Marine vs. terrestrial environments during Early Triassic deposition on the northeastern margin of the Central European Basin : a multidisciplinary study on the Middle Buntsandstein of the Bartoszyce IG 1 borehole, NE Poland

• Autorzy: Becker Anna , Fijałkowska-Mader Anna , Jasionowski Marek

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.7306/gq.1566

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The Middle Buntsandstein Subgroup of the Lower Triassic of north-eastern Poland has been investigated in the context of possible marine ingressions into the Central European Basin. To better constrain these, palynofacies analysis and mineralogical analysis of mudstones were undertaken on samples taken from the Lidzbark and Malbork formations penetrated by the Bartoszyce IG 1 borehole, serving as stratotype section of both lithostratigraphic units. Microfacies and geochemical analyses, including C and O isotope analysis, were conducted additionally on oolitic limestones of the basal Lidzbark Formation (the lowermost Middle Buntsandstein), and the boron content was measured on all mudstone samples. Seven palynofacies types are distinguished: types 1 to 3 within the Malbork Formation and types 4 to 7 within the Lidzbark Formation. Types 1 and 2 originated on a floodplain, type 3 probably in a deltaic or barrier setting, and types 4 and 5 in a brackish lagoon or a more open basin, possibly of marine origin. Palynofacies type 6 reflects long transport and reworking, whereas palynofacies type 7 is interpreted as formed due to pedogenic processes. Clay minerals and quartz, accompanied by feldspars, calcite and dolomite are the main components of the mudstones investigated. The clay mineral association consists of illite or a mixture of illite and smectite, and chlorite. The Lidzbark Formation and the lowermost part of the Malbork Formation show less variability in mineralogical composition than the upper part of the Malbork Formation. Smectite admixtures were detected only in the upper part of the Malbork Formation (the uppermost Middle Buntsandstein). The boron content, achieved after aqua regia digestion, ranges from 70 to 121 mg/kg (96 mg/kg at average), oscillating generally around 90 mg/kg. A higher boron content, bound in silicate structure, is associated with the upper part of the Malbork Formation. All major mineralogical and geochemical changes coincide more or less with the transition from the supposed marine to the terrestrial environmental realm, interpreted from lithological and sedimentological observations within the lowermost part of the Malbork Formation. However, diagenetic alteration of the clay minerals, and of the boron content, could not be ruled out. The oolitic limestones, mainly grainstones, contain admixtures of quartz grains and rare bioclasts, the ooids nuclei being peloids or unrecognizable. The carbonates are almost exclusively composed of low-Mg calcite. A high content of Mg and the presence of small amounts of dolomite suggest that the ooids were primarily composed of high-Mg calcite and are comparable with similar Early Triassic deposits in Tethyan settings. The δ¹³C values range from -2 to +1‰ VPDB, fitting well with the known ranges of Lower Triassic marine carbonates. An observed δ¹³C depletion towards the top of the oolite-bearing part of the section may reflect a local shallowing trend that led to overall salinity decrease. A possible connection with the one of the global oceanic geochemical episodes has to be tested further. The results obtained suggest a marine origin of the lower Middle Buntsandstein deposits studied and document a terrestrial origin for the upper Malbork Formation.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Lower Triassic; northeastern Poland; palynofacies; clay mineralogy; oolite microfacies; isotope geochemistry

• Wydawca: Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Geological Quarterly
• Rocznik: 2020
• Tom: Vol. 64, No. 4
• Strony: 1023--1047
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 117 poz., fot., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Becker Anna

• Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Fijałkowska-Mader Anna

• Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Holy Cross Mts. Branch, Zgoda 21, 25-953 Kielce, Poland

autor

Jasionowski Marek

• Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Algeo, T.J., Brooks, E., Nguyen, T.K.T., Rowe, H., Maynard, J.B., 2007. The Permian-Triassic boundary at Nhi Tao, Vietnam: evidence for recurrent influx of sulfidic watermasses to a shallow-marine carbonate platform. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252: 304-327.
