Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The Differentiation of Visual Sensorimotor Processes in the Representatives of Various Sport Disciplines

100%

Lesiakowski P. , Krzepota J. , Zwierko T.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2017

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tom 19

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nr 3

43-53

EN

Sport activities usually require a high efficiency of visual information processing. Therefore, it seems justified to determine the efficiency of visual sensorimotor processes in sports requiring a variety of perception competencies. The aim of this study was to assess the differentiation of sensorimotor processes in terms of simple and choice reaction time, and visual stimulus discrimination in various athletes and untrained persons. The study involved 119 men, of which 95 were athletes: football players (n = 24), volleyball players (n = 22), boxers (n = 26), and rowers (n = 23). The efficiency of sensorimotor processes was evaluated with the Vienna Test System (Schuhfried, Austria). The evaluations included simple reaction time (SRT), choice reaction time (CRT), and visual stimulus discrimination. Analysis of the results showed that volleyball and football players had shorter (p < 0.01) reaction times compared to non-athletes and representatives of the other sports. We found significant differences (p < 0.01) between athletes and non-athletes in visual stimulus discrimination. In addition, boxers showed fewer correct reactions than volleyball players, and shorter times of stimulus detection than in volleyball and soccer players.

2

The Effects of Sports Vision Training on Binocular Vision Function in Female University Athletes

100%

Zwierko T. , Puchalska-Niedbał L. , Krzepota J. , Markiewicz M. , Woźniak J. , Lubiński W.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2015

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tom 49

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nr 1

287-296

EN

Binocular vision is the most important visual cue for spatial orientation in many sports. In this study, we investigated how binocular vision was influenced by an eye training program that may be used to improve individual’s oculomotor function. The experiment involved twenty-four female student athletes from team ball sports (soccer, basketball, handball). After an initial testing session, 12 participants were randomly allocated to the experimental group. Optometric investigation which included synoptophore testing and a test of dissociated horizontal phoria based on the Maddox method was performed three times: before the experiment, after eight weeks of eye training (3 times a week for 20 minutes), and four weeks after the experiment was terminated. Eye exercise methodology was based on orthoptic, sport and psychological aspects of performance. The phoria screening examination showed that exophoria was the most frequent disorder of binocular vision. Low fusional vergence range was also observed. Following the training period, 3 of the 6 oculomotor variables improved. The greatest effect was observed in near dissociated phoria (χ²=14.56, p=0.001 for the right eye; χ²=14.757, p=0.001 for the left eye) and fusional convergence (χ²=8.522, p=0.014). The results of the retention test conducted four weeks after the experiment confirmed the effectiveness of the vision training program. The results of the study suggest that binocular functions are trainable and can be improved by means of appropriate visual training

3

The Effect of Three Days of Judo Training Sessions on the Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress Markers

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Laskowski R. , Ziemann E. , Olek R. , Zembron-Lacny A.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2011

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tom 30

65-73

EN

The main purpose of this study was to investigate how extreme physical strain influences cytokine response and oxidative stress markers by examining professional judo athletes during a typical 3-day judo training session (randori combat training).Creatine kinase (CK) activity, a marker of muscle damage, was considerably elevated immediately after randori training. Pro- (IL-1β and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-6 and IL-10) cytokines were also increased. The strongest effect was seen in IL-1β concentration, which correlated with CK activity (r = 0.49, P < 0.05). All the observed cytokines returned to baseline (IL-1β) or even dropped below initial levels (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10) 12 h after completing the training. Lipid peroxides (LPO), a marker of reactive oxygen species, also decreased below their initial values. LPO levels correlated directly with IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10.This study is the first to evaluate the effect of a 3-day judo training session on muscle damage by evaluating the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress. It is also the first to demonstrate significant changes in the blood cytokine profile that correlate with lipid peroxide levels and muscle damage.

4

Effect of moderate and high intensity training sessions on cardiopulmonary chemosensitivity and time-based characteristics of response in high performance rowers

88%

Tomiak T. , Mishchenko V. , Lusenko E. , Diachenko A. , Korol A.

