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1
Content available remote Adaptation of the humanoid robot to speech disfluency therapy
100%
EN
The paper describes an application that allows to use a humanoid robot as a stutterer’s assistant and therapist. Auditory and visual feedback has been used in the therapy with a humanoid robot. For this purpose, the common method of “echo” was modified. The modification is that the speaker hears delayed speech sounds uttered by the robot. The sounds of speech coming from an external microphone are captured and delayed by a computer and then, using User Datagram Protocol (UDP), sent to the robot’s system and played in its speakers. This system allows the elimination of negative feedback and external sound field’s noise. The effect of this therapy is enhanced by the fact that, in addition to the effect, relating to the action of the delayed feedback, the speaker has company during the difficult process of speaking. Visual feedback has been realized as changes in the robot’s hand movements according to the shape of the speech signal envelope and possibility of controlling speech with a metronome effect.
EN
Respiratory disturbances frequently accompany stuttering. Their influence on lung ventilation can be assessed by measurement of the end-tidal CO2 concentration (EtCO2). The effectiveness of the CO2-based visual feedback method of breath regulation (VF) designed for stuttering therapy was tested in this study. The aim of the study was to answer the question if the VF helps to reduce respiratory disturbances in stuttering and increase speech fluency. 20 stuttering volunteers aged 13–45 years took part in the 3-parts test consisting of: 1. speaking without any techniques improving speech fluency, 2. learning the VF method, 3. VF-assisted speaking. The CO2/time signal and an acoustic signal of an utterance were recorded during the test. Significant increase of FE – the factor of breath ergonomics during speaking (based on both signals), from 47% to 71% (P < 0.01), and significant decrease of %SS – the percent of syllables stuttered, from 14% to 10% (P < 0.01) were received for VF-assisted utterances compared to the utterances without VF assistance. The results indicate that the VF can help to eliminate respiratory disturbances in stuttering and increase speech fluency.
3
Content available remote Jumping Impairs Visual Feedback Control of Body Position
88%
Human Movement
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2011
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tom 12
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nr 3
248-253
EN
Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maximal rebound jumping on sensorimotor tasks that required visual feedback control in positioning the body. Methods. A group of 14 university students (age 23.7 ± 2.6 y, height 178.6 ± 9.2 cm, and weight 70.6 ± 11.4 kg) had to hit a target that randomly appeared on one side of a screen by horizontally shifting their centre of mass (COM) in the appropriate direction prior to (as a baseline) and after six 60-second maximal jump exercises. Each response test consisted of 60 targets. The time, distance, and the velocity of the centre of pressure (COP) trajectory between the stimulus's appearance and its hit, by visually-guiding the COM movement on the screen, were registered by means of a FiTRO Sway Check system using a dynamometric platform. During the sets of jumps, the power of the concentric phase of take off was registered using a FiTRO Jumper recorder. Results. Results found that after each set of jumping (of around 110 jumps per set), mean response time significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased from an initial value of 1616 ± 506 ms to 1825 ± 562 ms till the 4th set, with no further increase towards the 6th set. Similarly, the mean distance of COP covered during the response time increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from a pre-exercise value of 0.449 ± 0.298 m to 0.550 ± 0.295 m after the 4th set which then plateaued towards the 6th set. However, no significant changes in mean COP velocity were detected. Conclusion. Rebound jumping negatively affected the visual feedback control in positioning the body. However, after the proprioceptive functions deteriorated to a certain level, there was no further impairment on sensorimotor parameters.
EN
A new CO2-based visual feedback therapy method (VF) for respiratory disturbances in stuttering was preliminarily assessed. Sound and expired CO2 signals were registered in 12 stutterers and 12 fluent speakers while speaking without and with VF to control breathing as well as during rest respiration, before each utterance. In stutterers, the end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), the area under CO2/a time curve (SCO2), and the average emission of CO2 (ECO2 = SCO2/tbreath_cycle) for the CO2 peaks connected with the phrases containing tonic errors (with reference to rest respiration) were higher than those connected with fluent phrases (p<0.000001). Thus, a tendency to hypoventilation caused by tonic errors was observed. The factors of breath ergonomics while speaking FE (based on both signals) of stutterers were lower than those in fluent speakers (p<0.001). Using VF by stutterers increased FE (p<0.005) and decreased stuttering intensity.
