BazTech - Yadda

1

Analysis of the factors contributing to environmental pollution in the subcarpathian province

Kalda Galyna, Krokos Jolanta, Pietrucha-Urbanik Katarzyna

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2024

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Vol. 71

19--31

EN

The work presents an examination of Poland's environmental condition, with a focus on the contamination of air and surface waters by various chemical elements. The composition and quality of the air impact ecosystems, plant growth, the animal kingdom, and shape human living conditions. These factors play a significant role in driving global climate change. The repercussions of air pollution encompass phenomena such as smog, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, as well as impacts on industrial and municipal facilities, contributing to global warming. The article conducts an analysis of air pollution, surface water contamination, and electromagnetic radiation pollution in Subcarpathian, utilizing the city of Stalowa Wola and the Stalowa Wola county as case studies. This choice is informed by the fact that Stalowa Wola stands as one of the largest industrial cities in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, suggesting that environmental pollution levels in this county might surpass those in other regions. The article also delineates the features of air and surface water pollution, along with electromagnetic radiation characteristics. It scrutinizes pollution sources in the mentioned county, explicates the causes of such pollution, and proposes strategies for environmental amelioration. The analysis of the environmental status of Stalowa Wola county during the years 2018 to 2020 is presented, accompanied by recommendations for initiatives that could enhance its condition. The research findings indicate that the condition of uniform segments of surface waters, as evaluated through conducted studies, is deemed poor. The discharge of wastewater from specific pollution points, particularly wastewater from municipal origins, emerges as the predominant cause of subpar water quality.

2

Ecological safety as an important part of environmental and people security

Kalda Galyna, Sokolan Yulia, Pietrucha-Urbanik Katarzyna

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2023

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Vol. 70

5--15

EN

The article substantiates the importance of finding and studying methods of restructuring of consciousness in relation to nature, the development of new priorities of interaction between society and the environment as a fundamentally different path of development of civilization. The main characteristics of environmental education as one of the main social aspects of environmental safety at the present stage are given. The essence and assessment of ecological competence as an important integral indicator of learning achievements are defined. It is shown, what features are characterized by global ecological safety and on what the safety of human stay both in the workplace and in the environment is based. The authors show a set of environmental standards, which are important to ensure environmental safety. The problems of environmental security, as well as methods of scientific study of environmental factors are presented. It is shown what impact anthropogenic environmental security has on global environmental security. An analysis of the requirements that should be observed in the construction process, such as planning and development of territories, so that it is not a threat to the environmental safety of the environment in general and individuals in particular is carried out. The basic hygienic principle of the planning organization of the territory of new areas of human habitation as well as reconstruction of old territories is presented. It is shown that to ensure human ecological safety around industrial enterprises and facilities with technological processes it is necessary to create special protections, sanitary and protection zones.

3

Study of Performance of a Vibrating Machine for Cleaning Contamination of Machine Parts with a Submersed Pulsating Jeam with Solid Particles

Hordieiev Anatoly, Kalda Galyna, Prus Aleksandra, Tkachuk Vitalii, Hordieiev Oleksii, Kupiec Bogdan

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 6

108--115

EN

The work presents an innovative design of a vibrating machine for cleaning pollution with a pulsating immersed jet with solid particles and analytically obtained the dependence of the mass productivity of the machine on the design parameters of the machine and the modes of operation of the vibration drive. The research results show that the optimal oscillation frequency of the machine drive lies in the range from 13 to 14 Hz with an amplitude of oscillations of 2 mm and a ratio of the diameter of the nozzle to the diameter of the pulsation chamber of 1:10. The conducted studies of the effectiveness of cleaning showed that mass wear of metal balls and changes in the roughness of the base of the sample are practically not observed due to the occurrence of minor stresses on the surface of the sample elastic character. As a result of the study of the efficiency of cleaning model pollution, it was found that increasing the angle of attack of a pulsating immersed jet with metal balls from 900 to 1250 leads to an increase in the efficiency of cleaning. The analysis of the appearance of the surface of model pollutants confirmed the main theoretical assumptions about the mechanical nature of the interaction of a submerged pulsating jet of liquid with solid particles with pollution and showed the effectiveness of the method of cleaning pollution with a pulsating submerged jet of liquid with solid particles.

