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Fault loop impedance measurement in circuits fed by ups and principle of safety protection. Part 2
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W artykule wskazano na istotny problem niejednoznaczności pomiaru impedancji pętli zwarciowej (IPZ) w obwodach zasilanych z zasilaczy UPS typu online (double conversion AC-DC-AC). Poprawnie zmierzona wartość impedancji pętli zwarciowej, na podstawie której wyznacza się spodziewany prąd zwarciowy, jest kluczowa w ocenie skuteczności ochrony przeciwporażeniowej przez samoczynne wyłączenie zasilania i dopuszczeniu instalacji elektrycznej do eksploatacji. Wykonanie prób pomiarów impedancji pętli zwarciowej w obwodach zasilanych z UPS zgodnie z przyjętą metodyką, w różnych trybach pracy zasilacza, pozwoliło na zdefiniowanie zasad pomiaru, które ograniczają błąd w ocenie skuteczności ochrony przeciwporażeniowej przez samoczynne wyłączenie zasilania. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych prób i analiz zaproponowano autorski algorytm wyznaczania impedancji pętli zwarciowej w obwodach zasilanych z UPS-a oraz opracowano i zweryfikowano w praktyce procedurę sprawdzania skuteczności ochrony przeciwporażeniowej przez samoczynne wyłączenie zasilania w obwodach zasilanych z UPS-ów.
The paper indicates a significant problem of uncertainty of Fault Loop Impedance (FLI) measurement in circuits powered from UPS (double-conversion AC-DC-AC). The correctly determined value of this impedance, related to the short-circuit current disconnection time and to the reference value, is one of the most important elements that determines the approval of an electrical installation and its receivers for operation. To define the principles of FLI measurement, several hundred measurements of the short-circuit loop impedance in the circuits fed by the UPS, in various UPS operation modes and with various FLI instruments, were made, which allowed for the definition of measurement rules that reduce the error in assessing the effectiveness of protection against electric shock by automatic disconnection of supply. Based on the analysis of voltage and current waveforms recorded during the real short-circuit tests in the circuit fed by the UPS, a proprietary algorithm for determining the short-circuit loop impedance has been proposed.
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Czasopismo
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Tom
Strony
46--50
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 26 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
Bibliografia
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- 2. Cruz, C.M.T.; Bascopé, R.P.T.; Bezerra, L.D.S.; de Sousa, J.M.; Gomes, I.S.F.; Sampaio, F.C.; Borges, F.A.; Ramos, R.L. Comparison of VRLA-AGM batteries lifetime charging with different currents waveforms for use on low power UPS. 2015 IEEE 13th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and 1st Southern Power Electronics Conference, 2015.
- 3. Rajani, G.N. Emerging trends in Uninterrupted Power Supplies: Patents view. 2016 Biennial International Conference on Power and Energy Systems: Towards Sustainable Energy (PESTSE).
- 4. Mitolo, M. Electrical Safety of Low-Voltage Systems. The McGraw–Hill Publisher, 2009.
- 5. Neamt, L.; Balan, H.; Chiver, O.; Hotea, A. Considerations about Fault Loop Impedance Measurement in TN Low-Voltage Network. 8th International Conference on Modern Power Systems (MPS), 2019.
- 6. IEC 60364-6:2016. Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 6: Verification.
- 7. Arab Tehrani, K.; Andriatsioharana, H.; Rasoanarivo, I.; Sargos, F. M. A Novel Multilevel Inverter Model. 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Ecole Polytechnique of Tananarive, University of Madagascar.
- 8. Arab Tehrani, K.; Rasoanarivo, I.; Andriatsioharana, H.; Sargos, F.M. A new multilevel inverter model NP without clamping diods. 2008 34th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics. Groupe Recherche en Electronique et Electrotechnique de Nancy.
- 9. Olesz, M.; Katarzyński, J. Transient States Associating Loop Impedance Measurement in the Output Line of UPS. Zeszyty Naukowe PG 2018, No. 61, 2018.
- 10. Aigner, M.; Schmautzer, E.; Sigl, C. Fault loop impedance determination in low-voltage distribution systems with non-linear sources. IEEE PES ISGT Europe, 2013.
- 11. Fiorina, J-N. Uninterruptible static power supplies and the protection of persons. Schneider Electric, Cahier technique, No. 129, 2004.
- 12. IEC 60364-4-41:2017. Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 4-41: Protection for safety – Protection against electric shock.
- 13. Hagen, R.; Hernandez, D. UPS short circuit withstand rating. GE Digital Energy – Power Quality, 2010.
- 14. Cosse, R.E.; Dunn, D.G.; Śpiewak, R.M. Is my UPS distribution system coordinated? IEEE PCIC Conference, 2006.
- 15. Liang, Z.; Xinchun, L.; Kang, Y.; Gao, B.; Lei, H. Short Circuit Current Characteristics Analysis and Improved Current Limiting Strategy for Three-phase Three-leg Inverter under Asymmetric Short Circuit Fault. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2018.
- 16. Wang, H.; Pei, X.; Chen, Y.; Kang, Y.; Liu, Y-F. Short-circuit fault protection strategy of parallel three-phase inverters. 2015 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 20-24 Sept. 2015, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- 17. Modelling uninterruptible power supply (UPS) in SIMARIS® design for use in data centers. Technical Series, Edition 3, Siemens AG, 2016.
- 18. Czapp, S. Selected problems of Earth Fault Loop Impedance Testing in Circuits Fed from UPS. Automatyka – Kontrola – Zakłócenia, Volume 28, No. 3 (29), 2017.
- 19. IEC 62040-3, 2011. Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) - Part 3: Method of specifying the performance and test requirements.
- 20. IEC 62040-1, 2019. Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) - Part 1: General and safety requirements for UPS.
- 21. Wei, B.; Marzàbal A.; Perez, J.; Pinyol, R.; Guerrero, J.M.; Vásquez, J.C. Overload and Short Circuit Protection Strategy for Voltage Source Inverter Based UPS, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 34, Issue 11, Nov. 2019.
- 22. Morton, D.D. Impact of System Impedance on Harmonics Produced by Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2015.
- 23. Scaddan, B. IEE Wiring Regulations. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-096914-5.10001-9, 2011.
- 24. Nuutinen, P.; Peltoniemi, P.; Silventoinen, P. Short-Circuit Protection in a Converter-Fed Low-Voltage Distribution Network. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2013.
- 25. Paananen, J.; Imming, M. Smart tricks to improve power supply reliability. Eaton, 2017.
- 26. Kumar, M.; Memon, Z.A.; Uqaili, A.; Baloch, M.H. An Overview of Uninterruptible Power Supply System with Total Harmonic Analysis & Mitigation: An Experimental Investigation for Renewable Energy Applications. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, Volume 18, No. 6, June 2018.
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