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

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2014

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tom 6

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nr 3

211-221

EN

Background: The present study was performed to clarify fatigue-induced effects of a strenuous and moderate intensity endurance training session on temporary changes of cardiopulmonary (CP) chemosensitivity and fast kinetics response. Material/Methods: Eleven high performance (national level) male rowers participated in this study [age 21.8 ±1.7 (range 18-25 years), 89.3 ±2.0 kg, 190.1 ±1.7 cm, VO2 max 67.9 ±1.1 ml·kg-1·min-1]. The studies involved three steps: 1) a study of effects related to a training session of moderate intensity, 2) effects of a high intensity session, and 3) an impact of a high intensity session on values of peak response. The high intensity session consisted of intermittent training loads made up of five sets of four repetitions of sixty-second work intervals (HR of 149-186 bt·min-1). The moderate intensity session consisted of unvarying type of exercise (HR of 138-167 bt·min-1). Measurements were made at rest before, 13-15, and 37-39 hours after the training session. In rebreathing tests ventilatory sensitivity to CO2 and HR response sensitivity to normocapnic hypoxia were measured. Fast kinetics of ventilation, oxygen uptake, CO2 production and the heart rate were measured in a 5-min standard power test (0.7 VO2 max, 5 min, transition from 25 w) and in a 6-min test (1.12 ±0.11 VO2max). Results: We found that a training session of high intensity resulted in a significant decrease in sensitivity to hypercapnia, an increase in CP sensitivity to hypoxia, a decrease in CP fast kinetics and stability of peak response 13-15 hours after the session vs. baseline. Mean power in a 6-min maximum test decreased, which was mainly determined by a decrease in mean power during the first 3 min and utilization of VO2max for a 6-min test. Moderate intensity of a training session resulted in an increase in ventilatory sensitivity to hypercapnia whereas sensitivity CP to hypoxia and fast kinetics remained unaffected. Conclusions: These results suggest that not only CP chemosensitivity to hypoxia but also CP chemosensitivity to hypercapnia are variable in high intensity endurance training. The variability related to the effect of fatigue in the recovery phase (up to 15-15 hours) after strenuous training sessions.

5

Rest HR values and selected blood parameters in sport ponies

75%

Szarska E. , Jonca M. , Frankiewicz-Jozko A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej we Wrocławiu. Zootechnika

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2004

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tom 50

6

Asymmetry of muscle mass distribution in tennis players

63%

Rynkiewicz M. , Rynkiewicz T. , Zurek P. , Ziemann E. , Szymanik R.

Trends in Sport Sciences

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2013

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tom 20

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nr 1

EN

Introduction. Tennis is a sport that requires asymmetric movements. Asymmetry in tennis pertains to the player carrying a racket and using it to hit the ball. An asymmetric tennis technique may lead to an asymmetric distribution of muscle mass and unbalanced muscle tonus. These disproportions will result in an improper body stature and may even cause irregularities in the skeletal structure. Aim of the Study. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of muscle mass asymmetry and its association with the dominant upper limb. Material and Methods. The study included 16 active tennis players: 15 right-handed and 1 left-handed. The control group (UN) comprised 16 non-training middle school pupils: 14 right-handed and 2 left-handed. Body composition was determined by means of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Results. Signifi cant differences between the dominant and non-dominant arms in tennis players were observed. The players featured a higher muscle mass of the dominant upper limb compared to the non-dominant limb. Similar differences were not observed amongst the controls. The control group was characterized with markedly lower asymmetry than the tennis players in terms of muscle mass distribution in the upper limbs (p < 0.05). No signifi cant correlations were found between age or training experience and the asymmetry coeffi cient values. Conclusions. The study revealed a signifi cant infl uence of sport training on asymmetry in muscle mass distribution in the upper limbs.

7

A review of major Polish scholarly studies on fencing in the 21st century

63%

Łuczak M.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2015

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tom 15

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nr 2

1-9

EN

Aim and Problem. The aim of this paper is an overview of 21st century scholarly and popular publications by Polish authors on fencing theory and practice. It also attempts to identify the main research trends represented in these publications. The chronology of the review covers more than a decade of theoretical and technical achievements of Polish fencing. Material and Method. The methodology used includes document analysis, induction, deduction and synthesis. The present review addresses two research questions: What is the current state of research on fencing in Poland? What are the prevailing research topics in the studies conducted in various academic disciplines? Results and Conclusion. The author briefly discusses the achievements of Polish fencing literature until 1918, between 1918 and 1945, and from 1945 until 2000. The review of Polish works on fencing from the 21st century shows that the number of publications as well as their thematic range have increased significantly. The main topics covered by the Polish authors focus around theory and methodology of sport training, fencing psychology, kinesiology, and history. The majority of published monographs deal with fencing theory and methodology.

