Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Plasma recycling of chloroorganic wastes

100%

Jędrzejczyk T. , Kołaciński Z. , Koza D. , Raniszewski G. , Szymański Ł. , Wiak S.

Open Chemistry

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2015

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tom 13

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nr 1

EN

A high temperature of thermal plasma provides more efficient decomposition of the wastes in comparison to traditional combustion. Due to the high temperature and high density of energy in the plasma, the destruction rate is high, which determines a high efficiency waste decomposition. The main products of pyrolysis plasma chloroorganic compounds are pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis coke. In order to reduce carbon soot, the steam supported reaction was used. Application of plasma at a temperature range from 1000 to 1750 K enabled destruction of the chloroorganic compounds with a very good yield. Several degradation products were received , which were analyzed. In the research electric arc plasma was used in the process of pyrolysis chloroorganic waste utilization. The reactor with a rotating arc was applied. Selected chloroorganic compounds were selected as the model: chloromethane (CH3Cl), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) and dichlorobiphenyl (PCB-C12H8Cl2). Based on the amount of the individual components, chloroorganic in the exhaust gases, and the amount introduced to the plasma decomposition, percentage yield was calculated. Research results indicated that decomposition efficiency was more than 99,8% with the exception of CCl4 pyrolysis, which in the exhaust had a content of 0.2% CCl4.

2

Bio Oil Production by Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Tires

100%

Khalaf D. A. , Abudi Z. N. , Dhaher S. M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 22, nr 8

189--199

EN

In this study, pyrolysis of shredded waste tire was carried out thermally and catalytically in a fixed bed reactor. Thermal pyrolysis was performed at temperatures of 330 °C, 430 °C, 530 °C, and 630 °C under Ar. flow rate of 0.5 L/min as a carrier gas and retention time of 15 min catalytic pyrolysis was carried out at temperature of 530 °C. The effects of temperature and two types of catalysts (CaCO3 and SiO2/Al2O3) were studied on the yield of pyrolysis products. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for the oil products that were obtained by thermal and catalytic pyrolysis at 530 °C for chemical characterization. Oil, solid, and gas products yield by thermal pyrolysis at 530 °C were 50 wt. %, 35.6 wt. %, and 14.4 wt. % respectively, when the CaCO3 catalyst was used, the products distribution was 52 wt. %, 38.5 wt. %, and 9.5 wt. % respectively. While using SiO2 /Al2O3 the pyro oil, and char, and gas were decreased to 47 wt. %, 38 wt. %, and 15 wt. % respectively. The chemical composition of pyrolysis oil mainly included hydrocarbons compounds, predominantly Limonene which was represented by Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl).

3

Polucenie vodorogda kataliticeskim pirolizom ulgevodorodnyh gazov

100%

Sinicin S. A. , Gavrilov U. V. , Makarov A. S. , Bogod L. E.

Prace Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2009

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tom nr 162

138-142

EN

At present, hydrogen technology is one of the fastest developing segments in the chemical technology market. The production of carbon and hydrogenous gas is made feasible by the catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases. The obtained hydrogenous gas is suitable for fuel processing and for the production of pure hydrogen gas. Carbon is obtained in carbon nanotube forms. A catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases process using an iron-based (Fe) catalyst have been developed at Technical Center, TECHPROJECT. This process makes possible an 80% conversion of hydrocarbon gases by a single-stage pyrolysis and a 95-97% by a double-stage process at temperatures 600-700 degrees of Celsius. On this basis, a pilot plant with a mobile-catalyst bed has been created. This pilot plant has a hydrogen yield of 1, m3 per hour.

4

Characteristics of single wood particle pyrolysis using particle image velocimetry

100%

Kardaś D. , Kluska J. , Ronewicz K.

