Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Autonomia wobec praw rządzących światem jako warunek życia prawdziwie moralnego w filozofii Alberta Schweitzera

100%

Jarosz K.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2004

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tom 2

|

nr 1

357-371

EN

The ethics of Albert Schweitzer is subjectivist. He postulates the autonomy against the laws ruling the world and defines the general moral principle basing it on the inner experience of will-to-live. This comes from his conviction that we are not able to discover the meaning of the world's existence. He suggests an act of cognitive resignation - stopping to search for the meaning of the world and turning towards one's inside. Schweitzer finds the laws ruling the world to be cruel, allowing killing other creatures. A moral human being will never accept such rules. Striving to be faithful to the inner truth of his will-to-live, he will totally affirm the life opposing everything that happens around him. Schweitzer's postulate ignores the truth about the world. It is an attractive utopia of being good within a world that is full of destruction. Schweitzer, however, does not care that his postulates are impossible to be fulfilled.

PL

Etyka Alberta Schweitzera jest subiektywistyczna. Postuluje autonomię wobec praw rządzących światem i określa ogólną zasadę moralną, opierając ją na wewnętrznym doświadczeniu woli życia. Wynika to z jego przekonania, że nie jesteśmy w stanie odkryć sensu istnienia świata. Sugeruje akt rezygnacji poznawczej - zaprzestanie poszukiwania sensu świata i zwrócenie się ku swojemu wnętrzu. Schweitzer uważa, że prawa rządzące światem są okrutne i pozwalają zabijać inne stworzenia. Moralna istota ludzka nigdy nie zaakceptuje takich reguł. Starając się być wiernym wewnętrznej prawdzie swojej woli życia, całkowicie potwierdzi życie, sprzeciwiając się wszystkiemu, co dzieje się wokół niego. Postulat Schweitzera ignoruje prawdę o świecie. To atrakcyjna utopia bycia dobrym w świecie pełnym zniszczeń. Schweitzer nie przejmuje się jednak tym, że jego postulaty są niemożliwe do spełnienia.

2

Operational and technological directions for Unmanned Aircraft Systems development

100%

Polak G.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2018

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tom Vol. 18, No. 1

57--74

EN

Unmanned Aircraft Systems are continuously delivering new and enhanced battlefi eld capabilities to the military sphere. While the demand for unmanned systems remains at a relatively high level, it is expected that a number of operational and technological factors will further influence unmanned program development in the nearest future. The purpose of this paper is to articulate a vision for the continued development of unmanned systems technology across military applications. Th is article establishes a technological and an operational vision for the next 25 years and outlines actions and technologies for military experts and industry to pursue to efficiently align with this vision.

3

Women’s Status among Households in Sothern Ethiopian: Survey of Autonomy and Power

88%

Regassa N. , Tsegaye G.

Human and Social Studies

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2016

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tom 5

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nr 1

30-50

EN

This study examined two key dimensions of women’s status (autonomy and intimate partners violence) in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia based on regional data collected from five randomly selected zones and one city administration; namely, Sidama, Hadya, Gamo Gofa, South Omo, Bench Maji and Hawassa City Administration. The analysis revealed that while joint decision is fairly high, women’s independent decision making on key household domains is generally low. Significant proportions of women in the region are exposed to violence by their partners ranging from insult to heavy physical injury. The fact that nearly half of the women experienced insult and close to a quarter of them faced beating is indicative of the low status of women in society. The regression analysis indicated that seven variables determine the occurrence of violent acts against women in the study area, namely household size, education, access to radio, value of children index, wealth index and level of women autonomy. On the other hand, decision making autonomy is affected by wealth status, household size, access to radio and sex preference index. Finally, the study highlighted the importance of addressing the limited technical and operational capacities to implement gender policy and legal frameworks effectively and efficiently.

4

Destruction of Democracy in Autonomous Slovakia Analysed by the Example of the Horná Nitra Region

88%

Arpáš R.

