Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

THE BUILDING OF THE GREAT SYNAGOGUE IN Ostroleka (1846 – approx. 1870) (Sprawa budowy Wielkiej Synagogi w Ostrolece 1846 - ok. 1870)

100%

Mironczuk J.

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2010

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nr 4(236)

463-475

EN

The article concerns the construction of a brick shrine, called the Great Synagogue, in Ostroleka in the mid-19th century; an earlier wooden shrine was destroyed in a battle fought within the November 1830 Uprising. The decision to build the place of worship was made in 1846. Initially, financial problems faced by the Jewish community made it impossible to complete the undertaking within a short period of time. A detailed inventory of the materials and workmanship required, made in 1858, as well as the cost estimate, pointed to the shortfall of the accumulated funds. However, the gradual growth of prosperity and determination of Ostroleka's Jewry made is possible to complete the job. The Great Synagogue only survived until 1915, when it was destroyed during fighting between the German and the Russian forces.

2

THE JEWISH POPULATION AS A FACTOR IN THE HISTORY OF THE MODERNIZATION PROCESS IN WROCLAW UP TILL THE BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY (Zydzi jako czynnik procesów modernizacyjnych w dziejach Wroclawia do poczatku XIX wieku)

100%

Ziatkowski L.

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nr 3

285-295

EN

Thomas Nipperdey formulated a set of modernization features that became generally accepted in modern research of the history of Jewish communities, as distinctive attributes of the passing from 'ghetto' community to the post-emancipation society. A process of demographic revolution, elimination of illiteracy and secularization and replacing the old religious elite by 'new' intellectual elite unfolded in Wroclaw considerably earlier than, generally, within the Christian community of Europe. In the earliest period (early Piast dynasty) the presence of Jews in Wroclaw brought new laws that formalized their special status as a separated part of population. Perhaps, it was an example or a model for future solutions during so called 'colonization on the German law' or during forming the feudal system in Silesia. The Jewish community within the feudal system was treated specifically. Their position required a detailed description and, in consequence, brought new legislation. Peddling by Jews caused malfunctioning of a regulated economic system in the Middle Ages and early modern times. They were accused of unfair competition. It led to persecution and expulsion. Finally they became useful in forming modern state structures as court factors who attracted the capital and distributed lots of commodities produced in workshops. Another important factor was that the former model of building community feeling on religion became extinct, and that led to secularization of the social life. These two factors - elimination of remains of a feudal economy and secularization - constituted the main leitmotiv of European changes in 19th century. As for the beginning of 20th century, the activity of Jews in Wroclaw still requires further research on three levels proposed by Slezkine - communism (the Left), freudianism and zionism.

3

The Diary of Hinda and Chanina Malachi

100%

Grabowski J. , Balint L. , Engelking B.

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tom 3

241-283

EN

This is a fragment of the diary of Hinda and Chanina Malachi, written in hiding on the 'Aryan side' in Warsaw. The diary of the Malachi couple was written in Polish in a squared-paper arithmetic notebook. It covers the period between 9 October 1942 and 30 August 1944. The first part of the diary published here (until 3 August 1943), was written by Hinda and describes the fate of both spouses since they left their home in Ostrowiec and moved to Warsaw. Hinda and Chinina Malachi survived the war and in 1947 emigrated to Israel.

4

“UNRELIABLE ELEMENTS”. PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS OF JEWISH ORIGIN IN THE SLOVAK ARMY AFTER 1939

100%

Baka I. , Janecová T.

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nr 1

33 - 60

EN

The topic of persecution and discrimination of Jews in the army in Slovakia has already been the focus of several papers. Most of the attention was paid to the VI Labour Battalion of the Labour Corps of the Ministry of National Defence (MNO). However, some of the aspects of this topic have not received the historians’ interest to this day. Nor has more attention been paid to the status of persons who, even after 1939, served in the army on the basis of an exception as professional soldiers or worked as civilian employees in the MNO and were directly or indirectly exposed to the consequences of the anti-Jewish legal norms. This did not only concern the Jews themselves (only one of whom eventually served in the army on the basis of an exception), but also the category of so-called Jewish mongrels and, last but not least, the “Aryans” themselves, whose wives, however, were of Jewish origin. In the study, the authors focus on the first two categories of persons. They are not aiming merely at descriptive interpretation of the legislative and legal norms permitting the exclusion of Jews from the army. They would also like to document their reactions, which represented a desperate effort to keep their place in the army. Those represented (from their authors’ point of view) an extremely humiliating and desperate effort in every respect to conform to the demands of the regime derived from the official anti-Jewish stereotypes of the propaganda of the Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party. The latter regarded the Jews as a hostile element. The text pays special attention to the personality of František M. Borský, whose fate in the Slovak Army has not yet been further examined.