• 2. Algeo, T.J., Chen, Z.Q., Fraiser, M.L., Twitchett, R.J., 2011. Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the collapse and rebuilding of Early Triassic marine ecosystems. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 308: 1-11.
• 3. Amsterdam Palynological Organic Matter Classification, Lumcon, Cocodrie, Oct. 29th - Nov. 1st , 1993, Materials of workshop.
• 4. Bachmann, G.H., Geluk, M.C., Warrington, G., Becker-Roman, A., Beutler, G., Hagdorn, H., Hounslow, M.W., Nitsch, E., Röhling, H.-G., Simon, T., Szulc, A., 2010. Triassic. In: Petroleum Geological Atlas of the Southern Permian Basin Area (eds. J.C. Doornenbal and A.G. Stevenson): 149-173. EAGE Publications b.v. (Houten).
• 5. Batten, D.J., 1996. Palynofacies and palaeoenvironmental interpretations. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, 3: 1011-1064.
• 6. Becker, A., 2005. Sequenzstratigraphie und Fazies des Unteren und Mittleren Buntsandsteins im östlichen Teil des Germanischen Beckens (Deutschland, Polen). Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften, Reihe B, Beiheft, 21: 1-117.
• 7. Becker, A., 2007. Marine environment in the Lower and Middle Buntsandstein of the Central European Basin - summary of the facts. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 53: 54-55.
• 8. Becker, A., 2014. Facje i cykliczność sedymentacji dolnego i środkowego pstrego piaskowca (in Polish). Profile Głębokich Otworów Wiertniczych Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 141: 155-164.
• 9. Becker, A., 2019. Trias. Stratygrafia, litologia i zarys przebiegu sedymentacji pstrego piaskowca (in Polish). Profile Głębokich Otworów Wiertniczych Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 154: 110-111.
• 10. Becker, A., Kuleta, M. Narkiewicz, K., Pieńkowski, G., Szulc, J., 2008. Trias (in Polish). In: Tabela stratygraficzna Polski. Polska pozakarpacka (ed. R. Wagner). Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa.
• 11. Becker, A., Fijałkowska-Mader, A., Nawrocki, J., Sobień, K., 2020. Integrated palynostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of the Middle and Upper Buntsandstein in NE Poland - an approach for correlation of the Lower Triassic regional isochronous horizons. Geological Quarterly, 64 (2): 460-479.
• 12. Bergen v., P.F., Kerp, J.H.P., 1990. Palynofacies and sedimentary environments of a Triassic section in Southern Germany. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst, 45: 24-31.
• 13. Beutler, G., Szulc, J., 1999. Die paläogeographische Entwicklung des Germanischen Beckens in der Trias und die Verbindung zur Tethys. In: Trias - Eine ganz andere Welt (eds. N. Hauschke and V. Wilde): 71-80. Pfeil Verlag, München.
• 14. Boulter, M.C., Riddick, A., 1986. Classification and analysis of palynodebris from the Palaeocene sedments of the Forties Field. Sedimentology, 33: 871-886.
• 15. Brański, P., 2007. An estimate of possible use of selected pre-Cenozoic clays from Poland for environmental protection (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 55: 467-474.
• 16. Brański, P., 2012. The mineralogical record of the Early Toarcian stepwise climate changes and other environmental variations (Ciechocinek Formation, Polish Basin). Volumina Jurassica, 10: 1-24.
• 17. Brański, P., 2014. Climatic disaster at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary - a clay minerals and major elements record from the Polish Basin. Geological Quarterly, 58 (2): 291-310.
• 18. Briere, P.R., 2000. Playa, playa lake, sabkha: Proposed definitions for old terms. Journal of Arid Environments, 45: 1-7.
• 19. Chamley, H., 1989. Clay Sedimentology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• 20. Czapowski, G., Fijałkowska, A., Gąsiewicz, A., Krystkiewicz, E., Langier-Kuźniarowa, A., Nawrocki, J., 1994. Granica perm-trias w południowo-zachodniej Polsce, temat nr 2.13.0309.00.0 (in Polish). Narodowe Archiwum Geologiczne, nr inw. 563/94.
