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One of the problems present when measuring noise generated in outdoor environments is the appropriate microphone placement, and there are different approaches and techniques applied within this scope. For measurements of noise generated by wind turbines, standard EN 61400 specifies installing the microphone on a mounting board at ground level, though practical demands, especially for long-term monitoring, suggest other microphone positions, above the ground level. The consequences of different microphone placements are a key issue that should be analysed and taken into consideration. Another problem specific to measurements of noise generated in outdoor environments is the influence of wind on the obtained results and the potential correction required on account of wind speed. Studies were undertaken with those issues in mind, and a comparison of different mounting positions and methods was performed. Certain other aspects, such as the influence of wind speed and the use of different windscreens, are discussed as well. This is only a preliminary stage intended to provide a perspective on the differences that may be expected when performing measurements of infrasound noise sources, and related studies should be continued in the future. The work presented in this paper concerns three aspects: the first is the dependence of the measured noise signal on the microphone position above the ground level, the second is how wind influences the measured signal quality, and the third is related to microphone positioning on a ground board. Results for a windscreen modification are presented as well.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
art. no. 2024317
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 21 poz., fot. kolor., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice
autor
- Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice
autor
- Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice
Bibliografia
- 1. C. Flemmer, R. Flemmer; Wind turbine infrasound: Phenomenology and effect on people; Sustainable Cities and Society, 2023, 89, 104308
- 2. T.T. Gjestland, Measurements and recordings at high wind speeds, SINTEF, project no. 102023445
- 3. O. Fegeant; On the Use of a Vertical Microphone Board to Improve Low Signal-to-Noise Ratios During Outdoor Measurements; Sweden Applied Acoustics, 1998, 53(4), 291-312
- 4. M.C. Anderson et al., Characterizing the effects of two ground-based outdoor microphone configurations; Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 39, 055011, 2021
- 5. B. Bartlett; The omnidirectional boundary microphone PZM, 2009; https://www.dpamicrophones.com/mic-dictionary/boundary-layer-microphone (accessed on 2024.11.15)
- 6. J.M. Giannakis, E.H. Nesbitt; Evaluation of a correction factor for flyover-noise groundplane microphones; AIAA Aviation 2020 Forum, 15-19 June 2020, virtual event; DOI: 10.2514/6.2020-2612
- 7. B.N. Shivashankara, G.W. Stubbs; Ground plane microphone for measurement of aircraft flyover noise; Journal of Aircraft, 1987, 24(11), 751-758
- 8. M.C. Anderson et al.; Characterizing the effects of two ground-based outdoor microphone configurations; Proc. Meet. Acoust., 2021, 39(1), 055011; DOI: 10.1121/2.0001388
- 9. L. Nijs, C.P.A. Waponaar; The influence of wind and temperature gradients on sound propagation, calculated with the two-way wave equation; J. Acoustic Society of America, 1990, 87(5)
- 10. K.B. Rasmussen; Outdoor sound propagation under the influence of wind and temperature gradients; Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1986, 104(2), 321-335; DOI: 10.1016/0022-460X(86)90271-3
- 11. M.J. Kingan, S.T. Go, R. Piscoya, M. Ochmann; On the modelling of ground-board mounted microphones for outdoor noise measurements; Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2023, 565, 117894; DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2023.117894
- 12. V.P. Blandeau, P. Bousquet, V. Regnier; Acoustic behaviour of ground plates for aircraft noise flight tests; Proceedings of the AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Atlanta, USA, 25-29 June 2018; DOI: 10.2514/6.2018-3295
- 13. V. Albert, P. Bousquet, D. Lizarazu; Ground effects for aircraft noise certification; Proceedings of the 23rd AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA, 5-9 June 2017; DOI: 10.2514/6.2017-3845
- 14. EN 61400-11:2013, Wind turbines - Part 11: Acoustic noise measurement techniques
- 15. ISO 3744:2011, Acoustics, Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure, Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane
- 16. C. Flemmer R. Flemmer, Wind turbine infrasound: Phenomenology and effect on people; Sustainable Cities and Society, 2023, 89, 104308, DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104308
- 17. S. Carlile, J. L. Davy, D. Hillman, K. Burgemeister; A Review of the Possible Perceptual and Physiological Effects of Wind Turbine Noise;, Trends in Hearing, 2018, 22, 1-10
- 18. T. Wszołek; Analysis of the Usefulness of Measurement on a Board at Ground Level for Assessing the Noise Level from a Wind Turbine, Archives of Acoustics, 2020, 45(1), 165-175; DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2020.132492
- 19. P. Kokowski et. al.; On-Line Wind Farm Noise Control, Proceedings of the 10th Convention of the European Acoustics Association Forum Acusticum 2023; DOI: 10.61782/fa.2023.1292
- 20. J. L. Davy, K. Burgemeister, D. Hillman, S. Carlile; A Review of the Potential Impacts of Wind Turbine Noise in the Australian Context, Acoustics Australia, 2020, 48, 181-197; DOI: 10.1007/s40857-020-00192-4
- 21. H. Hafke-Dys, A. Preis, T. Kaczmarek, A. Biniakowski, P. Kleka; Noise Annoyance Caused by Amplitude Modulated Sounds Resembling the Main Characteristics of Temporal Wind Turbine Noise; Archives of Acoustics, 2016, 41(2), 221-232; DOI:10.1515/aoa-2016-0022
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-0a260df5-02fa-4c6e-8e4a-5251d188a7db
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