5

“Consensual Dictatorship” (Zustimmungsdiktatur) And “Community Of The People” (Volksgemeinschaft). Some Reflections On The Interaction Between Nazi State And German Society In The Persecution Of The Jews After 1933

100%

Bajohr F.

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nr 2(14)

521-526

EN

The persecution of the Jews in Nazi Germany after 1933 cannot solely be explained as a political process implemented by the state and the Nazi Party. The exclusion and isolation of Jews in particular was also part of a social process, characterized by a close interaction between the Nazi dictatorship and German society: A process into which the German population was involved actively. Therefore it is not enough to analyze the attitudes of the German population toward the ongoing persecution; the participation of non -Jewish Germans in this process involved actions as well. My following remarks focus on this interaction and the main factors responsible for it.

6

JEWISH YOUTH IN KATOWICE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS UNTIL 1939 (Mlodziez zydowska w katowickich szkolach powszechnych i srednich do 1939 roku)

100%

Lusek J.

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nr 3(239)

327-346

EN

The Jewish religious school in Katowice was established in 1860 and was taken over by the municipality in 1875. Then the Jewish community set up the Private Hebrew Teaching Establishment in order to provide additional language and religion tuition. In subsequent years, Jewish youth also formed a significant group of secondary and higher school students in Katowice. After the end of World War I, together with Katowice becoming part of the Polish state, the system of schools run by religious unions was rebuilt. In 1926, the Berek Joselewicz Jewish school was opened. The educational offer also included the Talmud Tora School, the Hebrew Research Centre and the classes organized within the framework of the Jewish Youth Organization. Until the outbreak of World War II, Jewish youth also studied in general Catholic and Evangelical primary and secondary schools.

7

The Hasmoneans and the Religious Homogeneity of Their State

100%

Dabrowa E.

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tom 8

7-14

EN

The conquest of the Near East by Alexander of Macedon began a new era in the history of this region. This pregnant event was quite differently perceived and judged by contemporaries in conquered lands, Palestine among them. To those, the Macedonian's victory over the Persians meant little more than one hegemonist replacing another. It must have been with concern, or perhaps with hope, that they awaited possible changes under the new political arrangement. We know little about Alexander's direct rule over Palestine, but the historical evidence we have suggests that the behavior of local populations in the area did not always meet the expectations of Macedonian conquerors. One example may be seen in the attitude of the Jerusalem Temple's high priest, who, despite Alexander's superiority at arms, firmly declared his loyalty to the Persian king (Jos. AJ 11, 317-319), while some in Samaria's elites chose to follow their self-interest and did not hesitate to join the conqueror (Jos. AJ 11, 321-324, 340-345). Although local elites and communities declared their willingness to cooperate with the Macedonian monarch, there were no avoiding tensions and conflicts between locals and newcomers. One such instance was a mutiny in Samaria city against the Macedonians, during which the Syrian governor Andromachus was killed. In retaliation, the rebellion was quenched in blood and Macedonian settlers were brought into Samaria.

8

VI. ROBOTNÝ PRÁPOR PRACOVNÉHO ZBORU MNO A DEPORTÁCIE ŽIDOV V ROKU 1942

88%

Baka I.