• 21. De Deckker, P., 1983. Australian salt lakes: their history, chemistry, and biota - a review. Hydrobiologia, 105: 231-244.
• 22. Driese, S.G., Mora, C.I., Stiles, C.A., Joeckel, R.M., Nordt, L.C., 2000. Mass-balance reconstruction of a modern Vertisol: implications for interpreting the geochemistry and burial alteration of paleo-Vertisols. Geoderma, 95: 179-204.
• 23. Dyrka, I., 2014. Analiza tempa depozycji oraz modelowanie historii termicznej i warunków pogrzebania (in Polish). Profile Głębokich Otworów Wiertniczych Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 138: 161-164.
• 24. Feldman-Olszewska, A., 2014. Charakterystyka litologiczno-stratygraficzna utworów dolnego i środkowego pstrego piaskowca oraz stratygrafia sekwencji (in Polish). Profile Głębokich Otworów Wiertniczych Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 141: 141-154.
• 25. Fijałkowska, A., 1994. Palynostratigraphy of the Lower and Middle Buntsandstein in NW part of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Geological Quarterly, 38 (1): 59-96.
• 26. Fijałkowska, A., 1995. Palynostratigraphy and palynofacies of the Permian/Triassic sequence in the Żary Pericline (SW Poland). Geological Quarterly, 39 (3): 307-324.
• 27. Fijałkowska-Mader, A., 1999. Palynostratigraphy, palaeoecology and palaeoclimatology of the Triassc in South-Eastern Poland. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie. Teil I, 1998 (7-8): 601-627.
• 28. Fijałkowska-Mader, A., 2015. A record of climatic changes in the Triassic palynological spectra from Poland. Geological Quarterly, 59 (4): 615-653.
• 29. Fijałkowska-Mader, A., Heunisch, C., Szulc, J., 2015a. Palynostratigraphy and palynofacies of the Upper Silesian Keuper (Southern Poland). Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 85: 637-661.
• 30. Fijałkowska-Mader, A., Kuleta, M., Zbroja S., 2015b. Lithostratigraphy, palynofacies and depositional environments of the Triassic deposits in the northern part of the Nida Basin (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 462: 83-124.
• 31. Flügel, E., 2004. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• 32. Fuglewicz, R., 1973. Megaspores of Polish Buntersandstein and their stratigraphical significance. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 18: 401-453.
• 33. Fuglewicz, R., 1980. Stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Lower Triassic in Poland on the basis of megaspores. Acta Geologica Polonica, 30: 417-470.
• 34. Haukos, D.A., Smith, L.M., 1992. 13.3.7. Ecology of Playa Lakes. Waterfowl Management Handbook, 19: 1-7.
• 35. Heunisch, C., Röhling, H.-G., 2016. Early Triassic phytoplankton episodes in the Lower and Middle Buntsandstein of the Central European Basin. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesselschaft für Geowissenschaften, 167: 227-248.
• 36. Heunisch, C., Luppold, F.W., Reinhardt, L., Röhling, H.-G., 2010. Palynofazies, Bio- und Lithostratihgraphie im Grenzebereich Trias/Jura in der Bohrung Mariental 1 (Lappwaldmulde, Ostniedersachsen). Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 161: 51-98.
• 37. Hoefs, J., 1987. Stable isotope geochemistry. Third, completely revised and enlarged edition. Minerals and rocks, 9. Springer.
• 38. Horacek, M., Brandner, R., Abart, R., 2007a. Carbon isotope record of the P/T boundary and the Lower Triassic in the Southern Alps: Evidence for rapid changes in storage of organic carbon. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252: 347-354.
• 39. Horacek, M., Richoz, S., Brandner, R., Krystyn, L., Spötl, C., 2007b. Evidence for recurrent changes in Lower Triassic oceanic circulation of the Tethys: The δ13C record from marine sections in Iran. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252: 355-369.