PL

Praca ma na celu wskazanie na dorobek naukowy i popularnonaukowy opublikowany przez polskich badaczy zajmujących się teorią i praktyką szermierki w XXI wieku. Ponadto autor prezentuje główne kierunki poszukiwań badawczych niektórych autorów. Zasadnicze ramy opracowania przypadają na lata 2000-2014. Do realizacji tematu wykorzystano metody badawcze obowiązujące w naukach historycznych: analizę dokumentów, metody indukcyjną i dedukcyjną oraz syntetyczną. Autor podjął próbę odpowiedzi na następujące pytania badawcze: jaki jest aktualny stan badań nad sportem szermierczym w Polsce? Jaka tematyka badawcza dominuje w eksploracji badaczy zajmujących się rożnymi dyscyplinami naukowymi? Praca została podzielona na podrozdziały. Wytyczone ich ramy stanowią zarazem okresy rozwojowe polskiej szermierki, w czasie zaborów, w niepodległej Polsce oraz w nowej rzeczywistości politycznej po II wojnie światowej, a także w XXI wieku. W podrozdziale Początki polskiej myśli teoretycznej do 1918 r. omówione zostały głównie prace prekursorów polskiej szermierki sportowej i bojowej, m.in. Michała F. Starzewskiego, Karola Bernolaka. W skrótowo ujętej analizie pt. Próby teoretyczno-metodyczne w latach 1919-1939 zaprezentowane zostały ważne monografie Wiktorii J. Goryńskiej, Władysława Sobolewskiego i Włodzimierza Mańkowskiego i ich treść jak np. wskazówki do uprawiania szermierki dla zabawy lub zdrowia, podstawy metodyczne walki na szable metodą włoską itd. Kolejny podrozdział pt. Opracowania po II wojnie światowej (1945-2000) zawiera opis literatury opublikowanej przez badaczy prezentujących głównie nurt prac o charakterze metodyczno-technicznym. Wśród autorów na uwagę zasługuje dorobek teoretyczno-metodyczny Zbigniewa Czajkowskiego oraz sporadycznie opublikowane prace badawcze. Kolejny podrozdział pt. Okiem historyka zawiera omówienie monografii obejmujących zasięgiem głównie okres po II wojnie światowej oraz terytorium państwa polskiego i wybranych regionów naszego kraju. W podrozdziale Prace aplikacyjne na uwagę zasługują prace z zakresu psychologii i antropomotoryki. Wymienione są też prace w formie maszynopisów i dysertacji. Znaczna liczba artykułów i monografii ujrzała światło dzienne w XXI wieku. Ich liczba znacznie wzrosła w porównaniu z poprzednimi okresami. Zwiększył się też zakres tematyczny prac. Obejmował on zagadnienia teorii i metodyki treningu sportowego, psychologii, antropomotoryki i historii szermierki. Większość jednak prac monograficznych dotyczyła teorii i metodyki szermierki.

8

Neuronowy system optymalizacji wyniku sportowego zawodników uprawiających chód sportowy

63%

Przednowek K. , Wiktorowicz K.

Metody Informatyki Stosowanej

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2011

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tom nr 4

189-200

EN

In this paper a system constructed on the basis of data obtained from workout of race walking athletes has been presented. The system’s main objective is to define the optimal level of workout load so that the athlete achieves the determined result over the distance of 5 km. The system has been built using artificial neural networks implemented in the Statistica 10 software. The networks perform two tasks, i.e. they generate workout scheme and predict the result. The system has an advisory nature and plays the role of a tool supporting coach’s decision making.

9

Interfejs mózg-komputer oraz diagnostyka EEG stanu aktywacji mózgu w treningu sportowym: meta-analiza

63%

Nawrocka M.

Acta Bio-Optica et Informatica Medica. Inżynieria Biomedyczna

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2017

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tom Vol. 23, nr 3

195--199

PL

Praca dotyczy obszaru badań związanych z pomiarami i przetwarzaniem sygnału elektroencefalograficznego oraz bezpośredniej komunikacji aktywacji mózgu z urządzeniem zewnętrznym za pomocą systemów zawierających interfejs mózg-komputer (ang. BCI - brain computer interface) w celu modyfikacji klasycznego podejścia metodycznego w sporcie. Osiąganie wyników sportowych zbliża się do granic przystosowania ustroju ludzkiego. Natomiast poszukiwanie kryteriów i wysokiej wartości diagnostycznej potencjału sportowego oraz określenie tej wartości z pewnością spełni funkcję predykcyjną w szkoleniu sportowym. Badania wskazują na to, że wdrożenie metody sprzężenia zwrotnego EEG do treningu sportowego wpływa na poprawę stanu funkcjonalnego organizmu, a w konsekwencji polepszenie wyników w sporcie.