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nr 2

107 - 132

EN

The study in question deals with the problem of the deportation of Jews from Slovakia in 1942, reflecting the specific situation of the Jews on labour duty assigned to the VI Labour Battalion of the Labour Corps of the Ministry of National Defence at the time of the deportation. The first part of the study presents a summary overview of the legal norms resulting in the discriminatory status of Jews in the conscription of the Slovak State, but at the same time some of them (e.g. the Conscription Act of 18 January 1940) ultimately protecting them from the deportations taking place in 1942. In the second part of the study, the author notes that various claims and interpretations about the responsibility for the Jews of the VI. Labour Battalion avoiding the first stage of deportations in 1942 still appeared in both the scientific and the memoir literature, but the reasons for the halt of the planned deportation of Jews on labour duty have not been further investigated. Therefore the author has concentrated on identifying the decisive reasons for Jews remaining not only in attendance, but also for Jews retained in active labour duty - for the duration of the war - until the end of May 1943. In the third part of the study, the author uses specific examples to show the impact of the ongoing deportations on the mood of the Jewish workers and their actions, manifested by the tense situation in the units of the VI Labour Battalion, the generally despondent mood of their members, fear for their relatives, concern that they, too, would be included in the deportation, desertion, and the desire to be baptised. On the other hand, he points out the ways in which the military authorities tried to eliminate the negative effects of the ongoing deportations on the actions of the Jewish workers by tightening surveillance, abolishing the granting of permits and passes, and preventing their free movement.

9

PROTIŽIDOVSKÉ NEPOKOJE PO DRUHEJ SVETOVEJ VOJNE – ROK 1945 NA VÝCHODNOM SLOVENSKU

88%

Šišjaková J.

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nr 2

-

EN

Central Europe was affected by strong anti-Semitic wave after World War II. Slovakia wasn't an exception in this way. Especially its eastern regions had to deal with this problem. That region was affected by war events and its consequences in a large extent (catastrophic social situation, national problems, insufficient food-supply and smuggling). The first anti-Jewish actions happened in Kosice, Humenne and Presov in the first days and the first weeks after the end of World War II. Consequently it spread into other parts of Slovakia, too. This anti-Jewish propaganda was connected with economic, social as well as national motives. Mostly it spread through posters and demonstrations. Murders of the Jews in Snina district in November and December 1945 presents a specific problem

10

JEWISH POLITICAL LIFE IN POLAND ON THE EVE OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

88%

POLONSKY A.

pl.it / rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi

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2022

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tom 13

4-16

EN

The increasingly critical situation of the Jewish minority and the bankruptcy of the previously dominant political orientations within the Jewish community created a new set of opportunities for a group, the General Jewish Workers’ Alliance, or Bund which had played only a marginal role in both Polish and Jewish politics between 1920 and 1935. The growing strength of the Bund was clearly evident in the municipal elections of late 1938 and early 1939 which saw it emerge as the largest Jewish party in towns such as Warsaw, Łódź, Vilna and Białystok. This article seeks to evaluate the Bund’s reaction to its heightened importance in Jewish politics in Poland.

11

SOCIÁLNĚ HISTORICKÉ KONTEXTY ČESKÉHO ANTISEMITISMU A ANTINĚMECTVÍ PO VZNIKU ČESKOSLOVENSKÉ REPUBLIKY A JEJICH ODRAZ V DOBOVÉ KARIKATUŘE

88%

Soukupová B.

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nr 1

5 - 21

EN

The Czechoslovak Republic was created as the national state of the Czechs and Slovaks. Although it was based on the ethnic principle, the new state simultaneously assured relatively extensive rights for its national and religious minorities; in the Czech lands primarily for Czech Germans and the structured Jewish minority (in the new state, Jews could claim Jewish nationality and religion, or only Jewish religion).Although the Jewish minority was ideologically and politically heterogeneous and absolutely loyal to the state, it repeatedly became, not for the first time historically, the target of largely socially and ethnically motivated attacks after the foundation of the Republic. However, their nature was escalated even more by the difficult social conditions following World War I and the generally traumatic experience of the unexpected world war. Contemporary journalism helped disseminate the image of Jews as the main culprits who had caused the world war and were responsible for the general post-war destabilisation and shortages, Jews as non-state building residents of the republic, disloyal, pro-German orientated asocial elements, intensified by the image of Jewish refugees from Galicia and Bukovina, justly or unjustly accused of operating chain businesses. Contemporary journalism also emphasised the traditional image of Czech Germans as the ancient enemy of the Czech nation, currently accused of starting World War I. The fact that most Czech Germans were truly disloyal citizens of the new state after the foundation of the republic (and again in the 1930s) was balanced by the efforts of the Czechoslovak government to “win the Germans over for the new state” and therefore controlled the suppression of anti-German sentiments which were often linked to anti-Jewish sentiments. The text questions the significance of the image of the national enemy at a time in history that saw the destabilisation of existing socio-political relations, undoubtedly represented by the dissolution of the monarchy and the rise of new national states in Central Europe and their contemporary visualisation.