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nr 2

5

Spectrofluorometric characterization of oil from pyrolysis of scrap tires

100%

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M. , Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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tom Vol. 23, No. 1

25--30

EN

Almost all kinds of fuel applied in combustion engines come from refining industry, in which crude oil serves as basic raw material. However, there are also searched other sources of hydrocarbons which can be used directly or as additives to conventional fuels. The most popular in this regard are vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, from which are produced esters used as fuel for diesel engines. On the other hand, as additives to gasoline can be used alcohols derived from the fermentation of agricultural products. Another way to obtain liquid hydrocarbons is pyrolysis of scrap tires. In this article, such pyrolytic product is analysed in terms of its fluorescence properties compared to the fluorescent properties of substances derived from the distillation of the pyrolysis product in three following temperatures: 160, 204 and 350 ºC. All the tested substances show relatively strong fluorescence in ultraviolet range. Fluorometric spectra were performed applying the spectrofluorometer Hitachi F-7000 FL with 1x1 cm quartz cuvette. Studied substances were previously diluted in n-hexane to obtain concentration 4 ppm. Amount of fluorescent peaks and their positions depends on kind of distillate. Ipso facto fluorescence method seems be suitable much more – than chemical analyse – for quick identification of substances constituting a components of distillate obtained from pyrolytic product.

6

Creation of linear DC plasma generator for pyrolysis/gasification of organic materials

100%

Tamošiunas A. , Grigaitiene V. , Valatkevičius P.

Nukleonika

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2011

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tom Vol. 56, No. 2

131-135

EN

An experimental linear direct current (DC) plasma generator, with stepped anode, stabilized with air/water vapor, argon/water vapor and argon/air vortexes operating at atmospheric pressure had been designed and constructed in Plasma Processing Laboratory at Lithuanian Energy Institute (LEI, Kaunas). It was designed specially the innovative and environment-friendly plasma treatment of organic materials. Three different types of gas stabilization in plasma generator were experimentally investigated and their thermal and electrical characteristics were compared.

7

Application of pyrolysis-capillary gas chromatography with NPD detection in thermal degradation of polyphosphazenes study

100%

Paulsdorf J. , Wiemhöfer H.-D. , Orinák A. , Zámostný P. , Bělohlav Z. , Baxter D.

Open Chemistry

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2007

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tom 5

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nr 1

271-290

EN

Polyphosphazenes represent a unique class of polymers with a backbone composed of alternating phosphorous and nitrogen atoms. The thermal behaviour and decomposition of a variety of polyphosphazenes depends on the type of side groups present. Especially those that bear aryloxy side groups, possess a high temperature stability as well as excellent flame resistance. Pyrolysis-capillary gas chromatography has been used in a study of three polyphosphazene samples for thermal stability characterisation. Degradation products were detected with three single detectors for flame ionisation (FID), nitrogen-phosphorous sensitivity (NPD) and mass spectrometry (MSD) at different pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 300°C up to 800°C. The NPD responses for phosphorous or nitrogen fragments of polyphosphazenes have been used for the construction of degradation product schemes and the examination of the thermal stability of the polyphosphazene’s backbone. Partial identification of the degradation products present in the gaseous phase was achieved by MSD. The polyphosphazenes thermal degradation conversion rates were at a maximum at 450–500°C. At various pyrolysis temperatures, the calculated N/P peak area ratio is a function of the degree of polyphosphazene-N=P-chain degradation, and reflective of the nitrogen - phosphorous detector sensitivity. NPD proved to be suitable tool for characterization of polyphospazene thermal stability.

8

Modeling of drying and pyrolysis in a gasifier during the startup phase

100%

Ciżmiński P. , Polesek-Karczewska S. , Kardaś D.

Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery

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2015

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tom nr 128

73--83

EN

An appropriate arrangement of particular zones in the gasifier is of practical importance for the gasification process effectiveness. One of the parameters that affects the optimum reactor operation and has to be taken into account is the speed of bed movement. The transient one-dimensional model describing the heat and mass transfer in the upper section of the biomass fixed bed gasifier that covers the zones of evaporation and pyrolysis, was introduced. To study the effect of packed bed settling resulted from the wood particles’ volume change due to their devolatilization, the simulations for various bed movement speeds were performed. The computation results indicated, as expected, on the different distribution of pyrolysis and drying zones, depending on the speed value. The clear tendency towards the reduction of pyrolysis zone, and on the other hand, towards the expansion of drying zone, with an increasing movement speed was observed.

9

Comparative analysis of fuels derived from pe plastic waste with a mixture of plastic recycling waste of codes: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 based on low-temperature pyrolysis

100%

Lesnau A. , Tyliszczak M.

