Do navigation maps need a legend? Empirical assessment of the intuitiveness of point symbols on mobile maps

• Autorzy: Piątek Robert , Gołębiowska Izabela

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.2478/pcr-2022-0003

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Navigation applications and the mobile maps that are integral to them are now widely used all over the world. The most popular applications of this type, such as Google Maps, has more than a billion users a month. To save time, users of navigation applications generally use the maps without referring to their legends, which are not shown in the default settings. In such circumstances, only intuitive symbols are read correctly. Mobile maps often have an extensive system of point symbols (POIs – points of interests), and navigation applications sometimes differ significantly in the symbols they use. Point symbols have been the subject of theoretical considerations and empirical studies of users, but there is a lack of comparative research indicating more and less effective solutions for designing intuitive symbols on mobile maps. This article presents the results of empirical research on the intuitiveness of POI symbols used in selected navigation applications. The study was conducted in the form of a questionnaire with 127 respondents. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the analysed symbols used in navigation applications would differ in level of intuitiveness. In addition, features of design solutions that increase or decrease the intuitiveness of point symbols were identified.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

mobile map; point symbol; user study; map legend; symbol intuitiveness; navigation application

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne. Oddział Kartograficzny
• Czasopismo: Polish Cartographical Review
• Rocznik: 2022
• Tom: Vol. 54, No. 1
• Strony: 23--34
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 25 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Piątek Robert

• University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing Warsaw, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4307-7054

autor

Gołębiowska Izabela

• University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing Warsaw, Poland

Bibliografia

• Brewer, C. A. (1997). Spectral schemes: controversial color use on maps. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 24(4), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304097782439231
• Clarke, L. M. (1989). An experimental investigation of the communicative efficiency of point symbols on tourist maps. The Cartographic Journal, 26(2), 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1179/caj.1989.26.2.105
• Cybulski, P. (2022). An empirical study on the effects of temporal trends in spatial patterns on animated choropleth maps. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(5), 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijgi11050273
• Franke, C., & Schweikart, J. (2017). Mental representation of landmarks on maps: Investigating cartographic visualization methods with eye tracking technology. Spatial Cognition & Computation, 17(1–2), 20–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2016.1219912
• Gkonos, Ch., Iosifescu, E. I., & Hurni, L. (2018). Spinning the wheel of design: evaluating geoportal Graphical User Interface adaptations in terms of humancentred design. International Journal of Cartography, 5(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2018.1468726
• Gołębiowska, I. M., & Çöltekin, A. (2022). Rainbow dash: intuitiveness, interpretability and memorability of the rainbow color scheme in visualization. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 28(7), 2722–2733. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2020.3035823
• Gotlib, D. (2012). Mobile maps – modelling of cartographic presentation. Geoinformatica Polonica, 11, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10300-012-0004-3
• Griffin, A. L., Robinson, A. C., & Roth, R. E. (2017). Envisioning the future of cartographic research. International Journal of Cartography, 3(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2017.1316466
• Halik, Ł. (2014). Zmienne graficzne sygnatur punktowych w mobilnym systemie rozszerzonej rzeczywistości. UAM.
• Halik, Ł., & Medyńska-Gulij, B. (2017). The differentiation of point symbols using selected visual variables in the mobile augmented reality system. The Cartographic Journal, 54(2), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2016.1253144
• Horbiński, T., Cybulski, P., & Medyńska-Gulij, B. (2020). Graphic design and button placement for mobile map applications. The Cartographic Journal, 57(3), 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2019.1631008
• Kellenberger, B., Iosifescu, E. I., Nicola, R., Iosife¬scu, E. C. M., Panchaud, N. H., Walt, R., Hotea, M., Piguet, A., & Hurni, L. (2016). The wheel of design: assessing and refining the usability of geoportals. International Journal of Cartography, 2(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2016.1184552
• Korpi, J., & Ahonen-Rainio, P. (2010). Cultural constraints in the design of pictographic symbols. The Cartographic Journal, 47(4), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1179/000870410X12911337964923
• Kozłowski, K. (2020). Oto najnowsze zmiany i ciekawostki o Mapach Google. 15-lecie jednej z najlepszych usług Google, https://antyweb.pl/mapy-google-nowy-wyglad-funkcje-ciekawostki/.
• Luszniewicz, A. (1973). Statystyka ogólna. PWE.
• Manson, S. M., Kne, L., Dyke, K. R., Shannon, J., & Eria, S. (2012). Using eye-tracking and mouse metrics to test usability of web mapping navigation. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 39(1), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1559/1523040639148
• Nivala, A.-M., & Sarjakoski, L. T. (2007). User aspects of adaptive visualisation for mobile maps. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 34(4), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1559/1523040077823 82954
• Nivala, A.-M., Brewster, S., & Sarjakoski, T. L. (2008). Usability evaluation of web mapping sites. The Cartographic Journal, 45(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1179/174327708X305120
• Opach, T., Gołębiowska, I. M., & Fabrikant, S. (2013). How do people view multi–component animated maps?. The Cartographic Journal, 51(4), 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743277413Y.0000000049
• Ostrowski, W., & Pasławski J. (2006). Przedmiot kartografii i jej powiązania z innymi naukami [in:] J. Pasławski (Ed.) Wprowadzenie do kartografii i topografii (pp. 11–27), Wydawnictwo Nowa Era.
• Popelka, S., Vondrakova, A., Beitlova, M., & Drahosova, S. (2021). Eye-tracking comparison of two road atlases. Advances in Cartography and GIScience of the ICA, 3(12), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-adv-3-12-2021
• Roth, R. E., Finch, B. G., Blanford, J. I., Klippel, A., Robinson, A. C., & MacEachren, A. M. (2011). Card sorting for cartographic research and practice. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 38(1), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1559/1523040638289
• Roth, R. E., Çöltekin, A., Delazari, L., Filho, H. F., Griffin, A., Hall, A., Korpi, J., Lokka, I., Mendonça, A., Ooms K., & van Elzakker C. P. J. M. (2017). User studies in cartography: opportunities for empirical research on interactive maps and visualizations. International Journal of Cartography, 3(1), 61–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2017.1288534
• Słomska-Przech, K., & Gołębiowska I. M. (2020). Falling into a digital world: how are paper and interactive maps used by digital natives and immigrants?. Geografie, 125(4), 447–472. https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie2020125040447
• Wolff J. S., & Wogalter M. S. (1998). Comprehension of pictorial symbols: effects of context and test method. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 40(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872098779480433

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023)