• 40. Hounslow, M., Muttoni, G., 2010. The geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Triassic: linkage to stage boundary definitions. Geological Society Special Publications, 334: 61-102.
• 41. Hudson, J.D., 1977. Stable isotopes and limestone lithification. Journal of the Geological Society, 133: 637-660.
• 42. Iwanow, A., Kiersnowski, H., 1998. Plate 12 Middle Bunter, older part palaeogeography. Plate 13 Middle Bunter, younger part palaeogeography (in Polish with English summary). In: Palaeogeographical atlas of the epicontinental Permian and Mesozoic in Poland (eds. R. Dadlez, S. Marek and J. Pokorski). Wydawnictwo Kartograficzne Polskiej Agencji Ekologicznej, Warszawa.
• 43. Jewuła, K., Matysik, M., Paszkowski, M., Szulc, J., 2019. The late Triassic development of playa, gilgai floodplain, and fluvial environments from Upper Silesia, southern Poland. Sedimentary Geology, 379: 25-45.
• 44. Kalkowsky, E., 1908. Oolith und Stromatolith im norddeutschen Buntsandstein. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesselschaft, 60: 68-125.
• 45. Korte, Ch., Kozur, H.W., 2005. Carbon isotope trends in continental lake deposits of uppermost Permian to Lower Olenekian Germanic Lower Buntsandstein (Calvörde and Bernburg Formations). Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften B, 19: 87-94.
• 46. Kutzbach, J.E., Gallimore, R.G., 1989. Pangaean climate: megamonsoons of the megacontinent. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94D: 3341-3357.
• 47. Last, W.M., 1984. Sedimentology of playa lakes of the northern Great Plains. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 21: 107-125.
• 48. Li, F., Yan, J., Chen, Z.-Q., Ogg, J.G., Tian, L., Korngreen, D., Liu, K., Ma, Z., Woods, A.D., 2015. Global oolite deposits across the Permian-Triassic boundary: a synthesis and implications for palaeoceanography immediately after the end-Permian biocrisis. Earth-Science Reviews, 149: 163-180.
• 49. Li, F., Gong, Q., Burne, R.V., Tang, H., Su, C., Zeng, K., Zhang, Y., Tan, X., 2019. Ooid factories operating under hothouse conditions in the earliest Triassic of South China. Global and Planetary Change, 172: 336-354.
• 50. Lohmann, K.C., Meyers, W.J., 1977. Microdolomite inclusions in cloudy prismatic calcites; a proposed criterion for former high-magnesium calcites. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 47: 1078-1088.
• 51. Marcinkiewicz, T., 1992. Megaspore stratigraphical scheme of the Buntsandstein sediments in Poland (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 368: 65-96.
• 52. Marcinkiewicz, T., Fijałkowska-Mader, A., Pieńkowski, G., 2014. Megaspore zones of the epicontinental Triassic and Jurassic deposits in Poland - overview (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 457: 15-42.
• 53. Miecznik, J.B., Strzelecki, R., Wołkowicz, S., 2011. Uranium in Poland - history of prospecting and chances for finding new deposits (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 59: 688-697.
• 54. Nawrocki, J., 1997. Permian to Early Triassic magnetostratigraphy from the Central European Basin in Poland: Implications on regional and worldwide correlations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 152: 37-58.
• 55. Nowak, H., Schneebeli-Herman, E., Kustascher, E., 2018. Correlation of Lopingian to Middle Triassic Palynozones. Journal of Earth Science, 29: 755-777.
• 56. Nowicka, M., 1974a. Wyniki badań petrograficznych. Trias. Piaskowiec pstry (in Polish). Profile Głębokich Otworów Wiertniczych Instytutu Geologicznego, 14: 268-282.
• 57. Nowicka, M., 1974b. Pokrywa mezozoiczna. Trias. Trias dolny (in Polish). Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 74: 122-135.
