Piraci wybrzeża Somalii zagrożeniem dla międzynarodowego transportu morskiego

• Autorzy: Wardin K.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Pirates off the coast of Somalia posing a threat for international maritime transport

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

EN

Contemporary piracy is one of these elements appearing on the seas and oceans that makes safe navigation guaranteed by international law significantly difficult for the international community. Although the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea defines piracy precisely, there are still many elements, legal including, that do not facilitate combating piracy, on the contrary, they make them difficult. Changes in the international situation that occurred at the turn of the century all over the world are an essential element favouring the renaissance of piracy in the 21st century. This phenomenon quite frequently appears in several regions of the world, however, it escalated in 2008 off the coast of Somalia (the Horn of Africa). Apparently Somalia is currently in the state of collapse. Struggled by internal conflicts and wars for 17 years, it has not been able to rebuild any structures responsible either for internal security and safety in the surrounding seas. This fact and also extreme poverty of its inhabitants, natural disasters affecting that region of Africa lead to an increasing number of pirates’ attacks off the coast of Somalia. This leads to threatening the sea transport that takes place in that region and a long-awaited response of the international community. Hijacking a massive tanker, the Sirius star on 15 November 2008, carrying crude oil worth 150 million dollars and belonging to a Saudi ship owner Vela International Marine, caused a severe shock. Long negotiations concerning the ransom and subsequent hijacking attempts caused that on 8 December 2008, the European Union decided to launch first ever sea mission coded “Atalanta ” aiming at protecting vessels off the coast of Somalia and fighting against piracy. This mission received mandate authorising to carry out operations in that region.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

piractwo; Somalia; zagrożenie; międzynarodowy transport morski

EN

piracy; Somalia; threat; international maritime transport

• Wydawca: Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Naukowe AON
• Rocznik: 2009
• Tom: nr 4(77)
• Strony: 104--128
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 33 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Wardin K.

• Akademia Marynarki Wojennej

Bibliografia

• 1. Balcerowicz B., Pokój i „nie-pokój”, Bellona, Warszawa 2002.
• 2. Kubiak K., Piractwo i terroryzm morski. Nowe wyzwania dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego, Dolnośląska Szkoła Wyższej Edukacji, Wrocław 2006.
• 3. Wardin K., „Ocena zagrożeń bałtyckich strumieni transportowych działaniami terrorystycznymi”, Belstudio, Warszawa 2007.
• 4. Żmigrodzki M., Dziemidok-Olszewska B. (red.), Współczesne systemy polityczne, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2007.
• 5. A country study: Somalia http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sotoc.html.
• 6. EU NAVFOR Somalia, http://consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=1518&lang=pl.
• 7. CIA The World Factbook http://www.bartleby.eom/151/so.html.
• 8. Global hypocrisy towards Somalia?, http://en.ethiopianreporter.com/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=395&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=1.
• 9. ICC International Maritime Bureau, „Piracy and armed robbery against ships “Report for periods 1 January-31 December 2007, 1 January-31 September 2008, www.icc-ccs.org.
• 10. Kanał Sueski http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C5%82_Sueski.
• 11. Konwencja Narodów Zjednoczonych o Prawie Morza, http://www.vilp.de/Plpdf/pl20.pdf.
• 12. Korsarstwo, http://tradycja.wikia.com/wiki/Korsarstwo.
• 13. Q&A: Somalii piracy,: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7734985.stm.
• 14. Piracy hot spots http://www.southchinasea.org/docs/GallettiPiracy,%20Old%20and%20New%20Threats.pdf, 28.12.2008.
• 15. Piracy in Somalia, http://news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/world/africa/7742761.stm.
• 16. Piracy the best business http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/news/bowring-urges-fight-back-against-pirates/1227019976337.htm.
• 17. Piraci żądają okupu za porwany tankowiec http://www.portalmorski.pl/caly_artykul.php?ida=10915.
• 18. Port w Mogadiszu otwarty, http://www.yahodeville.com/newsy/index.php?szkraj=41&szrok=2006.
• 19. Rezolucja Rady Bezpieczeństwa ONZ, http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezolucja_Rady_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_ONZ_nr_1676.
• 20. Sirius Star freed, http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/news/viewArticle.htm?articleId=20017606119.
• 21. Somalia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia.
• 22. Somalia, http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,91514,title,Unia-Afrykanska-nie-jest-w-stanie-pomoc-Somalii,wid, 10190180, wiadomosc.html?ticaid= 17095.
• 23. Somalia: from the down of civilization to the modern times, New Delhi 1994.
• 24. Somali people http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people.
• 25. Somalia http://www.ediplomat.com/nd/country_briefs/cb_so.htm.
• 26. Strefa ekonomiczna http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wy%C5%82%C4%85czna_strefa_ekonomiczna.
• 27. Tanie bandery http://mminakowski.republika.pl/tanie_bandery_i_itf.htm.
• 28. Tragiczna susza w Rogu Afryki, http://www.unicef.pl/1537_2069.htm.
• 29. http://www.tvn24.pl/12691,1578956,0,1,jesli-dostaniemy-pieniadze-wszystko-bedzie-w-porzadku,wiadomosc.html.
• 30. UN Security Council approves land, air operations in Somalia, http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/62288/un-security-council-approves-land-air-operations-in-Somaliiia.html.
• 31. Unia Afrykańska, http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unia_Afryka%C5%84ska.
• 32. UNITAF, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Task_Force, 30.12.2008.
• 33. VLCC Sirius Star, http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/news/confusion-surrounds-greek-bulker-capture/20017591768.htm;jsessionid=9A54E077579D4144D6F64F95F14DDEF9.