Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

ARISTOTLE'S FUNCTIONAL THEORY OF THE EMOTIONS

100%

Chew A.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2009

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tom 16

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nr 1

5-37

EN

Placing Aristotle's ethical works in dialogue with the work of G.E.M. Anscombe, this paper outlines a functional definition of emotions that describes a meta-theory for social-scientific research. Emotions are defined as what makes the thought and action of rational and political animals ethical.

2

EMOTIONS AND HEART RATE CHANGES. IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF JAMES AND LANGE

100%

Kuniecki M.

Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)

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2006

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tom 14

175-186

EN

The current article summarizes the series of experiment aimed at elucidating patterns of heart rate changes during emotional processing. In the first experiment we have strengthened existing evidence that changes in heart rate frequency are specific to the emotional state. We have shown that negative stimuli produce a prolonged heart rate slowing, while neutral stimuli produce only short heart rate decelerations, followed by a quick return towards the pre-stimulus heart rate levels. The second experiment was designed to provide insight in the brain structures engaged in producing this prolonged heart deceleration. The putative brain centre controlling the heart rate in emotions must be both involved in emotional appraisal and in the regulation of autonomic functions including heart rate. Research conducted by LeDoux and his colleagues have pointed to the amygdala, structure burried deeply in the temporal lobes. Using an animal model we have shown that the neuronal activity of the amygdala was correlated with the magnitude of heart rate deceleration in case of stimuli signalling threat (CS+), but not in case of stimuli signalling safety (CS-). Hence, we showed an involvement of the amygdala in inducing the 'late decelerative component' in a negative emotion. In the final experiment we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques to disclose the topography of brain regions involved in heart rate regulation during emotionally induced arousal. We have shown that while during negative emotions heart rate changes are primarily activating the right amygdala, during positive emotions the amygdala is inactive while the hypothalamus clearly showed an increased activation Finally, we hypothesise that the prolonged deceleration observed in humans is a remnant of a generalised freezing reaction, which, although it is rarely seen contemporary human beings, is a common phenomenon in our predecessors.

3

Emotionally negative stimuli are resistant to repetition priming

100%

Marchewka A. , Nowicka A.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2007

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tom 67

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nr 1

83-92

EN

The study was aimed at testing whether the repetition priming was influenced by affective valence of visual stimuli. Neutral and emotionally negative words and images were shown in the right or in the left visual field. Each of the stimuli was repeated twice, with 2 to 4 other stimuli presented between repetitions. The subjects' task was detection of a stimulus. Responses were given by index finger of the left or right hand. The task was the same for all stimuli, the new and the repeated ones. Reaction times were measured and analyzed. The effects of repetition priming were significant only for neutral stimuli: repeated items were detected faster than the new ones. For emotionally negative items, generally no priming was observed. Interestingly, new emotionally negative stimuli were detected significantly faster in comparison to neutral stimuli. The results are discussed in relation to attentional processes involved in processing of affective stimuli.

4

EMOTIONAL CONFLICT AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

100%

Fitzgerald C.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2009

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tom 16

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nr 1

105-123

EN

This paper aims to move the debate over the status of the conflict between emotion and judgement forward by refuting three implicit claims: that conflict between emotion and judgement is always to be avoided; that any conflict should always be resolved and, moreover, that it should be resolved immediately; that judgement should usually take priority in any resolution. Refutation of these three claims leads to recognition of the wide variety of different cases of conflict between emotion and judgement; examination of these cases is aided by consideration of the social context in which the conflicts occur.

5

O transferze emocji i nastrojów miedzy ludźmi – mechanizm i psychologiczne wyznaczniki zarażenia afektywnego

100%

Wróbel M.

Psychologia Społeczna

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2008

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tom 3

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nr 3(8)

210-230

EN

Affective contagion is a process of transferring emotions or moods between persons. Although research (especially conducted in the United States) shows that this phenomenon plays a great role in understanding changes of affective states that occur in the presence of other people, it has not yet attracted the attention of Polish psychologists. Thus, the aim of the article was to describe the phenomenon of affective contagion. Particular emphasis was placed on the differentiation between two kinds of processes – emotional and mood contagion – together with their underlying mechanisms. Manifestations and consequences of the spread of affective states through contagion, as well as psychological determinants of susceptibility to the transfer of moods and emotions were also discussed.