• 58. Odin, G.S., Matter, A., 1981. De glaukoniarum origine. Sedimentology, 28: 611-641.
• 59. Orłowska-Zwolińska, T., 1977. Palynological correlation of the Bunter and Muschelkalk in selected profiles from Western Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 27: 417-430.
• 60. Orłowska-Zwolińska, T., 1983. Palynostratigraphy of the upper part of Triassic epicontinental sediments in Poland (in Polish with English summary). Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 104: 1-89.
• 61. Orłowska-Zwolińska, T., 1984. Palynostratigraphy of the Buntsandstein in section of Western Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 29: 161-194.
• 62. Orłowska-Zwolińska, T., 1985. Palynological zones of the Polish epicontinental Triassic. Bulletin of Polish Academy of Sciences, Earth Sciences, 33: 107-119.
• 63. Palermo, D., Aigner, T., Geluk, M., Poeppelreiter, M., Pipping, K., 2008. Reservoir potential of a lacustrine mixed carbonate/siliciclastic gas reservoir: the Lower Triassic Rogenstein in the Netherlands. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 31: 61-96.
• 64. Parrish, J.T., 1993. Climate of the Supercontinent Pangea. Journal of Geology, 101: 215-233.
• 65. Pasieczna, A., 1983. Geochemistry of boron in the Carboniferous sediments of the Mazowsze-Lublin Trough (eastern Poland) (in Polish with English summary). Archiwum Mineralogiczne, 38: 77-143.
• 66. Paul, J., 1982. Der Untere Buntsandstein des germanischen Beckens. Geologische Rundschau, 71: 795-811.
• 67. Paul, J., 1999a. Fazies und Sedimentstrukturen des Buntsandsteins. In: Trias - Eine ganz andere Welt (eds. N. Hauschke and V. Wilde): 105-114. Pfeil Verlag, München.
• 68. Paul, J., 1999b. Oolithe und Stromatolithen im Unteren Buntsandstein. In: Trias - Eine ganz andere Welt (eds. N. Hauschke and V. Wilde): 263-270. Pfeil Verlag, München.
• 69. Paul, J., Peryt, T.M., 2000. Kalkowsky's stromatolites revisited (Lower Triassic Buntsandstein, Harz Mountains, Germany). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 161: 435-458.
• 70. Paul, J., Peryt, T.M., Burne, R.V., 2011. Kalkowsky's stromatolites and oolites (Lower Buntsandstein, Northern Germany). Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 131: 13-28.
• 71. Perry, E.D., 1972. Diagenesis and the validity of the boron paleosalinity technique. American Journal of Science, 272: 150-160.
• 72. Peryt, T.M., 1975. Significance of stromatolites for the environmental interpretation of the Buntsandstein (Lower Triassic) rocks. Geologische Rundschau, 64: 143-158.
• 73. Pieńkowski, G., 1991. Facies criteria for delimitating Zechstein/Buntsandstein and Permian/Triassic boundaries in Poland. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, 1991: 893-912.
• 74. Pieńkowski, G., Waksmundzka, M., 2009. Palynofacies in Lower Jurassic epicontinental deposits of Poland: tool to interpret sedimentary environments. Episodes, 32: 21-32.
• 75. Powell, A.J., Dodge, J.D., Lewis, J., 1990. Late Neogene to Pleistocene palynological facies of the Peruvian continental margin upwelling, Leg 112. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Project, Scientific Results, 112: 297-321.
• 76. Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Abdi, L., 2012. Sedimentology and origin of Meyghan lake/playa deposits in Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, Iran. Carbonates and Evaporites, 27: 375-393.
• 77. Reitz, E., 1985. Palynologie der Trias in Nordhessen und Südniedersachsen. Geologische Abhandlungen Hessen, 86: 1-36.
• 78. Riding, H.G. (ed.), 1996. Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy - 3rd ed. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
• 79. Sandberg, P.A., 1983. An oscillating trend in Phanerozoic non-skeletal carbonate mineralogy. Nature, 305: 19-22.