EN

The paper concerns the research related to the measurement and electroencephalographic signal processing and direct communication of brain with an external device using a system containing a brain-computer interface (BCI) for the modification of the classical methodological approach in sport. Achieving better sports results is approaching the limits of adaptability of the human organism. Establishing reliable criteria and high value diagnostics of sport potential and determination of this value, will be a prediction factor in sports training. The implementation of the EEG biofeedback method in sports training will improve the functional status of the organism, and consequently, may contribute to better sport results.

10

Case study: the exercise profile of a Polish representative in mountain running

63%

Borysiuk Z. , Piechota K.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2014

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tom 05

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nr 1

EN

This study is aimed at analysing the variability of oxygen parameters in subsequent annual training cycles at championship training level in mountain running. The study employed the following indirect methods: the Astrand Test, Conconi Running Test, and also a direct method (Bruce Test). Research material is a young, talented 28-year-old athletic mountain runner. Research results were obtained within 4–5 years period, which were as follows: VO 2max 83–90ml/kg/min – increased on average to 2–3 ml/kg/min per year, HR max 172–177 beats/min, PPA 158–169 beats/min. The case study was carried out within the framework of longitudinal research and was used to collect data for the formulation of a specific exercise profile in a new, dynamic sports discipline. The research aims to serve as an example of a novel method of conducting training microcycles to the cyclic lifting aerobic capacity athletes.

11

A way to mastery. Mastery in martial arts

63%

Cynarski W. J. , Sieber L. , Kudłacz M. , Telesz P.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2015

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tom 15

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nr 1

16-22

EN

The aim is to describe the route to mastery in martial arts and attempts to identify patterns. What is the average time taken to achieve first master degree, to achieve the highest technical degree, and to achieve the highest rank of master (10 dan)? Background. Theories of sports training, the humanistic theory of martial arts and the anthropology of martial arts give us a scientific perspective for the research. Particularly relevant here are the concepts of “long-term athlete development”, “the highest technical degree” and “budō ontogenesis”. Material and method. Material for the study was obtained from sports CVs and by analysing the route taken to mastery by selected outstanding practitioners of martial arts (Instructors, Masters) and combat sports (Olympic athletes and champions). To develop a longitudinal study (for the years 1998-2014) a diagnostic survey questionnaire technique (N = 285) was included, but some of the data was collected by analysing the contents of various written sources (literature and documents, published interviews) and online (monitoring sites). The ANOVA test was used (Fisher-Snedecor test of variance) and counted the average results for each level of mastery. Results and conclusions. It was found that the average time taken to achieve first master degree is about 10 years with regular training. Mastering the entire curriculum of the school / style of a martial art usually requires about 30 years’ training. After this time, some masters set up their own, separate schools, or create their own styles. However in order to achieve confirmed mastery at 10th dan one needs to practise a particular martial art for between 30 and 70 years.