Journal of KONES

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2019

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tom Vol. 26, No. 4

149--154

EN

Thanks to their numerous advantages, plastics are becoming more and more widely used in all branches of industry. The quantities of products, their packaging and, consequently, the amount of synthetic polymer waste are steadily increasing, what poses a high risk to the environment due to their long decomposition time. To reduce waste production is practically impossible, therefore it is very important to constantly implement new and improve existing methods of waste treatment. The following article presents one of the alternative methods for synthetic polymer waste treatment, which is low-temperature pyrolysis. Two pyrolysis processes were carried out. During the first experiment a polyethylene plastic material was used, in the second experiment a mixture of typical household recycling waste of codes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were tested. During the thermal processing, the input material undergoes a chemical transformation due to breaking of long hydrocarbon chains. At the same time, high-energy density products, such as petroleum products and gas, are produced. The main advantage of the presented method is that it allows reducing preliminary technological processes to a minimum and it is easily automated, as it reduces the process to one compact installation. The reduction of the amount of stored waste and the recovery of petroleum derivatives, are additional advantages of pyrolysis implementation. That, in consequence allows reducing consumption of fossil fuel resources.

10

Wybrane aspekty pirolizy zużytych opon samochodowych

100%

Wasilewski R. , Stelmach S. , Sobolewski A.

Inżynieria Chemiczna i Procesowa

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2005

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tom T. 26, z. 4

801-816

PL

Zużyte opony samochodowe stwarzają poważne zagrożenie środowiskowe i duże trudności w recyklingu. Opisano zastosowanie procesu pirolizy do przerobu odpadów, w tym zużytych opon samochodowych. Przedstawiono wyniki testów ich pirolizy, wykonanych w skali wielkolaboratoryjnej. Pirolizę prowadzono w reaktorze ze złożem stałym w temperaturze 400, 500 i 600 [stopni] C. Uzyskane produkty mogą spełnić komercyjne wymagania jakościowe po dodatkowej przeróbce.

EN

The waste tyres create serious environmental hazard and difficulties during recycling. Application of the pyrolysis for wastes processing and especially of waste tyres has been described. The results of the pyrolysis tests of scrap tyres on a big laboratory scale have been presented. The pyrolysis process has been carried out in batch reactor at temperatures 400, 500 and 600 [degrees] C. The products obtained from this process can fulfil the commercial qualitative requirements after additional treatment.

11

Application of pyrolysis process in processing of mixed food wastes

100%

Grycová B. , Koutník I. , Pryszcz A. , Kaloč M.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2016

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tom Vol. 18, nr 1

19--23

EN

The food industry produces large amounts of solid and also liquid wastes. Different waste materials and their mixtures were pyrolysed in the laboratory pyrolysis unit to a final temperature of 800°C with a 10 minute delay at the final temperature. After the pyrolysis process of the selected wastes a mass balance of the resulting products, off-line analysis of the pyrolysis gas and evaluation of solid and liquid products were carried out. The highest concentration of methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide were analyzed during the 4th gas sampling at a temperature of approx. 720–780°C. The concentration of hydrogen was measured in the range from 22 to 40 vol.%. The resulting iodine numbers of samples CHFO, DS, DSFW reach values that indicate the possibility of using them to produce the so-called “disposable sorbents” in wastewater treatment. The WC condensate can be directed to further processing and upgrading for energy use.

12

The influence of hygienisation of sewage sludge on the process of pyrolysis

100%

Čížková A. , Juchelková D. , Raclavská H.

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2011

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tom 32

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nr 1

57-68

EN

The aim of this work was to determine the influence of liming on the process of pyrolysis. Three samples of sludge from two wastewater treatment plants were selected for this study on pyrolysis: sludge without liming and limed sludge from the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ostrava and sludge from the Wastewater Treatment Plant in Sviadnov. The samples had different content of calcite (CaCO3). The limed sludge contained 7% of CaCO3, sludge without liming 3.8% and sludge without liming from WWTP Sviadnov contained 0.5% of calcite. The results of laboratory pyrolysis proved that limed sludge released the maximum amount of carbon - 55.46 %, while sludge without liming from WWTP Sviadnov released only 48.92%. Calcite produces during its decomposition CaO and the product influences the pyrolysis process because it supports cracking of volatile organic compounds

13

Scrap tyres pyrolysis: technology and equipment update, by-products valorisation

100%

Jung C. G. , Fontana A.