West Bohemian Historical Review

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2021

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tom 11

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nr 1

49-70

EN

Declaration of autonomy in October 1938 was a turning point that enabled the Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party to grasp the power in Slovakia. As the leader of the autonomist wing it was considered “the only true representative of the Slovak nation”. Its far-sighted approach to democracy manifested itself practically immediately, and Slovakia set out on a journey of establishing an authoritative regime. The autonomous institutions were trying to direct the ongoing political transformation even on a local level. However, the results of their endeavour did not always correspond with their idea of the new political system. And that is the case of the analysed region of Horná Nitra as well. Even though the inhabitants of the region were in favour of the People’s Party even during the First Czechoslovak Republic, and in this particular region the transfer of the power happened in a relatively smooth manner, various problems occurred here, too. The reason behind this was that the support of the new regime was in many cases accompanied by personal ambition and vision of one’s own profit. Claiming a vacant post at a local authority office often triggered conflicts and disputes. The applicants justified their claims by their long-lasting loyalty to the programme of the People’s Party, alternatively by the “sacrifices” they had made in the name of their political belief. Hence, the transfer of the power started turning into a quarrel featuring bragging about applicants’ political merits for which, as they believed, they were entitled to be rewarded and honoured once the political hegemony of the HSPP had been achieved.

5

Advance care planning in Spain. A short national report. Part II

75%

Seoane J.

Progress in Health Sciences

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2015

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tom 5

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nr 1

169-175

EN

Purpose: Ethical and legal recognition of patient autonomy and rights is a reality in Spain. Together with informed consent, advance directives and advance care planning have also played a major role in bringing about this situation. This paper aims to provide a description and critical analysis of their ethical and legal framework, concept, grounds, purpose and requirements under Spanish law, and to show that the appropriate way to understand and implement advance directives is to integrate them into the broader process of advance care planning, combining its legal, ethical and clinical dimensions.Materials and methods: Descriptions, arguments and conclusions presented in this paper are based on a review of legislation, case law and scientific bibliography. Conclusions: Spanish legal norms on advance directives represents a step forward in the consolidation of autonomy as a core of doctor-patient relationship and in the guarantee of patients, healthcare professionals and health institutions’ rights and duties. Moreover, it guides professionals and eases decision-making process in healthcare. Finally, it improves the quality, humanisation and justice of Spanish health system.

6

Życie niegodne życia? Krótka historia eutanazji

75%

Machinek M.

Studia Warmińskie

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2011

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nr 48

325-337

EN

A historical analysis of a certain idea is not only attempt to reconstruct past events as accurately as possible, but it also aims at better understanding of current intellectual trends. The idea of euthanasia is the best example here. Old justifications to allow to kill on request appear in today’s discussions almost literally. First of all it is compassion for the ill and suffering and necessity to alleviate their excruciating pain. This argument seems to be so clear and evident that the supporters of euthanasia quote it in the first place. Suggestive propaganda, particularly in films and documentaries, which show the demand for euthanasia as a sign of despair or even courage, is to break the instinctive resistance of the society. But when euthanasia is legalized (or acknowledged as not a punishable act), personal autonomy arguments are promoted. The pseudo-right to terminate one’s own life is popularized. This right encapsulates not only suicidal death by the ill person himself, but also patients’ demands for the possibility to be legally killed by doctors within the health care system. Stressing the issue of costs and eugenic aspects only reinforces the impression of a rational and human-friendly decision. The fact that this expanding pro-euthanasia mentality threatens the foundations of our civilization is marginalized and omitted. This mentality recognizes human life as valuable and worthy living only under certain conditions, namely when it has a good quality.

7

Intellektuelle als Wissenschaftler. Autonom-engagierte Spitsenforschung in Zentraleuropa zwischen 'Reiner' und 'Politischer' Wissenschaft 1848-1938

75%

Feichtinger J.

