navigation; environment protection; collision avoidance; Vessel Monitoring Service; Operational Use of ECDIS; radar navigation; autonomous ships

• Wydawca: Faculty of Navigation, Gdynia Maritime University
• Czasopismo: TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: Vol. 19 No. 2
• Strony: 361--369
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 8 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Weintrit Adam

• Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3233-0966

Bibliografia

• [1] Lützhöft M., Earthy J., Human-Centred Autonomous Shipping. A Balkema Book, CRS Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, 2023.
• [2] Patraiko D., Wake P., Weintrit A.: e-Navigation and the Human Element. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 11-16, 2010.
• [3] Weintrit A., Handbook on Operational Use of ECDIS, A Balkema Book, CRS Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New York, Leiden, 2009.
• [4] Weintrit A.: Prioritized Main Potential Solutions for the e-Navigation Concept. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 1, doi:10.12716/1001.07.01.03, pp. 27-38, 2013.
• [5] Weintrit A.: e-Nav, Is It Enough?. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 567-574, 2016, doi:10.12716/1001.10.04.04.
• [6] Weintrit A.: Sustainable Reaction of the Maritime Education Sector to Marine Technology Development including Autonomous Surface Shipping. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 927-933, 2024, doi: 10.12716/1001.18.04.20.
• [7] Weintrit A., Wawruch R., Specht C., Gucma L., Pietrzykowski Z.: Polish Approach to e-Navigation Concept. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 261-269, 2007
• [8] Wright, R.G., Unmanned and Autonomous Ships. An Overview of MASS. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, New York 2020. doi:10.1201/9780429450655

Uwagi

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