Elastomery

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2001

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tom T. 5, nr 2

38-40

EN

Scrap tyres, classified as priority waste stream by EU Commission, present disposal problems. According to recently prepared the EU Landfill Directive dumping will not more be allowed. There is a need for optimisation of the choice between material and energy valorisation in relation to the existing secondary raw material market. The quantity and quality of the end-products depends mainly on the process parameters. Qualifying the end products (char and oils) is necessary in order to fit with the market and to reach the best adequation with the demand. The study shows the evaluation of different combinations of unit processes to achieve marketable secondary raw material.

PL

Opony zużyte, sklasyfikowane przez Komisję Europejską jako priorytetowy strumień odpadów, stwarzają problemy ze składowaniem. Zgodnie z ostatnio przygotowaną dyrektywą (EU Landfill Directive) zabronione zostanie tworzenie zwałowisk opon. W związku z tym istnieje konieczność dokonywania wyboru między przetwarzaniem materiału a wykorzystaniem go jako energii, zależnie od potrzeb rynku. Na podstawie badań oceniono różne układy procesów jednostkowych służących do otrzymywania produktów o wartości handlowej.

14

Waste tires as a source of valuable chemicals

100%

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M. , Walacik M.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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tom Vol. 23, No. 2

25--29

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of the isolation of valuable chemical compounds from pyrolysis oil obtained from the pyrolyzed waste car tires. Produced pyrolysis oil were subjected to a distillation process to isolate medium naphtha fraction average naphtha that contains limonene, which according to the literature data, can be used as an environmental friendly solvent in a number of cleaning agents. Considering the boiling point of limonene (176°C), the medium fraction of the separated oil was re-distilled to isolate compounds with temperature of boiling point between 174-177°C. The prepared sample was analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. Based on the chromatographic analysis, it was found that in a separate sample of pyrolysis oil the highest share constituted toluene, and then cyclobutane, benzene derivatives, which is essential in the chemical industry. The share of limonene was low (approx. 1%), what is explained by too high temperature of the pyrolytic process. The results of analysis and literature allow unequivocally state that in order to separate specific compounds from pyrolytic oil, parameters of this process should be first determined in pilot studies. In conclusion, it is believed that the pyrolysis of tires is suitable method of disposing of the waste, thereby obtaining products containing valuable compounds for the fuel and chemical industries.

15

Mathematical modelling of heat and mass transfer in a fixed biomass fuel bed. Part 2, Pyrolysis

100%

Gemechu B. , Atreya A. , Blasiak W.

Archives of Thermodynamics

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1999

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tom Vol. 20, no 3/4

63-72

EN

Heat and mass transfer in a fixed bed of biomass during thermal degradation of biomass in a hot inert gas (pyrolysis) is modeled. Biomass fuel decomposes to give gas, tar and char as a result of hot gas flowing through it upwards from a combustion char below. The main heating mode at this stage is conduction and convection. The fuel bed is assumed to be a porous homogenous layer composedof uniformely distributed coarse particles that are randomly oriented. The mathematical model formulates the basic equations and solves them numerically to describe the temperature and solid fuel degradation to tar, gas and char. Thermal non-equilibrium between the gas phase and the solid particle surfaces is assumed, conseqently the use of separate equations for gas and solid phase equations is necessary

16

Pirolityczne metody utylizacji odpadów niebezpiecznych - przykładowe rozwiązania i emisja zanieczyszczeń

100%

Oleniacz R.

Inżynieria Środowiska / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. S. Staszica w Krakowie

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1999

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tom T. 4, z. 2

257-281

PL

Scharakteryzowano procesy pirolizy i zgazowania substancji organicznych oraz główne kierunki ich zastosowania do termicznej utylizacji odpadów niebezpiecznych. Omówiono wykorzystywane do tego celu podstawowe rozwiązania techniczne, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem instalacji krajowych oraz nowych, rozwojowych technologii. Mając na uwadze fakt, że pirolityczne metody znalazły w Polsce zastosowanie głównie do unieszkodliwiania odpadów medycznych, najwięcej uwagi poświęcono instalacjom przeznaczonym dla tych odpadów. Przedstawiono także problem emisji zanieczyszczeń z tego typu instalacji oraz uwagi eksploatacyjne w oparciu o doniesienia literaturowe i badania własne.