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne

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2013

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tom 43

8

An open future? The principle of autonomy within medical ‘codes of conduct’ versus the heteronomy effects of predictive medicine

75%

Devisch I.

Open Medicine

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2008

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tom 3

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nr 2

141-148

EN

Traditionally, the average code of conduct within Western health care starts from the autonomy of the patient. In addition, medicine today is ‘evidence based’ and the patient is an ‘informed consent’. Yet, the individual autonomy of the patient in health care is not simply enhancing today. Quite a few fundamental changes have and are currently at work within health care, which I will summarize here with the paradigm of predictive medicine. One of the characteristics of this paradigm is the increase of medical consults which are not autonomously chosen by an individual. For reasons of public health and diminishing of health risks or for reasons of prevention, on one hand we are dealing with ethical codes centered around the autonomy of patients and the face-to-face relations with health care workers, on the other, we are dealing with a society that takes an increasingly greater medical initiatives. Therefore, the question arises if predictive medicine confronts us with the limits of an ethical code as we know it today. Is there not an urgent need for a political code of conduct in health care?

9

Creative Personality Profile in Social Sciences: The Leading Role of Autonomy

75%

Kirsch C. , Lubart T. , Houssemand C.

Creativity. Theories – Research - Applications

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2015

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tom 2

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nr 2

180-211

EN

The literature on creativity has often focused on the analysis of artists and scientists. The ability to generalize these findings to respective professional sub-disciplines is examined. In particular, the present study addresses the generalizability of the personality profile of creative scientists to creative social scientists. Autonomy was found to be the most important personality feature for creativity in social sciences. These results suggest the importance of fostering an autonomous working style.

10

“If Things Really Go On as They Are at the Moment, Then I Will Work Illegally. End of Story.” Pandemic Realities in Marginalized Entrepreneurships

63%

Tümpel M. , Cardone P.

Qualitative Sociology Review

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2022

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tom 18

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nr 1

74-95

EN

Micro-enterprises and self-employed individuals have been hit particularly hard by the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, but few studies have tackled the issue. This paper is based on four in-depth case studies of self-employed people from different sectors who have been greatly affected by measures taken to control the pandemic. By capturing shifts in the perception of institutional and economic pressures, as well as precarity after the outbreak of COVID-19, we gained profound insight into crisis management among entrepreneurs working in niche or marginalized fields of business. We found parallels in their biographies and attitudes, but their perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic differ. We observed paradoxes and hybrid logic, as well as different ways of coping with the crisis. Having a “plan B” helped in some cases, while all of them benefitted from the solidarity of networks and communities.

11

Schweigen zwischen Eltern und Kindern. Zu generativen Distanz(ierungs) merkmalen in Erzähltexten von Zoë Jenny, Alexa Hennig von Lange und Katja Oskamp

63%

Nogal G.

Germanica Wratislaviensia

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2017

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tom 142

75-88

DE

In den untersuchten Erzähltexten von Zoë Jenny, Alexa Hennig von Lange und Katja Oskamp werden die weiblichen Hauptfiguren in der Adoleszenzphase angetroffen. Im Zentrum der Analyse stehen ihre Autonomie- und Ablösungsprozesse, die im Kontext des Elternhauses aufgefasst werden. Entsprechend unterliegt die figürliche Ausrichtung auf die Elternligatur einer Entwicklung und Reorganisierung. Das Augenmerk ruht primär auf den Kennzeichen der Distanz und Distanzierung im Verhältnis Eltern-Kind, bei denen dem Motiv des Schweigens eine repräsentative bzw. symbolische Signifikanz zukommt. Ausgegangen wird davon, dass der Einschluss von dem Merkmal des Nicht-Gesagten bzw. Nicht-Artikulierten – und dies sowohl aufseiten der weiblichen Haupt- als auch ihrer Elternfiguren – zur besseren Erkenntnis der frühen Familienverhältnisse und späteren Ablösungsprozesse der Hauptfiguren beitragen kann.

