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The aluminum hot stamping process has been widely studied to produce lightweight parts in automobile industry. As forming limit of aluminum sheet at elevated temperatures plays a vital role in judging stamping formability, this study aims at experimentally investigating the forming limits and establishing a constitutive model to predict them. In this study, isothermal deformation test (Nakajima test) of AA7075 was conducted to determine its forming limits at temperatures of 300–450 °C and stamping speeds of 13–40 mm/s. Based on the experimental results, a constitutive model considering continuum damage mechanics was established to predict the forming limits under different deformation conditions. It was found that the formability of the material is best at 400 °C, and a higher strain rate can improve formability slightly. The comparisons between model predictions and experimental results were evaluated; results indicated a good prediction accuracy of the model in describing forming limits of AA7075 at elevated temperatures. Moreover, comparison between different studies on the thermal forming limits of AA7075 was discussed in detail.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
134--143
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 29 poz., rys., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
autor
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metal Lightweight Forming Manufacturing, Beijing 100083, China
Bibliografia
- [1] Mohamed MS, Foster AD, Lin J, Balint DS, Dean TA. Investigation of deformation and failure features in hot stamping of AA6082: experimentation and modelling. Int J Mach Tools Manuf. 2012;53(1):27–38.
- [2] Zheng K, Lee J, Lin J, Dean TA. A buckling model for flange wrinkling in hot deep drawing aluminium alloys with macrotextured tool surfaces. Int J Mach Tools Manuf. 2017;114:21–34.
- [3] Fakir OE, Wang L, Balint D, Dear JP, Lin J, et al. Numerical study of the solution heat treatment, forming, and in-die quenching (HFQ) process on AA5754. Int J Mach Tools Manuf. 2014;87:39–48.
- [4] Liu Y, Zhu Z, Wang Z, Zhu B, Wang Y, et al. Flow and friction behaviors of 6061 aluminum alloy at elevated temperatures and hot stamping of a B-pillar. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2018;96(9):4063–83.
- [5] Harrison N, Luckey S. Hot stamping of a B-pillar outer from high strength aluminum sheet AA7075. SAE Int J Mater Manuf. 2014;7(3):567–73.
- [6] Zheng K, Dong Y, Zheng D, Lin J, Dean TA. An experimental investigation on the deformation and post-formed strength of heattreatable aluminium alloys using different elevated temperature forming processes. J Mater Process Technol. 2019;268:87–96.
- [7] Zheng K, Politis DJ, Wang L, Lin J. A review on forming techniques for manufacturing lightweight complex-shaped aluminium panel components. Int J Lightweight Mater Manuf. 2018;1(2):55–80.
- [8] Zhou J, Wang B, Lin J, Fu L. Optimization of an aluminum alloy anti-collision side beam hot stamping process usinga multi-objective genetic algorithm. Arch Civil Mech Eng. 2013;13(3):401–11.
- [9] Nakazima K, Kikuma T, Hasuka K. Study on the formability of steel sheets. Yawata Tech Rep. 1968;264:8517–30.
- [10] Marciniak Z, Kuczyński K. Limit strains in the processes of stretch-forming sheet metal. Int J Mech Sci. 1967;9(9):609–20.
- [11] Affronti E, Jaremenko C, Merklein M, Maier A. Analysis of forming limits in sheet metal forming with pattern recognition methods. Part 1: characterization of onset of necking and expert evaluation. Materials. 2018;11(9):1495.
- [12] Liu H, Cui J, Jiang K, Zhou G. Cracking Prediction in hot stamping of high-strength steel by a temperature-dependent forming limit surface approach. J Mater Eng Perform. 2016;25(11):4894–901.
- [13] ISO 12004–2, Metallic materiale-Sheet and strip-determination of forming-limit curves-Part 2: determination of forming-limit curves in the laboratory. 2008.
- [14] Li X, Guo G, Xiao J, Song N, Li D. Constitutive modeling and the effects of strain-rate and temperature on the formability of Ti–6Al–4V alloy sheet. Mater Des. 2014;55:325–34.
- [15] Michieletto F, Ghiotti A, Bruschi S, Novel experimental set-up to test tubes formability at elevated temperatures, in Material Forming Esaform 2014. In: J. Larkiola, Editor. 2014, Trans Tech Publications Ltd: Stafa-Zurich. p. 62–9.
- [16] Shao Z, Li N, Lin J, Dean TA. Development of a new biaxial testing system for generating forming limit diagrams for sheet metals under hot stamping conditions. Exp Mech. 2016;56(9):1489–500.
- [17] Wang N, Ilinich A, Chen M, Luckey G, D’Amours G. A comparison study on forming limit prediction methods for hot stamping of 7075 aluminum sheet. Int J Mech Sci. 2019;151:444–60.
- [18] Rong H, Hu P, Ying L, Hou W, Zhang J. Thermal forming limit diagram (TFLD) of AA7075 aluminum alloy based on a modified continuum damage model: experimental and theoretical investigations. Int J Mech Sci. 2019;156:59–73.
- [19] Lin J, Mohamed M, Balint D, Dean T. The development of continuum damage mechanics-based theories for predicting forming limit diagrams for hot stamping applications. Int J Damage Mech. 2014;23(5):684–701.
- [20] Wang L, Strangwood M, Balint D, Lin J, Dean TA. Formability and failure mechanisms of AA2024 under hot forming conditions. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;528(6):2648–56.
- [21] Wu Y, Liu G, Jin S, Liu Z. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti2AlNb cup-shaped part prepared by hot gas forming: determining forming temperature, strain rate, and heat treatment. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2017;92(9):4583–94.
- [22] Xu F, Lin J, Zhao S, Zhang H. Research of the Gurson damage model of the different yield functions during the deep-drawing process. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2017;91(5–8):1643–59.
- [23] Hu P, Shi D, Ying L, Shen G, Liu W. The finite element analysis of ductile damage during hot stamping of 22MnB5 steel. Mater Des. 2015;69:141–52.
- [24] Bai Q, Mohamed M, Shi Z, Lin J, Dean T. Application of a continuum damage mechanics (CDM)-based model for predicting formability of warm formed aluminium alloy. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2016;88(9):3437–46.
- [25] Foster AD, Mohamed MS, Lin J, Dean TA. An investigation of lubrication and heat transfer for a sheet aluminium heat, formquench (HFQ) process. Steel Res Int. 2008;79(2):113–20.
- [26] Xiao WC, Wang BY, Wu Y, Yang XM. Constitutive modeling of flow behavior and microstructure evolution of AA7075 in hot tensile deformation. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct Mater Prop Microstruct Process. 2018;712:704–13.
- [27] Zhou J, Mu Y, Wang B. A damage-coupled unified viscoplastic constitutive model for prediction of forming limits of 22MnB5 at high temperatures. Int J Mech Sci. 2017;133:457–68.
- [28] Mohamed M, Shi ZS, Lin JG, Dean T, Dear J. Strain-based continuum damage mechanics model for predicting FLC of AA5754 under warm forming conditions. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2015;784:460–7.
- [29] Xiao W, Wang B, Zheng K. An experimental and numerical investigation on the formability of AA7075 sheet in hot stamping condition. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2017;92(9–12):3299–309.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
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