EN
The effects of cataractus vision on handwriting performance are evaluated. Six cata-ract patients were enrolled with an average age of 74.8 yrs and completed a specially designed questionnaire with samples of their signature pre-operatively and three-months post-operatively. The signatures were analyzed through a four-eye principle peer re-viewed examination focusing on six basic general characteristics of writing (line quality, general design, size, arrangements, spacing and slant) and their sub-elements. The quali-tative analysis showed that cataractus vision causes a decrease of line quality and differ-ences between the pre- and post- surgical samples on the sub-element of size. General design, intra-allograph ratio and slant were not influenced by the compromised vision.
EN
Background. Sauna helps keep the organism in good physical and mental condition. It is a relaxing procedure, which alleviates the symptoms of fatigue, has a beneficial effect on the efficiency of the respiratory and circulatory systems, stimulates the immune system, increases the basal metabolic rate. This treatment, however, is a strong stimulus affecting the whole human organism but its effects on the nervous system and neural control of movement have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of the study was to answer the question whether sauna bathing impairs sensorimotor coordination. Material and methods. The study group consisted of 11 young men, aged 22-26 years. To assess sensorimotor coordination the feedback trial was performed on the force plate AccuSway (AMTI, USA). The following variables were analyzed: COP velocity (cm/s), COP path length (cm), hit time (s), overshoot (cm), reaction time (s). The sensorimotor coordination was evaluated three times: before sauna (T0), 20 minutes after sauna (T1), and 12 hours after sauna bathing (T2). Results. There were no statistically significant differences between the measurements T0, T1 and T2 in any of the analyzed variables. Conclusions. Finnish sauna bathing does not impair sensorimotor coordination in healthy men, both in the early and later time after its application.
PL
Wstęp. Sauna fińska wspomaga utrzymanie organizmu w dobrej kondycji fizycznej i psychicznej. Ma działanie relaksacyjne, niweluje symptomy zmęczenia, przyspiesza tempo podstawowej przemiany materii oraz wywiera pozytywny wpływ na układ oddechowy, krążenia i immunologiczny. Jest to zatem zabieg o silnym oddziaływaniu ogólnoustrojowym, chociaż jego wpływ na układ nerwowy oraz nerwową kontrolę ruchu nie został dostatecznie zbadany. Celem pracy była odpowiedź na pytanie czy jednorazowy zabieg w saunie fińskiej zaburza koordynację sensomotoryczną. Materiał i metody. Badana grupa składała się z 11 młodych mężczyzn w wieku 22-26 lat. Oceny koordynacji sensomotorycznej dokonano podczas testu feedback z użyciem platformy dynamograficznej AccuSway (AMTI, USA). Analizie poddano następujące zmienne: prędkość COP (cm/s), długość drogi COP (cm), czas trafienia (s), przestrzelenie (cm), czas reakcji (s). Koordynacja sensomotoryczna była oceniana trzykrotnie: przed sauną (T0), 20 minut po saunie (T1), 12 godzin po saunie (T2). Wyniki. Nie stwierdzono żadnych istotnych statystycznie różnic między kolejnymi pomiarami we wszystkich badanych zmiennych. Wnioski. Sauna fińska nie zaburza koordynacji sensomotorycznej u zdrowych mężczyzn, zarówno bezpośrednio po zabiegu, jak i w późniejszym czasie.
PL
Wprowadzenie: Badania wykazały, że generowana w rzeczywistości wirtualnej wzmocniona informacja zwrotna pozwala na zwiększenie możliwości ponownego uczenia się ruchu zarówno u osób zdrowych, jak i pacjentów po uszkodzeniu ośrodkowego układu nerwowego. Celem niniejszego badania jest ocena wpływu wirtualnego nauczyciela, prezentowanego jako wzrokowa informacja zwrotna, na poprawę motoryki kończyny górnej u pacjentów po przebytym udarze mózgu. Metody: Protokół przedstawia badanie randomizowane z pojedynczą ślepą próbą dla oceny początkowej i końcowej. W badaniu zostaną porównane dwa zabiegi oparte na rzeczywistości wirtualnej. Pacjenci będą podzieleni na dwie grupy. W grupie „Teacher” pacjenci będą otrzymywać wzmocnioną informację zwrotną poprzez wizualizację wirtualnego nauczyciela, natomiast w grupie „No-Teacher” pacjenci będą wykonywać te same ćwiczenia bez wizualizacji wirtualnego nauczyciela. Zostaną zastosowane następujące testy kliniczne: test Fugla-Meyera dla kończyny górnej, skala niezależności funkcjonalnej FIM, pomiar zasięgu kończyny górnej (Reaching Performance Scale, RPS) i zmodyfi kowana skala Ashworth. Ponadto badane będą parametry kinematyczne, takie jak: średni czas wykonanego ruchu (w sekundach), średnia liniowa szybkość wykonanego ruchu (cm/s) i odchylenia od prawidłowej trajektorii ruchu (nr). Wszystkie testy zostaną przeprowadzone przed rozpoczęciem badania i po jego zakończeniu. Oba badania będą trwały 4 tygodnie, z jednogodzinnymi sesjami terapeutycznymi (20 sesji ogółem). Dyskusja: Badanie zostało tak zaprojektowane, aby ocenić wpływ wizualnej informacji zwrotnej w formie wzmocnionej na poprawę funkcji kończyny górnej u osób po udarze mózgu. Badanie to pozwoli ustalić, czy zastosowanie wirtualnego nauczyciela w formie wzmocnionego sprzężenia zwrotnego jest skuteczne w rehabilitacji funkcji kończyny górnej w ciągu 4-tygodniowych sesji terapeutycznych. Badanie rejestrowane: Aktualny numer rejestracji badania to NCT02234531 (numer badania zarejestrowany w dniu 29 sierpnia 2014 r. w serwisie ClinicalTrials.gov).