12

MARGINALIZOVANÉ SKUPINY V STREDOVEKOM A RANONOVOVEKOM UHORSKU

88%

Szeghyová B.

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nr 4

665–713

EN

The study presents the history of marginalized groups, the theoretical background and a brief historiographical overview. Marginalized groups are collectively referred to as those that have limited opportunities for employment and are excluded from certain spheres of society. The defining criterion in identifying particular marginalized groups is the judgemental view of the majority or dominant society. Historians classify people on the margins into different categories according to certain characteristics such as extreme poverty, a vagrant or nomadic way of life, the pursuit of dishonest or defamed professions, criminal activities, as well as physical and mental disabilities and affiliation with religious or ethnic minorities. The study focuses on four main phenomena associated with marginalization – poverty, infamy, criminality and minority ethnicity with the examples of Roma and Jews. Marginalization took various forms, from demonstrations of disgust, hostility and physical violence, to segregation, stigmatization, legislative measures that criminalized certain groups, to their persecution and physical elimination. Apart from poverty, the main reasons for marginalization were prejudices, superstitions, myths and stereotypes, as well as intolerance and fear of the unknown, the strange and the other, that could be intertwined with rational dread of contagious diseases or hostile intentions.

13

ROKOVANIA NACISTICKÉHO NEMECKA O DEPORTÁCIÁCH ŽIDOV V ROKU 1942 – PRÍKLAD SLOVENSKA, RUMUNSKA A MAĎARSKA

75%

Nižňanský E.

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nr 3

471-495

EN

The study is an attempt to compare the discussions and resulting deportations of Jews in individual states. Nazi Germany asked more or less the same questions in these discussions, but the three states reacted differently to the possibility to deport their Jews, in spite of their home-grown policies of anti-Semitism. The rejection of deportation by Romania and Hungary did not result in the political elites of these countries at this time. Quiet collaboration of the individual countries, economic cooperation, especially in the armaments industry, and sending of military units to the Eastern Front, were much more important for Nazi Germany than the deportation of Jews.

14

AKCIA REINHARDT A DEPORTÁCIE SLOVENSKÝCH ŽIDOV DO LUBLINSKEJ OBLASTI V DOKUMENTOCH

75%

Halvinka J. , Schvarc M.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2021

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tom 69

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nr 4

729 – 754

EN

In 1942, the regime of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party deported more than 57,000 Jews to territory under the control of the Third Reich. Of these, 40,000 Jews were deported to the General Government´s Lublin District, where Operation Reinhardt, one of the biggest extermination operations of the Holocaust, was just beginning. Its central elements were Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka death camps. Therefore, the vast majority of Jews deported from Slovakia in 1942 fell victim to extermination Operation Reinhardt. The article presents a set of documents that characterize deportations of Slovak Jews to the Lublin District, as well as Operation Reinhardt itself.

15

EDITH STEIN IN THE MEMORY OF GERMANS, JEWS AND POLES (Edyta Stein w pamieci Niemców, Zydów i Polaków)

75%

Korzeniewska A.

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nr 1(338)

232-245

EN

The article is an inquiry on how the figure of Edith Stein functions in the collective memory of Poles, Germans and Jews within the several decades since her death. The topic is tackled from the perspective of culture studies and philosophy. An analysis of official manifestations of memory, especially in Germany and in the Catholic Church, is an introduction to an in-depth analysis of the modes of presence of this figure in culture (literature, film) as well as the role of regional and religious communities, societies and different milieus in Poland and Germany in creating the memory of Edith Stein. The text shows how the same values for which Edith Stein is remembered in one community of memory might and indeed do result in oblivion in other communities, while in still different ones serve to build national or regional identity.

16

THE PREPARATION AND COURSE OF THE LAND REFORM IN SLOVAKIA, 1939–1945

75%

Fiamová M.

