Evaluation of the total cost of charging electric vehicles through dedicated photovoltaic installations

• Autorzy: Sendek-Matysiak Ewelina

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.20858/tp.2025.20.2.05

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Currently, the share of BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicle) in the automotive market in Poland is relatively small - 0.1%. That is caused by a number of barriers; one of them being the undoubted fact that BEVs are exceptionally expensive. Electric Vehicle enthusiasts express the opinion that the cost is offset by reduced running costs, in particular in cases where the electricity is generated from a photovoltaic (PV) installation. This article determines the cost of charging a battery electric vehicle with an electricity generated from a domestic photovoltaic installation consisting of various numbers of modules. The optimal yield of electricity generated by PV was determined, and then the charging costs in the current conditions in Poland. It was assumed that the electricity produced would be used exclusively for BEV charging, with the surplus sold to the power grid. The analysis shows that even for the maximum number of photovoltaic modules which can be installed on the study area, in some months the battery electric vehicle charging costs will not be zero. The issue related to the cost of charging BEVs with PV - generated electricity in the Polish conditions has not yet been addressed in any scientific publication and its problems concerning the issues may provide a source of preliminary analysis for other countries.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

electric vehicle; sustainability; photovoltaic panels; electromobility

PL

pojazd elektryczny; zrównoważony rozwój; panele fotowoltaiczne; elektromobilność

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
• Czasopismo: Transport Problems
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: T. 20, z. 2
• Strony: 59--71
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 32 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Sendek-Matysiak Ewelina

• Kielce University of Technology; al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3088-3177

Bibliografia

• 1. Transport & Environment. UPDATE -T&Eʼs analysis of electric car lifecycle CO₂ emissions. 2022.
• 2. EV club POLAND, ABC ELEKTROMOBILNOŚCI. Available at: https://elektromobilni.pl/wpcontent/uploads/2022/11/ABC_Elektromobilnosci_Elektromobilni_E-book.pdf.
• 3. BloombergNEF. Zero-Emission Vehicles Factbook. A BloombergNEF specila report prepared for COP28. Available at: https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/2023-COP28-ZEVFactbook.pdf.
• 4. Pontes, J. World EV Sales Report – March 2023. CleanTechnica. Available at:https://cleantechnica.com/2023/05/09/world-bev-sales-now-12-of-world-auto-sales/.
• 5. Global EV Data Explorer. Available at: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/globalev-data-explorer.
• 6. EAFO. Available at: https://alternative-fuels-observatory.ec.europa.eu/.
• 7. Zaniewska-Zielińska, D. Issues related to the development of electromobility in Poland. Europa Regionum. 2018. Vol. 2. No. 35. P 63-78.
• 8. Krawiec, S. & Krawiec, K. Electromobility development in Poland. preconditions, goals and barriers. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Katowicach. 2017. Vol. 332. P. 17-24.
• 9. Nikołajewka, A. & Adey, P. & Cresswell, T. & Lee, J.Y. & Nóvoa, A. & Temenos, C. Commoning mobility: Towards a new politics of mobility transitions. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 2019. Vol. 44. P. 346-360.
• 10. Correa, D.F. & Beyer, H.L. & Fargionec, J.E. et al. Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019. Vol. 107. P. 250-263.
• 11. Standing, C. & Standing, S. & Biermann, S. The implications of the sharing economy for transport. Transport Reviews. 2018. Vol. 39. No. 2. P. 1-17.
• 12. Pisonia, E. & Christidis, P. & Thunis, P. & Trombetti, M. Evaluating the impact of “Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans” on urban background air quality. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019. Vol. 231. P. 249-255.
• 13. Sendek-Matysiak, E. The most important barriers to the development of electromobility in Poland. Transportation Overview. 2020. Vol. 3. P. 8-14.
• 14. Polish Alternative Fuels Association. 2020/21 New Mobility Barometer. Available at: https://pspa.com.pl/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/barometr_nowej_mobilnosci_2021_raport.pdf.
• 15. Scorrano, M. & Danielis, R. & Giansoldati, M. Dissecting the total cost of ownership of fully electric cars in Italy: The impact of annual distance travelled, home charging and urban driving. Res. Transp. Econ. 2020. Vol. 80. No. 100799.
• 16. Liikkanen, J. & Moilanen, S. & Kosonen, A. et al. Cost-effective optimization for electric vehicle charging in a prosumer household. Solar Energy. 2024. Vol. 267. No. 112122.
• 17. Scorrano, M. & Danielis, R. & Giansoldati, M. Modelling the total cost of ownership of an electric car using a residential photovoltaic generator and a battery storage unit - an Italian case study. Energies. 2020. Vol. 13(10). No. 2584.
• 18. Zakeri, B. & Cross, S. & Dodds, P.E. & Gissey C.G. Policy options for enhancing economic profitability of residential solar photovoltaic with battery energy storage. Applied Energy. 2021. Vol. 290. No. 116697.
• 19. Ibrahim, M.M. Investigation of a grid-connected solar PV system for the electric-vehicle charging station of an office building using PVSOL software. Energy Policy Journal. 2022. Vol. 25. No 1. P. 175-208.
• 20. Dik, A. & Omer, S. & Boukhanouf, R. Investigation of cost-effective electric vehicle charging station assisted by photovoltaic solar energy system. Transportation Research Procedia. 2023. Vol. 70. P. 423-432.
• 21. Polish Alternative Fuels Association, Year 2022 in Polish electro-mobility. 2023. Available at: https://pspa.com.pl/wpcontent/uploads/2023/01/PSPA_Rok_2022_w_polskiej_elektromobilnosci_Raport-3.pdf.
• 22. Nissan LEAF. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Leaf
• 23. Eurotax. Available at: https://eurotax.pl.
• 24. Energy Regulatory Office. Available at: https://www.ure.gov.pl/.
• 25. Ustawa z dnia 27 stycznia 2022 r. o zmianie ustawy o odnawialnych źródłach energii oraz ustawy o zmianie ustawy o odnawialnych źródłach energii oraz niektórych innych ustaw. Dz.U. 2022 poz. 467. Available at: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20220000467. [In Polish: Act of 27 January 2022 amending the Renewable Energy Sources Act and the Act on amending the Renewable Energy Sources Act and certain other acts. Journal of Laws. 2022 item 467].
• 26. Energy Market Price vs. Net-Billing. Sales price - July 2023. Available at https://enerad.pl/aktualnosci/rynkowa-cena-energii-elektrycznej-a-net-billing-cena-sprzedazy.
• 27. PV Calculator – Hewalex. Available at: https://www.hewalex.pl/kalkulator-fotowoltaiki/.
• 28. Wajda, A. & Jaworski, T. Management of waste photovoltaic panels. Prospects and challenges. Nowa Energia. 2022. Vol. 3. No 84. P. 48-52.
• 29. fotowoltaikaonline.pl. Available at: https://fotowoltaikaonline.pl/magazyn-energii.
• 30. Marszałek, K. & Dyndał, K. & Lewińska, G. Photovoltaic panels. Wydawnictwo AGH. 2021.
• 31. Government Energy Shield. Available at: https://www.gov.pl/web/chronimyrodziny/rzadowatarcza-energetyczna.
• 32. Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (recast) Text with EEA relevance. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32012L0019.