• 80. Scholze, F., Wang, X., Kirchner, U., Kraft, J., Schneider, J.W., Götz, A.E., Joachimski, M.M., Bachtadse, V., 2017. A multistratigraphic approach to pinpoint the Permian-Triassic boundary in continental deposits: The Zechstein-Lower Buntsandstein transition in Germany. Global and Planetary Change, 152: 129-151.
• 81. Senkowiczowa, H., 1997. Trias dolny (pstry piaskowiec). Biostratygrafia (in Polish). Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 153: 84-111.
• 82. Shao, L., Zhang, P., Dou, J., Shen, S., 2000. Carbon isotope composition of the Late Permian carbonate rocks in southern China: their variations between the Wujiaping and Changxing formations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 161: 179-192.
• 83. Sheldon, N.D., Tabor, N.J., 2009. Quantitative paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstruction using paleosols. Earth-Science Reviews, 95: 1-52.
• 84. Schön, M., 1967. Hystrichosphaerideen aus dem Mittleren Buntsandstein von Thüringen. Monatsberichte der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 9: 527-535.
• 85. Schütt, B., 2004. The chemistry of playa-lake-sediments as a tool for the reconstruction of Holocene environmental conditions - a case study from the central Ebro basin. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 102: 5-30.
• 86. Solecki, A., Śliwiński, W., Wojciechowska, I., Tchorz-Trzeciakiewicz, D., Syryczyński, P., Sadowska, M., Makowski, B., 2011. Ocena możliwości występowania mineralizacji uranowej w Polsce na podstawie wyników prac geologiczno-poszukiwawczych (in Polish). Przegląd Geologiczny, 59: 98-110.
• 87. Song, H., Wignall, P.B., Dunhill, M.A., 2018. Decoupled taxonomic and ecological recoveries from the Permo-Triassic extinction. Science Advances, 2018 (4): eaat5091, 1-6.
• 88. Stolarczyk, F., 1972. New data on the Permian deposits in the eastern part of the Peri-Baltic Syneclise (in Polish with English summary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 16 (1): 113-130.
• 89. Styk, O., 1974. Wyniki badań mikrofaunistycznych piaskowca pstrego (in Polish). Profile Głębokich Otworów Wiertniczych Instytutu Geologicznego, 14: 155-157.
• 90. Szamałek, K., 1989. Lithology versus raw material properties of the Lower Triassic clay rocks in the north-western margin of the Góry Świętokrzyskie (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 361: 55-106.
• 91. Szewczyk, J., 1987. Possibility of geophysical forecast of the uranium mineralization zones in the Triassic formations in the Peribaltic Syneclise area (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 35: 394-402.
• 92. Szuflicki, M., Malon, A., Tymiński, M. (eds.), 2019. Bilans zasobów złóż kopalin w Polsce (wg stanu na 31.XII.2018 r.) (in Polish). Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny-Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Warszawa.
• 93. Szulc, J., 2019. Lower Triassic marine Buntsandstein deposits in the Central European Basin. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 170: 311-320.
• 94. Szulc, J., Becker, A., Fijałkowska-Mader, A., 2015. Perm i trias - nowe otwarcie w historii Gór Świętokrzyskich (in Polish). In: Ekstensja i inwersja powaryscyjskich basenów sedymentacyjnych. 85 Zjazd Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, Chęciny, 9-11 września 2015 r. (eds. S. Skompski and W. Mizerski): 11-27. Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny-Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Warszawa.
• 95. Szyperko-Śliwczyńska, A., 1974. Szczegółowy profil litologiczno-stratygraficzny otworu wiertniczego Bartoszyce IG 1. Trias. Piaskowiec pstry (in Polish). Profile Głębokich Otworów Wiertnicznych Instytutu Geologicznego, 14: 37-48.
• 96. Szyperko-Śliwczyńska, A., 1979. Lower Trias in north-eastern Poland (in Polish with English summary). Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 91: 1-77.