PL

Celem badań był opis drogi do mistrzostwa w sztukach walki z próbą uchwycenia pewnych prawidłowości. Jaki jest średni czas uzyskiwania pierwszego stopnia mistrzowskiego, osiągania „najwyższego stopnia technicznego” i dochodzenia do najwyższego stopnia mistrzowskiego (10 dan)? Perspektywę naukową dla przeprowadzonych badań dają teoria treningu sportowego, humanistyczna teoria sztuk walki i antropologia sztuk walki. Sięgnięto m.in. do koncepcji „długoletniego rozwoju sportowca”, „najwyższego stopnia technicznego” i „ontogenezy budō”. Materiał i metody. Materiał badań stanowią życiorysy sportowe i drogi do mistrzostwa wybranych, wybitniejszych przedstawicieli środowisk sztuk walki (instruktorzy, mistrzowie) i 22 “IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, Vol. 15, no. 1 (2015) sportów walki (olimpijczycy, championi). Długoletnie badania (lata 1998-2014) obejmowały sondaż diagnostyczny techniką ankiety, lecz część danych zebrano w drodze analizy treści różnych źródeł pisanych (literatura przedmiotu i dokumentów, opublikowane wywiady) i internetowych (monitoring stron internetowych). Przyjęto do opracowania N = 285. Zastosowano test ANOVA (test wariancji jednoczynnikowej Fishera– Snedecora) oraz policzono wyniki średnie dla poszczególnych poziomów zaawansowania. Wyniki i wnioski. Stwierdzono, że średni czas uzyskiwania pierwszego stopnia mistrzowskiego wynosi około 10 lat. Opanowanie całego programu nauczania danej szkoły/stylu sztuki walki wymaga zwykle około 30 lat treningu. Po tym czasie niektórzy mistrzowie zakładali własne, osobne szkoły lub tworzyli własne style. Z kolei, aby osiągnąć potwierdzenie mistrzostwa stopniem 10 dan, trzeba uprawiać daną sztukę walki od 30 do 70 lat. Praca stanowi propozycję dla dalszych rozważań w obrębie podjętej tematyki badawczej i punkt wyjścia dla dalszych, bardziej wnikliwych i obiektywnych penetracji badawczych w tym zakresie.

12

The manner of research into psychomotor transfer in sport on the basis of learning process analysis

63%

Łapszo J.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2002

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tom Vol. 4, nr 1

91-100

EN

The presented manner of investigating transfer was illustrated on the basis of research into 12 senior and 10 junior members of the Polish male national table tennis team, 6 highly skilled, adult, female table tennis players, 23 children practising table tennis, 13 highly-skilled male tennis players, and 9 adult, male competitors, highly skilled in other, non-racket sports. The term psychomotor learning was introduced. This learning was divided into movement, skills and situation motor behaviour. The research depended on the multiple repetition of a series of 17 simulated ball hitting movements and measuring the speed of these movements. The results were approximated by an exponential curve. Transfer was examined on the basis of the speed and range of learning calculated with respect to learning curves. The ratio of these two magnitudes was treated as the index of transfer. This reflected the transfer of the anticipatory experience and motor skills learned in real table tennis play to the conditions of simulated play. The index of transfer was the highest among female seniors and children, lower among male seniors and juniors practising table tennis and tennis, and the lowest among the group representing other sports. The research demonstrated the greater flexibility of anticipatory schemas and ball hitting skills in the group of female seniors and children than among the male seniors and juniors. The lowest transfer occurred in the group of other sports because of the small number of anticipatory and motor skills useful in table tennis play.

13

The effects of an alternative training method on physical and technical abilities of adolescent soccer players. A pilot study

51%

Bogiatzidis E. , Ispyrlidis I. , Gourgoulis V. , Bogiatzidou A. , Chatzinikolaou A. , Mantzouranis N. , Smilios I.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2022

|

tom 37

|

nr 01

14

Characteristics of motor abilities of young athletes of selected sports during sport training

51%

Karpowicz K. , Strzelczyk R.

Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism

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2010

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tom 17

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nr 1

15

Selection in swimming training - theoretical study

51%

Eider P.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2014

|

tom 05

|

nr 1

EN

The aim of this research study is to summarize the notion of preference and selection, which are considered to be the key element of sports training, whatever the discipline. This review provides a theoretical study on the subject. The introduction section deals with the abovementioned terminology, whereas the main paragraph predominantly discusses the process of preference and selection in swimming. Pre-school period (6–7 years of age) is the most significant for swimming selection. Such selection should be led by adequately qualified trainers with long-standing experience in professional training of young swimmers. Young swimming candidates should be characterized by higher-level motor skills, which in turn affect the time/efficiency of acquiring new swimming techniques and sport level. In selection process, it is advised/important to utilize tests which predominantly determine the level of specific motor skills such as: speed, strength, agility, motor coordination, suppleness, and so-called ‘water feeling’. The above mentioned motor skills play an important role in sport training and sport performance. During selection process, sports team trainers should pay special attention to child’s body posture and its length parameters, specifically body’s height, length of upper and lower extremities, length of hands and feet, width parameters of the shoulders and chest. First Grade school swimming classes enrollment is also a crucial factor in identifying sport talents. The selection process should be transparent, have clear health, somatic, as well as motoric requirements, which then affect the pace and effectiveness of acquiring swimming skills and sport level.