EN

In stories by Zoë Jenny, Alexa Hennig von Lange und Katja Oskamp the main characters are adolescent females. The analysis centers around the problem of autonomy and loosening of family ties seen as a bid for independence with regard to family house. The above processes shape and change the concept of parenthood depending both on the age of the protagonists and how advanced is the level of adolescent identity. The focus of attention is primarily paid to the recognition of the distance in the relationship between parents and children in which the motif of silence is of utmost importance. It is stated that the inexpressible from the point of view of parents and their offspring alike should lead to a better recognition of mutual relationship, especially how much previous relationship can impact the development of adolescent identity.

12

Katolické výhrady vůči liberálnímu chápání svobody a sociálního řádu

63%

Baroš J.

Studia theologica

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2021

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nr 2

79-100

EN

This article is a contribution to the recurrent debates on the (in)compatibility between Catholic and liberal tradition. It focuses on the differences between these traditions concerning their conceptual foundations: liberty and, more extensively, social order. In the first part, the article characterizes the most important doctrinal elements of liberal and Catholic political theory. In liberal tradition, the emphasis is upon normative and ontological individualism and the primacy of individual liberty. Catholic social ontology offers a rich understanding of social order where it differentiates between partnerships and communities. This is linked to the specific conceptualization of the common good which is more robustly conceived than in its liberal counterparts. In the second part, the article delineates the different meanings of liberty in contemporary liberal political theory. It demonstrates that the Catholic tradition unambiguously prefers the positive concept of liberty. Next, it dialectically moves to the concept of autonomy. Some versions of autonomy are closer to the Catholic tradition than others, but overall, the Catholic conception is based on a richer metaphysical foundation that links liberty with participation in the common good. The article culminates with D. C. Schindler’s metaphysical criticism of the basic building blocks of liberal thought, which explains the reasons why the liberal conception of the common good cannot accommodate its Catholic counterpart.

13

Rola zadań w rozwijaniu autonomii studentów specjalizacji glottodydaktycznej

51%

Gorąca-Sawczyk G.

Lingwistyka Stosowana / Applied Linguistics / Angewandte Linguistik

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2015

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nr 14

31-40

EN

This paper is an attempt to present the role of tasked-based classes for developing student autonomy towards teaching foreign languages with the elements of their culture. First, I will define the term ‘autonomy’ and then show the correlation between developing autonomy and carrying out tasks. The analysis of an opinion poll consisting of open questions conducted among 14 students of applied linguistics in 2013 at the Adam Mickiewicz University will show the importance of creative and challenging tasks in order to develop students’ autonomous behaviour, understood as the ability to prepare, realise and evaluate their own learning processes and to see the legitimacy of the tasks for their future occupation as teachers. The conclusions provide some suggestions on how to develop student autonomy through tasks.

14

Autonomia jako zadanie (auto)edukacyjne młodzieży

51%

Myszka-Strychalska L.

Roczniki Pedagogiczne

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2020

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tom 12(48)

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nr 4

107-120

EN

One of the consequences of living in modern reality, which can be described as ambivalent, heterogeneous and unpredictable-is broadly understood individualization. It manifests itself in almost all spheres of the individual’s functioning. In many theoretical approaches, the subject is assigned the main responsibility for life success, career development or identity formation. This regularity prompts a closer look at the category of “autonomy.” Her analysis may turn out to be particularly interesting in the case of young people who are faced with numerous tasks to lead them to become adults. This article attempts to justify the thesis that autonomy is the (auto)educational task of young people, analyzed as one of the legitimate dimensions of human subjectivity, which is both the goal of development and the natural need of adolescence. In this context, it is considered both in terms of the challenges its formation poses to education, as well as certain individual commitments relevant to the crystallization process of the young person’s self.