• 97. Szyperko-Teller, A., 1997a. Trias dolny (pstry piaskowiec). Formalne i nieformalne jednostki litostratygraficzne (in Polish). Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 153: 112-117.
• 98. Szyperko-Teller, A., 1997b. Trias dolny (pstry piaskowiec). Sedymentacja, paleogeografia i paleotektonika (in Polish). Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 153: 121-132.
• 99. Szyperko-Teller, A., Moryc, W., 1988. Evolution of the Buntsandstein sedimentary basin in Poland (in Polish with English summary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 32 (1): 53-72.
• 100. Środoń, J., 2010. Evolution of boron and nitrogen content during illitization of bentonites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 58: 743-756.
• 101. Środoń, J., Szulc, J., Anczkiewicz, A., Jewuła, K., Banaś, M., Marynowski, L., 2014. Weathering, sedimentary and diagenetic controls of mineral and geochemical characteristics of the veriebrate-bearing Silesian Keuper. Clay Minerals, 49: 569-594.
• 102. Talbot, M.R., Allen, P.A., 1996. Lakes. In: Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy (ed. H.G. Reading): 83-124. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
• 103. Tanner, L.H., 2010. The Triassic isotope record. Geological Society Special Publications, 334: 103-118.
• 104. Thamban, M., Rao, V.P., Schneider, R.R., 2002. Reconstruction of late Quaternary monsoon oscillations based on clay mineral proxies using sediment cores from the western margin of India. Marine Geology, 186: 527-539.
• 105. Tian, L., Bottjer, D.J., Tong, J., Li, F., Yang, T., Song, Haijun, Song, Huyue, Liang, L., 2015. Distribution and size variation of ooids in the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction Early Triassic ooids. Palaios, 30: 714-727.
• 106. Tyson, R.V., 1993. Palynofacies analysis. In: Applied Micropaleontology (ed. D.G. Jenkins): 153-191. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
• 107. Tyson, R.V., 1995. Sedimentary Organic Matter. Chapman et Hall, London, New York, Tokyo.
• 108. Usdowski, D.H.-E., 1962. Die Entstehung der kalkoolithischen Fazies des norddeutschen Unteren Buntsandsteins. Beiträge zur Mineralogie und Petrographie, 8: 141-179.
• 109. Van der Zwan, C.J., Spaak, P., 1992. Lower to Middle Triassic sequence stratigraphy and climatology of the Netherlands, a model. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 91: 277-290.
• 110. Veizer, J., Holser, W.T., Wilgus, C.K., 1980. Correlation of 13C/12C and 34S/32S secular variations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44: 579-587.
• 111. Veizer, J., Ala, D., Azmy, K. Bruckschen, P., Buhl, D., Bruhn, F., Carden, G.A.F., Diener, A., Ebneth, S., Godderis, Y., Jasper, T., Korte, C., Pawellek, F., Podlaha, O.G., Strauss, H., 1999. 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical Geology, 161: 59-88.
• 112. Voigt, T., Gaupp, R., 2000. Die fazielle Entwicklung an der Grenze zwischen Unterem und Mittlerem Buntsandstein im Zentrum der Thüringer Senke. Beitrage zur Geologie von Thüringen, Neue Folge, 7: 55-71.
• 113. Weidlich, O., 2007. PTB mass extinction and earliest Triassic recovery overlooked? New evidence for a marine origin of Lower Triassic mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediments (Rogenstein Member), Germany. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252: 259-269.
• 114. Wignall, P.B., 2007. The end-Permian mass extinction - how bad did it get? Geobiology, 5: 303-309.
• 115. Wignall, P.B., HalIam, A., 1992. Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 93: 21-46.
• 116. Woods, A.D., 2014. Assessing Early Triassic paleoceanographic conditions via unusual sedimentary fabrics and features. Earth-Science Reviews, 137: 6-18.
• 117. Ziegler, P. A., 1990. Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe (2nd edition). Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B. V., Geological Society Publishing House (Bath), Den Haag.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).