6

EMOTION, EXPERIENTIAL MEMORY AND SELFHOOD

100%

Yang S.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2013

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tom 20

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nr 1

18 – 36

EN

Recently, emotion has attracted much attention in many areas of philosophy. In the philosophy of mind, some argue that emotions are individuated and identified with reference to feelings, beliefs, desires, or perceptions. Furthermore, they are often claimed to be changeable, unstable, and ambivalent. However, despite their instability, emotions are sometimes long-standing. They have, in addition, perspective. These characteristics of the emotions help us in solving one of philosophy’s most enduring problems, that is, the problem of personal identity. In order to illustrate this claim the author elaborates on the conception of ‘experiential memory’ suggested by Wollheim. To understand memory as experiential, we need to understand the affective element attached to some memories. The author argues that memory affects not only our past thought but also our past emotions, and those emotions deriving from the past stay on to affect our whole being and our future. Hence, the experiential memory is not just confined to the recalling of events or experiences that the subject has experienced, but concerns the narrative structure of a person’s life as a whole.

7

GOLDIE'S PUZZLING OF TWO FEELINGS: 'BODILY FEELING' AND 'FEELING TOWARD'

100%

Yang S.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2009

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tom 16

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nr 3

317-327

EN

Emotion theorists have divided into two camps in contemporary discussion. The one claims that emotions are reducible to bodily feelings; the other holds that emotions are reducible to belief, desire or evaluative judgement. In an effort to avoid such reduced view, Goldie suggests that emotions involve two kinds of feelings: bodily feelings and feeling towards. In spite of Goldie's efforts, the author argues that explaining our emotional disposition in terms of 'feeling toward' remains distinctly unsatisfactory. Furthermore, though sympathetic to his project, the author gives reasons for doubting that there are two such distinct kinds of feeling, one of which has only borrowed intentionality, while the other has intentionality intrinsically.

8

Categorization of unilaterally presented emotional words: an ERP analysis

100%

Schapkin S. A. , Gusev A. N. , Kuhl J.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2000

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tom 60

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nr 1

17-28

EN

This study is intended to clarify the functional role of different ERP components as indicators of the processing of emotions. The effect of emotional connotation of words on hemispheric lateralization is also explored. Visual ERPs were recorded to unilaterally presented positive, negative, and neutral words that should be categorized according to their emotional connotation. The P2 amplitude was larger to positive than to negative words whereas P3 amplitude was larger to positive words compared with neutral ones. The slow positive wave (SPW) was influenced by words emotionality at anterior and posterior sites differently. The amplitude of the N1 component was larger in the left hemisphere to contralaterally presented words. The P2 and P3 components were larger over the left hemisphere whereas the N3 and N4 components were larger over the right hemisphere to ipsilateral stimulation. The results support our hypotheses on the functional role of positive ERP components in the processing of an affective words connotation: the P2 wave reflects a general evaluation of emotional significance, the P3 a task-related decision, and the SPW an additional decision control in the context of the emotional experience of an individual. Neither the 'right hemisphere hypothesis' nor 'valence hypothesis' on lateralization of the processing of emotions were confirmed. Each hemisphere seems to exert its effect on emotion through specific hemispheric resources that are unequally allocated along the different stages of task processing and may cause alternation of hemispheric dominance.

9

Subjective mood estimation co-varies with spectral power EEG characteristics

100%

Wyczesany M. , Kaiser J. , Coenen A. M. L.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2008

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tom 68

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nr 2

180-192

EN

Co-variation between subjectively estimated mood/activation and EEG characteristics, based on spectral power parameters, was investigated. Subjective estimation of mood was made by using Thayer's Activation-Deactivation Adjective Checklist, which yielded two dimensions: Energy-Tiredness (with Energy pole having positive valence connotation) and Tension-Calmness (negative connotation for Tension). A within-subject design with two sessions of EEG recording immediately followed by mood assessment was applied. These were separated by a cognitive task, introduced in order to modify the subjects' mood. The correlations between changes in mood estimation and changes in EEG spectral power parameters were calculated. Both ADACL dimensions co-varied with EEG in a specific way according to frequency and localization. Subjective estimation of Energy correlated negatively with alpha1 and, surprisingly, positively with delta, theta1 as well as theta2 relative power. Estimation of Tension correlated positively with theta1 and beta1, and negatively with alpha2 relative power. Presented results suggest that the adjective description of mood has objectively-measurable brain correlates in the EEG.