EN

Organic matter pyrolysis and gasification processes and main trends to their application for the thermal utilization of hazardous wastes have been described. Basic technical solutions used for this purpose were discussed taking into particular consideration home-grown installations and new development technologies. In view of the fact that pyrolytic methods were mainly applicable in Poland to the medical waste disposal most attention was given to the installations which are designed for these wastes. Problems of air pollutant emissions from this type of installations and operating observations on the authority of references and own research were presented in the article as well.

17

Prediction of coking dynamics for wet coal charge

100%

Kardaś D. , Polesek-Karczewska S. , Ciżmiński P. , Stelmach S.

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2015

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tom 36

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nr 3

291-303

EN

A one-dimensional transient mathematical model describing thermal and flow phenomena during coal coking in an oven chamber was studied in the paper. It also accounts for heat conduction in the ceramic oven wall when assuming a constant temperature at the heating channel side. The model was solved numerically using partly implicit methods for gas flow and heat transfer problems. The histories of temperature, gas evolution and internal pressure were presented and analysed. The theoretical predictions of temperature change in the centre plane of the coke oven were compared with industrialscale measurements. Both, the experimental data and obtained numerical results show that moisture content determines the coking process dynamics, lagging the temperature increase above the water steam evaporation temperature and in consequence the total coking time. The phenomenon of internal pressure generation in the context of overlapping effects of simultaneously occurring coal transitions - devolatilisation and coal permeability decrease under plastic stage - was also discussed.

18

Valorization of carbonic waste through pyrolysis conversion

100%

Stanciulescu I. , Badea A. , Marculescu C.

Archivum Combustionis

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2016

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tom Vol. 36 nr 1

37--46

EN

The paper presents the results of a study regarding the scrap tire to energy conversion using two different processes: combustion and pyro-combustion. Laboratory determinations were conducted on two different scrap tires (summer and winter) to assess the primary, ultimate and calorimetry analysis of the feedstock. Pyrolysis experiments data achieved on laboratory scale batch reactors, under a controlled inert atmosphere using nitrogen, were used in the study. Using the experimental data on the reaction products distribution, chemical composition and the specific energy content, the waste to energy conversion chain using combustion was analyzed. The direct combustion of the waste was compared to the combustion of pyrolysis reaction products with respect to the specific mass and energy flows. Based on experimental data the process energy balance was computed.

19

Preparation and properties of calcium oxide from eggshells via calcination

100%

Tangboriboon N. , Kunanuruksapong R. , Sirivat A.

Materials Science Poland

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2012

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tom Vol. 30, No. 4

313--322

EN

Duck eggs are one of the most versatile cooking ingredients in which residue eggshells are discarded. Raw duck eggshells were calcined at temperatures between 300 to 900 °C, for 1, 3, and 5 h. Both the raw and calcined duck eggshells were characterized by FTIR, STA, XRD, XRF, TEM, BET, a particle size analyzer, and an impedance analyzer. The proper calcination conditions are: 900 °C and 1 h, yielding calcium oxide with a purity of 99.06 % w/w. The calcium carbonate of the rhombohedral form (CaCO3) transforms completely into the calcium oxide or lime of the face centered cubic form (CaO) at 900 °C, as shown by XRD diffraction patterns. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the calcium oxide reveal a moderately good dispersion of nearly uniform particles. The calcium oxide has a white color, a spherical shape, high porosity, and narrow particles size distribution. The percentage of ceramic yield of the calcium oxide is 53.53, as measured by STA (TG-DTA-DTG). The calcium oxide has a N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm indicating the meso-porosity range. The dielectric constant and the electrical conductivity of the calcined calcium oxide are 35 and 1:0-106(W-m)1 , respectively, at the frequency of 500 Hz.

20

Fast pyrolysis of biomass. Analysis of bio-oil

100%

Piskorz J. , Majerski P. , Radlein D.

Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu. Technologia Drewna

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2001

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tom 35