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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
The concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Fe and Mn were determined in June 2010 for 100 tap-water samples, collected directly at consumers in the older part of the city of Szczecin (Poland). Increased concentrations of metals were thus detected. This concerns mainly Fe (19% of samples showed concentrations above drinking-water quality standards) and Pb (5%). In some samples, the maximum admissible concentration levels for Mn, Cu and Ni were also exceeded. This was not the case for Al, despite the use of aluminium compounds during water treatment; the Al concentrations in treated water were, however, significantly higher than in raw water. It was also found that (1) the corrosive properties of water (low alkalinity and increased concentration of sulphates), (2) the water-treatment processes causing a decrease of the pH and an increase of the CO2, and (3) transport of the treated water over long distances (30 km) provide favourable conditions for the leaching of metals from water-pipe networks. The type of material used in domestic plumbing and the content of Ce, Fe, Mn, Ni and Cd in the tap-water at consumers show a correlation. The high content of Pb is mainly a result of lead pipes connecting the network to the buildings.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
25--33
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 24 poz.
Twórcy
autor
- Institute of Geology, Department of Hydrogeology and Water Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, Maków Polnych 16, 61-606 Poznań, Poland
autor
- Institute of Geology, Department of Hydrogeology and Water Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, Maków Polnych 16, 61-606 Poznań, Poland
Bibliografia
- Al-Malack, M.H., 2001. Migration of lead from unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipes. Journal of Hazardous Materials B82, 263–274
- Cheng, Z. & Foland, K.A., 2005. Lead isotopes in tap water: implications for Pb sources within a municipal water supply system. Applied Geochemistry 20, 353–365.
- Cost Action 637. METEAU – Metals and related substances in drinking ater. http://www.cost.eu.
- Dmochowska, H. (Ed.), 2010a. Concise statistical yearbook of Poland. Central Statistical Office (Warszawa).
- Dmochowska, H. (Ed.), 2010b. Demographic yearbook of Poland. Central Statistical Office (Warszawa).
- EC (European Commission), 1998. Council directive of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption EC Report 98/83/EC, 90–112.
- Edwards, M. & Dudi, A., 2004. Role of chlorine and chloramine in corrosion of lead-bearing plumbing materials. Journal of the American Water Works Association 96(10), 69–81.
- Górski, J. & Siepak M., 2011. Metals and related substances in drinking water at consumers in Poznań. Polish Geological Institute Bulletin 445, 139–148.
- Hayes, C., Aergeerts, R., Barrott, L., Becker, A., Benoliel, M.J., Croll, B., Edwards, M., Gari, D., Hoekstra, E., Jung, M., Postawa, A., Ruebel, A., Russell, L., Schock, M.R., Skubala, N., Witczak, S., Tielemans, M. & Zabochnicka-Świątek, M., 2010. Best practice guide on the control of lead in drinking water. IWA Publishing (London), 85 pp.
- Hoekstra, E., Hayes, C., Aertgeerts, R., Becker, A., Jung, M., Postawa, A., Russell, L. & Witczak, S., 2009. Guidance on sampling and monitoring for lead in drinking water. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, EUR 23812 EN, 27 pp.
- Hong, P.K.A. & Macauley, Y.Y., 1998. Corrosion and leaching of copper tubing exposed to chlorinated drinking water. Water and Air Soil Pollution 108, 457–471.
- Karavoltsos, S., Sakellari, A., Mihopoulos, N., Dassenakis, M. & Scoullos, M.J., 2008. Evaluation of the quality of drinking water in regions of Greece. Desalination 224, 317–329.
- Koh, L.L., Wong, M.K., Gan, L.M. & Yap, C.T., 1991. Factors affecting the leaching of lead from UPVC pipes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19, 203–214.
- Larson, T.E. & Skold, R.V., 1958. Laboratory studies relating mineral quality of water to corrosion of steal and cast iron. Illinois State Water Survey (Champaign, IL) Report ISWS C–71, 43–46
- PMH (Polish Minister of Health), 2010. Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z 20 kwietnia 2010 r., zmieniajace rozporządzenie w sprawie jakości wody przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi. Dziennik Ustaw – [Polish Journal of Laws] 72, item 466, 14 pp.
- Rybicki S., 2011. Metals and metalloids introduced to water in treatment processes and distribution. [In:] A. Postawa & S. Witczak (Ed.): Metals and related substances in drinking water in Poland. AGH (Craców), 81–96.
- Schock, M.R., 1990. Internal corrosion and deposition control. [In:] F.W. Pontius (Ed.): Water quality and treatment (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Inc. (New York), 997–1111.
- Smith, D.W., 1994. Water quality in distribution systems: challenges and solutions. [In:] M. Sozański (Ed.): Municipal and rural water supply and water quality. PZITS (Poznań), 3–16.
- Sobesto, J., 1994. Effect of some selected physico-chemical parameters of water on deposit formation and pipeline corrosivity. [In:] M. Sozański (Ed.): Municipal and rural water supply and water quality.. PZITS (Poznań), 997–1002.
- Tamasi, G. & Cini, R., 2004. Heavy metals in drinking waters from Mount Amiata (Tuscany, Italy). Possible risks from arsenic for public health in the Province of Siena. Science of the Total Environment 327, 41–51.
- Toczyłowska, B., 1994. Effects of internal corrosion of pipes in water distribution networks on drinking-water quality. [In:] M. Sozański (Ed.): Municipal and rural water supply and water quality. PZITS (Poznań), 45–54.
- Turek, N.F., Kasten L., Lytle D.A. & Goltz M.N., 2011. Impact of plumbing age on copper levels in drinking water. Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology – AQUA 60, 1–15.
- Van den Hoven, Th.J.J., Buijs, P.J., Jackson, P.J., Miller, S., Gardner, M., Leroy, P., Baron, J., Boireau, A., Cordonnier, J., Wagner, I., Marecos do Monte, H., Benoliel, M.J., Papadopoulos, I. & Quevauviller, Ph., 1999. Developing a new protocol for the monitoring of lead in drinking water. European Commission, BCR Information, Chemical Analysis, Report EUR 19087 EN, 23 pp.
- Veschetti, E., Achene, L., Ferretti, E., Lucentini, L., Citti, G., Ottaviani, M., 2010. Migration of trace metals in Italian drinking waters from distribution networks. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 92, 521–535.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-0838a7b9-d9b7-4a16-b204-9145b9f6cdec