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tom 66

|

nr 5

901 - 932

EN

The subject matter of land reform and the related issue of ensuring that land was owned by ethnic Slovaks, had already appeared in Slovakia in the time of autonomy after 6th October 1938. Reflections about the change of land ownership from the beginning referred not only to Jews, but also to the land of foreigners, the land allotted within the 1st land reform, as well as to the land of Slovaks. The prepared land reform was supposed to compensate for the iniquities caused by the 1st land reform and return the land back “to the hands of those who truly work on it”. Unlike the owners of shops and enterprises, Jewish landowners did not represent a very large class of people, but even in spite of this fact, the following Aryanization of this Jewish land property was subject to corruption. The local and state authorities as well as common people participated in the process of transferring Jewish land into the hands of “Aryans”. However the Slovak government failed in its effort to create a strong middle class of peasants who would support Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party.

17

Židovská náboženská obec Frýdek-Místek v letech 1918–1942. Asimilace Židů do většinové společnosti

75%

Baránek D.

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nr 2

139-176

EN

Before the outbreak of World War I the Jewish congregation in Frýdek-Místek saw a period of its apparent heyday. The local Jews declared their adherence to the Jewish nationality; this encouraged the local followers of Zionism to try and establish a Zionist association here. In the twenties, however, the Zionists failed to create a compact group within the local Jewish community. The economic foundations of the Jewish congregation were then disrupted by the Great Depression. The rise of Nazi power reflected also in the congregation in spring 1938 as several Jewish refugees came here from Austria. Other refugees joined the community in late summer and early autumn in connection with the Nazi occupation of Sudetenland. In spite of that most Jews stayed in the city. Their tragic fate was eventually closed with the transports to concentration camps that took place from September 1942 to early 1945.

18

(NE)ZARADITEĽNOSŤ ÚTVARU JIDIŠ DO STRATIFIKAČNÉHO MODELU NEMECKÉHO A SLOVENSKÉHO JAZYKA

75%

Zajacová T.

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nr 1

45 – 54

EN

The article deals with the development, task and function of Yiddish, the language of the Jews in Central and Eastern Europe. In this article, the author deals with the development and development of the phenomenon of Yiddish in the German and Slovak linguistic environment. She analyses the possibility or impossibility of classifying Yiddish into the stratification model of the two languages from the diachronic as well as the synchronous view. The presented analysis presents the historical development of Yiddish from a colloquial-language variety of German to the existence as a self-contained language with all linguistic functions. The attempt to classify Yiddish into the stratification model of the Slovak language has not succeeded, so she is of the opinion that Yiddish in Slovakia exists in the form of a self-reliant language - the East Yiddish. The attempt to classify Yiddish into the stratification model of the German language confirmed the necessity of temporal differentiation (from the diachronic point of view the Yiddish was "only" a colloquial language of the German language, the synchronous view is an independent language).

19

THE INMESTAR INCIDENT. A COMMENTARY TO SOCRATES ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY VII 16 (Wydarzenia w Inmestar. Komentarz do Historii koscielnej VII 16 Sokratesa)

75%

Stebnicka K.

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tom 10

131-147

EN

The paper deals with the 'Inmestar incident' described by Socrates Scholasticus (HE VII 16). According to Socrates, the Jews of a Syrian place called Inmestar, having amused themselves and drank a lot, bound a Christian boy to a cross, and then killed him. This account has been considered the earliest testimony to the accusation of ritual murder since the 18th century. In addition, because of both the mockery of the crucifixion and the drunkenness the episode has been associated with the feast of Purim. Actually, this interpretation is hardly convincing, for Socrates does not suggest any festival, let alone ritual, context for the event. The historicity of the 'Inmenstar incident' has been contested by some scholars, but it seems to fit quite well into the context of the sudden deterioration of Jewish-Christian relations, manifest in attacks on synagogues, in Syria and elsewhere, at the turn of the 5th century.

20

Phoenix dactylifera/Judaea dactylifera . Palma daktylowa jako “symbol żydowski” w świecie grecko-rzymskim

63%

Maciudzińska-Kamczycka M.

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2014

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nr 9

105-126

PL

The aim of this article is to present the development of the date palm (phoenix dactylifera) as a symbol of the Jewish nation, their land Judaea and their separate religious beliefs and distinct culture in the Greco-Roman world. Literary and visual sources of this motif have their origin in very different contexts – Greek and Latin authors, Biblical texts, Roman and Jewish coinage, and synagogue art in Palestine and the Diaspora.