10

MÔŽEME SA HUDBY BÁŤ?

100%

Hviščová J.

ESPES

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2013

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tom 2

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nr 1

46 – 53

EN

There are a lot of musical works reflecting horrible historical and political events in 20th century. The musical works of the 20th century react to the horror of the WWI and the WWII, violence and political terror of that time ideologies. However the works indisputably witness the experiences of personal drama and trauma inclusively. The article points to the musical induction of the negative emotions in human consciousness with a strong emphasis on the negative emotion of fear. The main aim of the article is to examine the role of a listener in this situation, namely if the listener may experience the emotion of fear while listening to the musical works. Using an analogy of actual experienced fear and fear as described through the perspective of the existential philosophy, the article will portray the various forms of fear that people experience while listening to music.

11

Emotion-dependent modulation of interference processes: An fMRI study

100%

Sommer M. , Hajak G. , Dohnel K. , Meinhardt J. , Muller J. L.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2008

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tom 68

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nr 2

193-203

EN

We studied the effects of experimentally induced emotions on inhibitory control using functional magnetic resonance tomography (fMRI). The Simon task used involves two conditions with different attentional demands and is a well established paradigm for studying inhibitory control. Incompatible trials demand cognitive control for resolving interference. Compatible trials need no inhibitory control. Twelve participants viewed a series of affective pictures inducing positive, negative or neutral affects. Between the picture blocks, participants performed either incompatible or compatible trials. Behavioral and fMRI data revealed an impact of negative emotions only on the processing of ncompatible trials. Subjects made more errors and showed less activation of brain areas associated with task performance. There was no effect of positive emotions neither on compatible nor incompatible trials. The results first showed that especially the processing of negative emotions is resource competing and secondly that the competition concerns only the controlled route of cognitive processing.

12

Mental rotation of emotional and neutral stimuli

100%

Czarnecka K. , Szymura B.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2009

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tom 40

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nr 2

101-111

EN

The main aim of the study was to create and validate emotional version of mental rotation task (MRT). As all previously conducted experiments utilized neutral material only, such an attempt seemed necessary to confirm the generality of mental rotation effect and its properties. Emotional MRT was constructed using photos of negative facial expressions; a compatible neutral MRT was also created, for detailed comparisons. 2- and 3-dimensional figures (Experiment 1) and hexagrams (Experiment 2 and 3) served as affect-free stimuli. In three experiments, emotional MRT version was proven to be valid, whereas only hexagram-based neutral MRT version yielded the expected results. A number of differences between the two versions emerged, concerning response times, accuracy and difficulty of trials. The neutral/emotional MRT procedure, although needing more research, seems to give stable results, making the study of content-bound imagery possible.

13

Central control of heart rate changes during visual affective processing as revealed by fMRI

100%

Kuniecki M. , Urbanik A. , Sobiecka B. , Kozub J. , Binder M.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2003

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tom 63

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nr 1

39-48

EN

In the present study we addressed the question of central control of heart rate (HR) in emotions. Parallel measurement of HR changes and changes of local intensity of blood flow as indexed by fMRI in a procedure eliciting emotions allowed us to pinpoint areas of the brain responsible for HR variations during emotional arousal. In condition eliciting positive emotions we detected activation of occipito-temporal regions, anterior insula, and hypothalamus. In condition eliciting negative emotions we also detected activation of occipito-temporal regions and additionally activation of bilateral anterior insulae, right amygdala and right superior temporal gyrus. The results show that structures constituting neural network involved in HR control during emotional arousal are affect specific. Particularly the central circuit controlling HR in negative affect includes the amygdala, while central circuit controlling HR in positive affect includes the hypothalamus. Additionally activation of bilateral occipito-temporal cortex proves enhancement of visual processing of emotional material as compared to neutral material in both positive and negative affect. This might be attributed to top-down processes originating in the frontal lobe and related to shifting attention to the emotionally relevant stimuli. Activation of insular cortex is probably related to autonomic arousal accompanying watching emotional content (e.g. sweating, heart-rate changes etc.). Activation of the amygdala in the negative condition supports the well documented engagement of this structure in processing of fear and disgust.