EN
Enhanced feedback provided by virtual reality has been shown to promote motor learning both in healthy subjects and patients with motor impairments following lesions of the central nervous system. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of displaying a virtual teacher as visual feedback to promote the recovery of upper limb motor function after a stroke. The protocol reports the design of a single blind randomized controlled trial (RCT), blinded to outcome assessment. Two different treatments based on virtual reality will be compared: in the “Teacher” group, the patients receive treatment with continuous displaying of a virtual teacher, while in the “No-Teacher” group, the same exercises will be proposed without visualization of a virtual teacher. The Fugl-Meyer upper extremity scale will be considered as the primary outcome, while the Functional Independence Measure scale, Reaching Performance Scale and Modified Ashworth Scale will be considered as secondary outcomes. Moreover, kinematic parameters such as mean duration (seconds), mean linear velocity (cm/s) and smoothness (i.e. number of sub-movements) will be registered when performing standardised tasks. All tests will be performed before and after treatments. Both treatments will last four weeks with a daily session lasting one hour, five days a week (20 overall sessions). This study is designed to systematically assess the influence of using enhanced visual feedback for the recovery of upper limb motor function after a stroke. These findings will help to determine whether the use of a virtual teacher as enhanced visual feedback is effective for promoting better recovery of upper limb motor function over four weeks of post-stroke treatment. Current Controlled Trials registration number: NCT02234531 (registered on 29 August 2014, ClinicalTrials. gov) Kiper P., Zucconi C., Agostini M., Baba A., Dipalma F., Berlingieri C., Longhi C., Tonin P., Turolla A. Assessment of virtual teacher feedback for the recovery of the upper limb after a stroke. Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Med Rehabil 2016; 20(3): 13-20. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0009.5010
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Content available remote Robotic orthosis compared to virtual hand for Brain–Computer Interface feedback
63%
EN
Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCI) allow the control of external devices by decoding the users' intentions from their central nervous system. Feedback, one of the main elements of a closed- loop BCI, is used to enhance the user's performance. The present work aimed to compare the effect of two different feedback sources; congruent anatomical visual hand representation and passive hand movement on BCI performance and cortical activations. Electroencephalography of 12 healthy right-handed subjects was recorded to set a BCI activated by right-hand motor imagery. Afterward, the subjects were asked to control the system by imagining the movement. The system provided either visual feedback, shown on a computer screen or kinesthetic feedback, provided by a robotic hand orthosis. Differences in performance and cortical activations were assessed, using classification accuracy and event-related desynchronization/synchronization in μ and β bands, respectively. Performance was significantly better with kinesthetic feedback as it allowed for higher correct classification of motor imagery. Cortical activations in the ipsilateral central channel in μ were different between the two feedback modalities. Our results imply that healthy subjects can achieve a greater degree of control using a motor imagery-based BCI with kinesthetic feedback than with anatomically congruent visual feedback. Furthermore, cortical activation differences show that kinesthetic feedback seems to elicit higher recruitment of sensorimotor cortex brain cells, which probably reflects enhanced local information modulation related to fine motor processing. Therefore, kinesthetic feedback provided by a robotic orthosis could be a more suitable feedback strategy for BCI systems designed for neuromodulation and neurorehabilitation.
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