PL

Jedną z konsekwencji życia we współczesnej rzeczywistości, którą można określić mianem ambiwalentnej, heterogenicznej i nieprzewidywalnej, jest szeroko rozumiana indywidualizacja. Przejawia się ona w niemalże wszystkich sferach funkcjonowania jednostki. W wielu ujęciach teoretycznych podmiotowi przypisuje się główną odpowiedzialność za powodzenie życiowe, rozwój kariery czy też kształtowanie tożsamości. Prawidłowość ta skłania do bliższego przyjrzenia się kategorii „autonomii”. Jej analiza może okazać się szczególnie interesująca w przypadku młodych ludzi, przed którymi stawia się liczne zadania mające prowadzić do osiągnięcia przez nich statusu dorosłości. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę uzasadnienia tezy, że autonomia stanowi zadanie (auto)edukacyjne młodzieży, analizowana jako jeden z zasadnych wymiarów podmiotowości człowieka, będący jednocześnie celem rozwoju i naturalną potrzebą okresu adolescencji. W tym kontekście rozpatrywana jest zarówno pod względem wyzwań, jakie jej kształtowanie stawia przed edukacją, jak i pewnych jednostkowych zobowiązań mających znaczenie dla procesu krystalizacji własnego „ja” młodego człowieka.

15

Being Outside the Decision-Loop: The Impact of Deep Brain Stimulation and Brain-Computer Interfaces on Autonomy

51%

Michałowska M. , Kowalczyk Ł. , Marcinkowska W. , Malicki M.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

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2021

|

tom 56

25-52

EN

Recent advancements in new neural technologies raise bioethical concerns over personal autonomy, which they potentially threaten to diminish or entirely eliminate. Although caution in the application of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) is explicitly urged in almost every study, the debate features a definitional void as to what notion of autonomy is actually adopted by the authors. The focus on autonomy has dominated the debate to such an extent that other essential values seem to be disappearing from the bioethical horizon, becoming less valued, less important, and less visible. This paper examines the autonomy-problem by probing whether DBS and BCIs indeed threaten personal autonomy. The impact of DBS and BCIs is studied on the examples of several illnesses, whereby the well-being of a person and the importance of informed consent are taken into account to assess the influence of these novel medical technologies on autonomy.

16

Emotions that Foster Learning: Wonder and Shock in Proclus

44%

Tresnie C.

Vox Patrum

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2022

|

tom 82

237-262

EN

In his Commentaries, Proclus (Neoplatonic philosopher, 5th century A.D.) describes the ways in which a teacher can awaken the desire for knowledge and philosophy in a given soul, and help this soul to make cognitive and moral progress. He considers such an intervention to be a case of providence, analogous to both the action of divine Pronoia and the care of one's personal daemon. As the soul being thus educated is still unaware of the merits of rational thought, the teacher needs to use the emotions of his student to stimulate him; he might even want to generate desirable emotions in his soul. I focus here on two emotions: wonder and shock. The first serves to stimulate interest while preserving autonomy. The second allows deeper commitment at the price of reduced autonomy of the pupil. Both are complementary aspects of philosophical perplexity.