4

Dynamic Processes of Substructural Rearrangement under Friction of Carbon Steel

Shevelya Valeriy, Pashechko Mykhaylo, Kalda Galyna, Sokolan Yulia

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 3

236--248

EN

The effect of heat treatment (tempering temperature after quenching) of medium carbon steels (steel 45 and steel 50) on tribological indicators at sliding friction without lubrication in connection with the change in strength and rheological elastic properties of steel, controlling the dissipative properties of the frictional contact has been studied. Tribotechnical tests were conducted according to two schemes. A high-temperature tribometer was used for “soft” friction according to the “ball-plane” scheme, which allowed varying the temperature of the friction contact. Influence of load-rate modes was studied in more “hard” conditions on the friction machine under the “finger-disk” scheme. Substructural transformations of steel caused by heat treatment were evaluated by changes in amplitude-dependent internal friction on a torsion pendulum-type machine, which also allowed measuring frictional damping (contact internal friction) in the preliminary displacement mode. The interrelation between hardness, elastic modulus and internal friction of steel and wear resistance, wear capacity, friction coefficient and the level of frictional damping has been established. It is shown that the growth of elastic modulus and increase of steel relaxation resistance after the appropriate heat treatment are conjugated with the development of adhesion and setting, which, as topochemical reactions in the solid phase, are the leading forms of contact stress relaxation under the above conditions. Correlation of tribological indicators of external friction with amplitude-dependent and relaxation (temperature-dependent) internal friction taking into account structural state of steel and friction temperature regime is established. Substructural preconditions, dynamic relaxation mechanisms of hardening and load-temperature friction conditions under which martensitic structures exhibit abnormally high wear resistance and significant growth of frictional damping level are considered. The tribological analogue of the Porteuen - Le Chatelier effect, manifesting in the form of frictional self-oscillations in the range of temperatures of dynamic deformation aging is established. A treatment of the nature of the Kael-Ziebel effect, the temperature-rate and load localization of which in friction is associated with the temperature range of dynamic strain aging with Snook-Kester relaxation superimposed, is proposed.

5

Investigation of the Optimal Tightness of the Combustion Chamber of a Solid Fuel Boiler in Order to Increase its Environmental Friendliness

Tkachuk Vitaliy, Kalda Galyna, Piegdoń Izabela, Sokolan Yulia, Sokolan Katarzyna, Karazey Vitaliy

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 5

34--41

EN

The paper presents a model of a solid fuel boiler with the improvement of the locking mechanism to increase its efficiency, which in turn will increase the savings and ecological safety of such a boiler. The given calculation of the volume of dry gases, theoretical volume of nitrogen and the volume of water vapor, which makes it possible to determine the content of oxygen in the air and other elements in the fuel. Given a 3-D model of solid fuel boiler by means of FlowSimulation software. Based on the test results, the amount of combustion products leaving the chamber was shown. The research results show that, depending on the size of the boiler elements, there is no ventilation in the room where the boiler is located, and after an hour of operation, a long stay of a person may cause health problems. t has been shown that the excess air factor depends on the type of combustible fuel, the method of its combustion and the structure of the boiler combustion chamber. A construction of the closing mechanism of the combustion chamber of a solid fuel boiler is proposed. Based on experimental and computational research, a model of the boiler door handle was constructed, when automatic opening would be impossible. Such a design of the mechanism closing the combustion chamber of a solid fuel boiler allows to increase its efficiency as a result of the stability of the gas mixture composition and to reduce the risk of carbon monoxide falling into the room.

6

Ecological, Economic and Practical Aspects of Water Treatment in the Galvanic Industry

Pohrebennyk Volodymyr, Koszelnik Piotr, Nester Anatoly, Libus Tetiana, Kalda Galyna, Kida Małgorzata, Pękala Agnieszka

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 1

212--222

EN

The galvanic industry and the production of printed circuit boards are a significant source of environmental pollution, they pose a threat comparable to the chemical industry. They pollute both the atmosphere, the biosphere and the hydrosphere. The paper presents an assessment of the negative impact on the environment, galvanic production and the resulting post-production waste. It was proposed to use the technology of regeneration of used treating solutions, in which the recovered metal can be reused as a secondary raw material for the production of copper products. The regenerated solution, on the other hand, can be used to treat integrated circuit boards. As part of the work, with the use of a microscope, the structural characteristics of the metal surface obtained as a result of the applied regeneration process were carried out. The indicator of the total exposure to substances present in the deposit formed during production was determined, both before (0.045) and after the introduction of the new technology (100). The economic analysis of the planned project based on the new technology showed that the implementation of the presented method of wastewater treatment allows for obtaining significant benefits, both financial and environmental. The analyses performed can be a valuable source of information on how to reduce the impact environment during the production of integrated circuit boards, as well as on the possibilities of obtaining less expensive materials in the form of secondary raw materials.

