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Reconstruction of the Casting Technology in the Bronze Age on the Basis of Investigations and Visualisation of Casting Moulds

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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
During excavation of the cremation cemetery of urnfield culture in Legnica at Spokojna Street (Lower Silesia, Poland), dated to 1100-700 BC, the largest - so far in Poland – a collection of casting moulds from the Bronze Age was discovered: three moulds for axes casting made out of stone and five moulds for casting sickles, razors, spearhead and chisels, made out of clay. This archaeological find constituted fittings of foundrymen’s graves. In order to perform the complete analysis of moulds in respect of their application in the Bronze Age casting technology analytical methods, as well as, computer aided methods of technological processes were used. Macroscopic investigations were performed and the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry method was used to analyse the chemical composition and metal elements content in mould cavities. Moulds were subjected to three-dimensional scanning and due to the reverse engineering the geometry of castings produced in these moulds were obtained. The gathered data was used to perform design and research works by means of the MAGMA5 software. Various variants of the pouring process and alloys solidification in these archaeological moulds were simulated. The obtained results were utilised in the interpretation of the Bronze Age casting production in stone and clay moulds, with regard to their quality and possibility of casting defects occurrence being the result of these moulds construction. The reverse engineering, modelling and computer simulation allowed the analysis of moulds and castings. Investigations of casting moulds together with their digitalisation and reconstruction of casting technology, confirm the high advancement degree of production processes in the Bronze Age.
Rocznik
Strony
184--190
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 24 poz., il., rys.
Twórcy
  • AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Historical Layers Research Centre, Reymonta 23 Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
autor
  • AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Historical Layers Research Centre, Reymonta 23 Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
autor
  • AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Historical Layers Research Centre, Reymonta 23 Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
autor
  • AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Historical Layers Research Centre, Reymonta 23 Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
autor
  • AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Historical Layers Research Centre, Reymonta 23 Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  • Copper Museum, Partyzantów 3 Str., 59-220 Legnica, Poland
autor
  • University of Wrocław, Institute of Archaeology, Szewska 48 Str., 50-139 Wrocław, Poland
Bibliografia
  • [1] Nowak, K., Stolarczyk, T. (Eds.). (2016). Metallurgists from Kaczawy. Bronze Age Cemetery buried in Legnica at Spokojna St. Legnica. (in Polish).
  • [2] Ottaway, B.S. (2001). Innovation, production and specialization in early prehistoric copper metallurgy. European Journal of Archaeology. 4(1), 87-112.
  • [3] Ciliberto, E. Spoto, G. (2000). Modern analytical methods in art and archaeology. Toronto.
  • [4] Garbacz-Klempka, A. & Szucki, M. (2009). Computer Modelling in Visualisation and Reconstruction of Archeological Relicts. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 54(2), 339-345.
  • [5] Garbacz-Klempka, A., Kozana, J., Piekoś, M., Kwak, Z., Długosz, P. & Stolarczyk., T. (2015). Ceramic moulds for precision casting in the bronze age and computer reconstruction of the casts. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(spec.1), 21-26.
  • [6] Cowie, T., O’Connor, B. (2009) Some Early Bronze Age stone moulds from Scotland. In Kienlin, T.L., Roberts, B. (Eds.). Metals and Societies. Studies in honour of Barbara S. Ottaway. Dr Rudolf Habelt (pp. 313-326). Bonn.
  • [7] Boroffka, N. (2009). Simple Technology: Casting Moulds for Axe-adzes. In Kienlin T.L. & Roberts B. (Eds.). Metals and Societies. Studies in honour of Barbara S. Ottaway. Dr Rudolf Habelt (pp. 246-257). Bonn.
  • [8] Nessel, B. (2012). Alltägliches Abfallprodukt oder Marker bevorzugter Gusstechnik? Zu bronzenen Gusszapfen zwischen Karpaten und Ostsee. In Heske, I., Horejs, B. (Eds.), Bronzezeitliche Identitäten und Objekte (pp.55-74), Bonn.