17

Miasta hanzeatyckie pomiędzy autonomią a władzą panów ziemskich

38%

Auge O.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia

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2017

|

tom 72

DE

Das Magdeburger Stadtrecht hatte bekanntlich einen enormen Einfluss auf die Genese und Ausbildung der Stadtrechte und damit auch auf die Stadtentwicklung in Ostmittel- und Osteuropa. Die zweite große Stadtrechtsfamilie, die bis weit nach Osteuropa hinein prägend für die Urbanisierung und autonomiebegründend werden sollte, ist diejenige des Lübischen Rechts. Über 100 Städte, darunter Reval und auch Novgorod, werden dieser Stadtrechtsfamilie zugeordnet, die sich schwerpunktmäßig über den südlichen Ostseeraum und die angrenzenden Regionen erstreckte. Ein Großteil der betreffenden Städte verstand sich auf Dauer oder zumindest zeitweilig zugleich als Hansestädte. Um deren Ringen zwischen Autonomie und Landesherrschaft geht es in diesem Beitrag. Zu diesem Zweck wird zunächst die allgemeine Forschungssituation skizziert, um auf dieser Grundlage die Genese der städtischen Autonomie Lübecks im Spannungsfeld verschiedener miteinander konkurrierender Stadtherren bis 1226 zu entwickeln. Darauf wird am Beispiel der Stadt Kiel gezeigt, mit welchem wechselnden Erfolg andere Städte dem Lübecker Vorbild zu folgen versuchten. In einem weiteren, abschließenden Schritt wird dargelegt, wie sich die Hansestädte insgesamt gegen den zum Ausgang des späten Mittelalters wachsenden Territorialisierungsdruck der Fürsten und Landesherren auf dem Wege einer verstärkten Bündnispolitik zur Wehr zu setzen bemühten. Von einem Ende der Autonomie dieser Städte kann trotz des letztlichen Scheiterns dieser Bündnisbemühungen nicht gesprochen werden. Diese verloren die Städte erst im Zeitalter des Absolutismus.

EN

The municipal law of Magdeburg profoundly influenced the genesis and development of municipal laws and, consequently, of urban development in central Eastern and Eastern Europe. The second influential group of municipal law, deeply affecting urbanisation and the establishment of autonomy in vast parts of Eastern Europe, is that of Lübeck law. Over a 100 cities, including Reval and also Novgorod, can be ascribed to this family of municipal law, which extended mostly to the Southern Baltic area and the adjacent regions. The majority of these cities considered themselves, at least for some time, Hansa cities. This contribution focuses on the struggle for autonomy between these cities and the local sovereignty. The current state of research in this regard forms the basis for analysing the genesis of urban autonomy in Lübeck and its struggle with competing urban rulers up until 1226. Then, the example of Kiel shows how other cities tried to emulate the model given by Lübeck with varying success. Finally, this contribution outlines how the Hansa cities, on their way to an intensified alliance policy, tried to make a stand against the growing pressure of territorialisation exerted by princes and local sovereigns in the late Middle Ages. Although these alliance plans did eventually fail, this must not be viewed as the end of urban autonomy. The cities did not lose their autonomy until the period of Absolutism.

PL

Miejskie prawo magdeburskie miało znaczący wpływ na genezę i rozwój prawa miejskiego, a w rezultacie na rozwój miast w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej i Wschodniej. Drugą wpływową grupą prawa miejskiego, która w znacznym stopniu oddziaływała na urbanizację i ustanowienie autonomii na rozległych obszarach Europy Wschodniej, jest prawo lubeckie. Ponad 100 miast, w tym Rewel czy Nowogród, można przypisać do tej rodziny prawa miejskiego, które rozprzestrzeniało się głównie w rejonie południowego Bałtyku i na obszarach przyległych. Większość tych miast uważała się, przynajmniej przez pewien czas, za miasta hanzeatyckie. Tematyka artykułu dotyczy głównie walki o autonomię, jaka toczyła się między miastami a miejscową władzą. Aktualny stan badań w tym zakresie daje podstawy do analizy zagadnienia genezy autonomii miejskiej Lubeki i jej walki z rywalizującymi władcami miasta aż do 1226 r. Przykład Kilonii i innych miast pokazuje, jak – z różnym skutkiem – próbowały one naśladować wzór dany przez Lubekę. Wreszcie tekst ukazuje, jak miasta hanzeatyckie, w drodze do zintensyfikowanej polityki sojuszy, próbowały przeciwstawić się rosnącej presji terytorializacji wywieranej przez książęta i suwerenów w późnym średniowieczu. Chociaż plany sojuszy ostatecznie upadły, nie wolno tego postrzegać jako końca miejskiej autonomii. Miasta nie utraciły bowiem swojej autonomii aż do epoki absolutyzmu.