7

Noise analysis and reduction methods in sanitation facilities and equipment

Kalda Galyna, Paździorny Tomasz, Pietrucha-Urbanik Katarzyna

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2022

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Vol. 69

17--26

EN

The article presents an analysis of noise in sanitary devices, and the described methods of reducing noise in places where noise occurs. The given results of noise tests of sanitary facilities and workplaces concerns one of the municipal company. Described sources of noise in water supply, sewage as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. It has been shown that the noises occurring in residential buildings may be caused by excessively high pressure inside the installation, where, for example, when closing the valve, a water hammer phenomenon arises, causing audible noises, especially when the installation is made of metal materials. The article analyzes noise in sanitary facilities, describes the methods of reducing noise in places where noise occurs. The given results of noise tests of sanitary facilities and workplaces in one of the municipal companies of the city of the Subcarpathian province. Described sources of noise in water supply, sewage as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. It has been shown that the noises occurring in residential buildings may be caused by excessively high pressure inside the installation, where, for example, when closing the valve, a water hammer phenomenon arises, causing audible noises, especially when the installation is made of metal materials. It has been shown that the main causes of noise in plumbing systems can be rigid pipe fittings. Noises in the sewage system are related to the outflow of used water in vertical and horizontal sections. The phenomenon most often occurs in places connecting vertical pipes with horizontal pipes, as well as the use of too small diameters of pipes. Material noise reduction in sewage systems can be ensured thanks to a properly designed system of fastening pipes to fixed elements. An important step is to use appropriate sound insulation to stop unwanted sounds. The reason for noise in the air-conditioning and ventilation system are changes in the velocity of the flowing air mass and the occurrence of turbulences during the change of the air flow direction. This causes the ducts to resonate and the air flow noise through the diffusers. The most common noise problem in the central heating installation is the use of a solid fuel boiler, the maintenance work of the device is a problem, as it requires cleaning the furnace, which is related to the noise that is transmitted through the installation pipes to the rooms. Based on the analysis of workstations at the municipal company plant, it has been shown that the highest conformity deviation level is in the drying room in the position of a machine and device operator.

8

Study of civil safety issues in the training of specialists in environmental engineering and construction

Nester Anatoliy, Rohulska Oksana, Kalda Galyna, Piegdoń Izabela, Prydoloba Anastasja

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2021

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Vol. 68

27--33

EN

The article deals with the expediency of using multimedia technologies in the training of future specialists in environmental engineering and construction, including at the initial stage in the study of the subject "Introduction to the specialty". It is emphasized that these technologies open unprecedented prospects in solving important tasks and lead to the transition from the traditional scheme of transfer of reproductive knowledge to a new, creative form of learning. It is established that multimedia technologies in the classes of future specialists in environmental engineering and construction contribute to: the formation of professional skills through the use of Internet materials of different levels of complexity; improving listening skills with the help of authentic sound texts, film episodes; development of dialogue skills, improvement of professional correspondence skills, enrichment of professional vocabulary (both active and passive), which reflects a certain stage in the development of culture, various technical equipment, social and political structure of society; enrichment of students with cultural knowledge, including professional etiquette, features of traditions; improving knowledge through online exercises and tests. It is proved that the use of multimedia presentations in the training of future specialists in environmental engineering and construction, provides the function of transmitting information, as well as receiving feedback in the process of its perception and assimilation, as information presented in visual form is most accessible to perception. It is noted that the use of multimedia technologies in the training of future professionals contributes to the intensification and enrichment of the educational process, evokes a conscious perception of educational material, motivates and activates student learning, individualizes the process of studying specialties, diversifies classes, and promotes mental and creative skills. construction and civil security, increases interest in training and the level of professional skills.