14

RATIONALITIES OF EMOTION - DEFENDING, DISTINGUISHING, CONNECTING

100%

Rietti S.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2009

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tom 16

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nr 1

38-61

EN

Claims that emotions are or can be rational, and crucially enabling of rationality, are now fairly common, also outside of philosophy, but with considerable diversity both in their assumptions about emotions and their conceptions of rationality. Three main trends are worth picking out, both in themselves and for the potential tensions between them: accounts that defend a case for the rationality of emotions A) by assimilating emotions closely to beliefs or judgements; B) in terms of the very features that traditional views of emotions as irrational/a-rational emphasized; C) by arguing that emotions exhibit a more sui generis kind of rationality, often one based on a narrative or dramaturgic 'inner logic'.

15

AUTOMATED EMOTIONAL FACIAL EXPRESSION ASSESSMENT AND EMOTIONAL ELICITATION THROUGH FILM CLIP STIMULI

100%

Ventura D. , Heredia L. , Torrente M. , Vicens P.

Studia Psychologica

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2020

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tom 62

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nr 4

350 – 363

EN

Numerous film clip databases are available for eliciting emotional states in humans. Some of the databases have been validated through self-reported questionnaires based on the discrete emotions perspective. In this study we analysed some of these film clips using software to assess emotional facial expression in humans. To do so, we selected 12 emotional stimuli (two for each emotion assessed). Other film clips containing basic mathematical operations were used as distractor stimuli. In total, 65 healthy volunteers participated in this study. We performed statistical analyses to compare differences in the discrete emotional intensities of each stimulus and compared these intensities with the distractor stimuli. Although the emotional facial recognition software was able to clearly detect discrete emotions for some stimuli (happiness and anger), some inconsistencies were found between previous self-reported emotional assessments studies. The data obtained with this software. Our results also showed that film clip stimuli present a complex emotional profile, making it difficult to classify them into discrete categories. Software to detect facial emotional expression may therefore be a useful tool for investigating emotions and the emotional profiles of film clip stimuli. However, further studies are needed to corroborate our results.

16

A neural model of mere exposure: The EXAC mechanism

100%

Drogosz M. , Nowak A.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2006

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tom 37

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nr 1

7-15

EN

Previous research has shown that 'the mere exposure effect' is strongest for subliminal presentations (meta-analysis: Bornstein, 1989). Further, in the range of subliminal presentations times, the relation between recognition and affect is paradoxical - participants cannot effectively recognize novel from familiar stimuli, yet they perceive the familiar stimuli as more pleasant. The mechanisms of this paradoxical phenomenon (named 'the primacy of affect'; Zajonc, 1984) remain unexplained. In this paper, we propose a simple neural network model ('EXAC': Exposure and Affect Counter) of the subliminal mere exposure effect. Analysis of the model's performance shows that the capability for fast novelty detection can be a natural property of very simple network structures. The novelty detection function generated by EXAC fits the affective function obtained from behavioral data. For weakly learned patterns (corresponding to short presentation times in behavioral research), the network model 'prefers' known stimuli before it can recognize them. AUTHORS' NOTE: The data in this paper and earlier description of the model was previously published in Polish in Drogosz M., & Nowak A., (1995) Symulacyjna teoria efektu ekspozycji: siec neuropodobna EXAC. Przeglad Psychologiczny, 38, 65–84.

17

ZUM AUSDRUCK VON EMOTIONEN IN LITERARISCHEN TEXTEN. AM BEISPIEL DER ERZÄHLUNG „DER WALDGÄNGER“ VON ADALBERT STIFTER

88%

Mišun J.