  • [9] Kuijpers, M.H.G. (2008) Bronze Age Metalworking in the Netherlands (C. 2000 - 800 BC). Leiden.
  • [10] Nessel, B. (2012). Metallurgen im Grab- Überlegungen zur sozialen Einstufung handwerklicher Spezialisten. In Kienlin, T.L. & Zimmermann, A. (Eds.), Beyond Elites. Alternatives to Hierarchical Systems in Modelling Social Formations (pp. 423- 432). Bochum.
  • [11] Nessel, B. (2013). The ‘Absence’ of Smiths and Founders – Why Tools Are Rare in Bronze Age Burials. In Rezi, B., Németh, R.E., Berecki, S. (Eds.) Bronze Age Crafts and Craftsmen in the Carpathian Basin (pp. 139-147). Târgu Mure.
  • [12] Schmalfuß, G. (2008). Das Gräberfeld Battaune, Kr. Delitzsch in Sachsen. Ein jüngstbronzezeitliches Gräberfeld der Lausitzer Kultur – die Ergebnisse der Grabungen von 1974/75. In Rieckhoff, S., Teegen W.-R. & Wolfram S. (Eds.) Leipziger online-Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie. Leipzig.
  • [13] Davey, C.J. (2009). The early history of lost-wax casting. In Mei J. & Rehren Th. (Eds.), Metallurgy and Civilisation: Eurasia and Beyond Archetype. London. (pp. 147-177).
  • [14] Garbacz-Klempka, A., Kowalski, Ł., Kozana, J., Gackowski, J., Perek-Nowak, M., Szczepańska, G. & Piękoś, M. (2016). Archaeometallurgical investigations of the Early Iron Age casting workshop at Kamieniec: a preliminary study. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(3), 29-34. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0044.
  • [15] Garbacz-Klempka, A., Makarowicz, P. & Tokarski, T. (2017). The Analysis of Foundry Engineering of Copper Alloys Based on the Research of a Metallurgist Settlement in Szczepidło. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 45-50. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0009.
  • [16] Rzadkosz, S. (2013). Casting of copper and its alloys. Kraków. (in Polish).
  • [17] Rzadkosz, S., Garbacz-Klempka, A., Kozana, J., Piękoś, M. & Kranc, M. (2014). Structure and Properties Research of Casts Made with Copper Alloys Matrix. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(2), 775-778. DOI:10.2478/ amm-2014-0131.
  • [18] Davis, J.R., Ed. (2001). ASM Specialty Handbook: Copper and Copper Alloys. ASM International: Materials Park, OH.
  • [19] Beldjoudi, T., Bardet, F., Lacoudre, N., Andrieu, S., Adriaens, M., Constantinides, I., & Brunella, P. (2001). Surface modification processes on European Union bronze reference materials for analytical studies of cultural artefacts. Surface Engineering. 17(3), 231-235.
  • [20] Robbiola, L., Blengino, J. & Fiaud, C. (1998). Morphology and mechanisms of formation of natural patinas on archaeological Cu-Sn alloys. Corrosion Science. 40(12), 2083-2111.
  • [21] Harding, A.F. (2000). European societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • [22] Bos, M. & Vrielink, J.A.M. (1998) Constraints, iteration schemes and convergence criteria for concentration calculations in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with the use of fundamental parameter methods. Analytica Chimica Acta. 373(2-3), 291-302.
  • [23] Kearns, T., Martinón-Torres, M. & Rehren, T. (2010). Metal to mould: alloy identification inexperimental casting moulds using XRF. Historical Metallurgy. 44(1), 48-58.
  • [24] Dungworth, D. (2000). A note on the analysis of crucibles and moulds. Historical Metallurgy. 34(2), 83-86.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-09bca30b-8f1d-4ee3-8c5b-7e9bcf678981
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