Motus in verbo: časopis mladej vedeckej generácie

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2013

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tom 2

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nr 2

56 – 66

EN

The submitted article focuses on the issues of emotion linguistics and its application for the analysis of literary texts. The author examines, in connection with the Bühler’s organon model of natural language, some of the language means serving to express, name and develop emotions, where it is particularly the lexical level of the language which is paid attention to. A sample emotion linguistics analysis is illustrated by the example of Adalbert Stifter’s story “Der Waldgänger”. It becomes apparent that literary texts can bear emotional potential which is often activated by the means of context and general knowledge of the text recipient.

18

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EMOTION INDUCTION THROUGH AVATARS AND ITS IMPACT ON REASONING PERFORMANCE: CARDIOVASCULAR AND PUPILLARY CORRELATES

88%

Causse M. , Pavard B. , Sénard J.-M. , Démonet J.-F. , Pastor J.

Studia Psychologica

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2012

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tom 54

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nr 1

34 – 51

EN

Many studies have shown the impact of emotion on cognition (Damasio, 1994), however these influences remain ambiguous. The contradictions may be explained by a lack of experimental control (emotional induction, objective clues on emotional states…) but also by the existence of complex cross-influences between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a major substratum of executive functions (EFs) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, an area strongly connected to the limbic system. This work aimed at gaining a more precise view of the links between emotion and EFs, utilizing an experimental protocol that used avatars for a well-controlled emotional induction, measurements of the autonomic nervous system activity as evidence of the emotional state (cardiovascular and pupillary responses) and a neuropsychological test battery (dynamic reasoning and deductive reasoning tasks) for the detection of EFs variations in response to emotion. The experimental data showed that positive emotion (joy) led to a performance decrease during both tasks, together with physiological variations. These counterintuitive results showed that positive mood can impair executive functioning in our tasks. In addition, our results highlighted the lack of learning effects on deductive performance.

19

UVAŽOVANIE O EMOCIONÁLNOM VÝZNAME LITERATÚRY V KOGNITÍVNEJ A SANSKRITSKEJ LITERÁRNEJ VEDE

88%

Gáfrik R.

World Literature Studies

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2011

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tom 3 (20)

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nr 3

41 – 52

EN

Art and literature relate to emotions and affections in the experience of readers. However, literary studies in general exclude emotion from their analysis and instead focus on the propositional content of literature. It seems that there is no reliable way of grasping them. The current cognitive and neuroscience research shows that emotions play apart in cognitive processes. Moreover, emotion is not seen as the opposite of thought. On the contrary, it is bound up with cognition. The role of emotion in literary reading has become an increasingly important topic in cognitive literary studies. Especially Reuven Tsur, Keith Oatley, Patrik Colm Hogan, Jenefer Robinson and Michael Burke have presented theories of emotional engagement with literature. The traditional Sanskrit literary studies with their focus on the emotional effect of literature have informed the current affective theories. The paper analyses and evaluates the significance of Sanskrit literary theory to the current debate on emotional engagement with literature. It argues that the fact about the converging development of both literary-critical traditions defies a two wide notion of cultural difference and creates the possibility of a transcultural approach to literature.

20

Emotion perception and interpersonal behaviour in epilepsy patients after unilateral amygdalohippocampectomy

88%

Ammerlaan E. J. G. , Hendriks M. P. H. , Colon A. J. , Kessels R. P. C.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2008

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tom 68

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nr 2

214-218

EN

Aim of this study was to examine the relation between perception of facial expressions and interpersonal behavior in epilepsy patients after unilateral amygdalohippocampectomy (AH). Nine patients with unilateral amygdalohippocampectomy and 14 controls completed a forced-choice emotional recognition task, in which morphed facial emotional expressions were shown at different emotional intensities, and a self-report questionnaire of interpersonal behavior. Face perception and depressive symptoms were also taken into account. Compared to normal controls, patients were less sensitive in the recognition of fearful and disgusted facial expressions, in line with previous reports. These impairments were only minimally correlated with self-report interpersonal behavior. In all, unilateral damage to the amygdala and medial temporal lobe results in subtle emotion recognition impairments, but these deficits do not appear to extend to self-reported impairments in everyday interpersonal behavior. Further studies need to explore in more detail the effects of these subtle recognition problems on daily social intercourse.