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EN
The article was written on the basis of the correspondence of the offi cials of Duchess Anna Radziwiłł-Sanguszko, whose lands belonged to the most extensive in the old Polish- Lithuania state. It discusses problems the duchess had to face connected with sending ships loaded with grain and potash to the harbours in Gdańsk and Königsberg in 1733 and selling the agricultural and forest products there. In Gdańsk a young Jew responsible for transport – Aronowicz – sold the grain too cheap (according to priests), which caused the duchess’s indignation. In Königsberg the merchants of the Saturguses and Fahrenheits occupied (arrested) the Radziwiłłs’ ships on account of the debt taken out by the Sapiehas – the former owners of part of the lands from which the goods originated. Nevertheless, a special envoy of the duchess Captain Karol Petersen led to a compromise. The article also discusses the organizational issues or river transport and difficult navigation conditions resulting from e.g. the low level of water.
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Content available remote Inflace titulů? Rakouské nobilitace ve druhé polovině 19. století
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EN
A deep transformation of Austrian society, and consequently that of the aristocratic community occurred during the reign of Franz Joseph I. They lost their role as mediator between the Monarch and his subjects, i.e. their nobility rights, serfdom was also abolished. The aristocratic title as such was, however, preserved and the granting of it continued to be an important means of creating a group of inhabitants loyal to the sovereign and the state. This study interprets in detail the reasons for the change of Austrian aristocratic society after 1848 and the consequences of this situation for both the aristocratic community and the monarchy as a whole.
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The article is devoted to the representative system, which was one of the elements of the social and political thought of the Russian philosopher Boris Chicherin, who worked in the second half of the nineteenth century. The author analyzes the structure of national representation and the factors which – according to Boris Chicherin – weakened or strengthened the system. In this article, the author emphasizes the role of different factors: social groups (aristocracy, middle class), political liberty and property, that were important for the formation of representative institutions. The analysis of the representative system would not be possible without presenting the basic outline of the conservative-liberal philosophy of the Russian thinker.
EN
Land reform was one of the most important acts of the First Czechoslovak Republic. It formally completed the democratic state system, in which all citizens were equal and all had the same opportunities, thus helping to ease social extremes. On the other hand, this particular act had an impact on one whole social group of the population, no matter the justifications that were made for it using historical or socio-political arguments. Although political declarations regarding land reform made no mention of former members of the aristocracy, but rather landowners, the idea of owners of large areas of land being former aristocrats resonated strongly within public opinion, with these members of the nobility representing one of the linchpins of the old system, and also being German, thus representing a natural enemy of the new republic.
DE
Die Bodenreform war eine der wichtigsten Maßnahmen der ersten Tschechoslowakischen Republik. Formal vollendete sie die demokratische Staatsordnung, in der alle Bürger gleich sind und die gleichen Gelegenheiten haben, und trug damit zur Milderung der sozialen Extreme bei. Andererseits traf die Republik mit diesem Akt eine ganze soziale Bevölkerungsgruppe, auch wenn sie sich bemühte, dies durch historische oder gesellschaftlich-politische Argumente zu rechtfertigen. Obwohl in den politischen Erklärungen in Zusammenhang mit der Bodenreform nicht von Angehörigen des ehemaligen Adels gesprochen wird, sondern nur von Großgrundbesitzern, bestand in der öffentlichen Meinung die starke Vorstellung von den Eigentümern großer Landgüter als ehemaligen Aristokraten, Vertretern einer der Stützen der alten Staatsordnung, Deutschen und somit ganz natürlich Feinden der neuen Republik. Ich habe versucht, diese Hypothese mit einigen Ausschnitten aus zeitgenössischen Dokumenten zu beweisen, ob nun ihre Verfasser zu den Sympathisanten der Bodenreform gehörten oder im Gegenteil die gewählte Form der Veränderung des Grundstücksbesitzes in der Tschechoslowakei kritisierten. Es ist interessant, dass sich nach Ablauf der Zeit der größten revolutionären Stimmungen, in der ein stark adelsfeindlicher Zug der öffentlichen Meinung zu erkennen war, die Situation soweit konsolidierte, dass in der Gesellschaft erneut Hochachtung vor den Vertretern der ehemaligen adeligen Schicht erwachte. In ihren Folgen war auch die Bodenreform nicht so weitreichend und streng, wie es in ihren Anfängen erschien. Der Großteil der konfiszierten Grundstücke ging im Lauf der 30iger Jahre an die ursprünglichen Eigentümer zurück. Bei einigen Großgrundbesitzern hinterließ wahrscheinlich der Prozess der Bodenreform trotzdem das Gefühl einer großen Verbitterung. Es ist die Frage, in welchem Maß diese Erfahrung zu ihrer eventuellen späteren Neigung zur Ideologie des Nationalsozialismus führte. Auch dies ist ein Studiengebiet, das noch detaillierter erforscht werden sollte.
EN
The article deals with the person of Johann Andreas Schneiderer. Schneiderer was a servant of the nobility who served the Czernin family (especially Franz Joseph Czernin) in the first third of the 18th century. The article is especially interested in two levels of his professional life, that is J. A. Schneiderer as an official (an administrator of Count Czernin’s palaces in Vienna) and as an agent who regularly informed his employer about events in the capital city of the monarchy.
EN
In connection with the development of research on legislation determining the position of the German aristocracy, its role in administration, society and development of culture, a number of doubts have arisen in Polish science related to the need to transpose the concepts into Polish, but maybe even more, to give them appropriate content and even certain emotional charge. The problem became evident especially in relation to Herrenstand (Herrenkaste, Herrenklasse). Interestingly, despite the historicity of this concept, the European, as well as the German, historiography abandoned the general formulation of „aristocracy”. In fact, it is not only about the state elite, i.e. the nobles, which were common in countries under the influence, let us remember the German and Austrian legal and social cultures. Speech about an independent social stratum that has isolated and emancipated itself over the centuries. The main problem today is the restoration of the original form, as postulated by the author in research that has been carried out for over ten years, and its introduction to the scientific circle in the form of the term „estate of lords”. The main question of the article remains: Could we regard Herrenstand as separate and independent estate of the realm or not? Since there exist many indices of real possibility from the legal perspective, it could be at least very rational and reasonable.
EN
The subject of the analysis carried out in the spirit of cultural linguistics are private letters of the Pawlikowski family, particularly the correspondence between the married couple Helena and Mieczysław. The author concentrates on fragments which allow to reconstruct the culinary habits and preferences of the letter writers. Juxtaposition of the Polish and foreign lexical items as well as structures of the sentences on the culinary topics included in the letters shows a syncretism of tastes and cultural norms of the representatives of the aristocracy from the Małopolska region in the second half of the 19th century.
EN
In my study, I analyze the structure of the noble society of the Upper Hungarian region, and I try to show, that which stratum of the noble society operated the different level of the military and estates govenment and how they were related each other in the first half of the 17th century.
EN
« Faut-il nécessairement que la beauté s’ignore pour ne rien perdre de son éclat ? » : Good Taste and Grace in George Sand’s Le Piccinino In Histoire de ma vie, George Sand claims that the main reason she wrote Le Piccinino (1847) was so that she could present her views on the nobility in three central chapters. While using the discourse of the nobility on itself, in particular when it comes to the relationship between heredity and aristocratic memory, she also subverts this discourse by democratizing the relationship between memory and lineage. The rest of the novel offers many representations of noblewomen and noblemen, who all seem to share a specific trait: good taste and grace of manners, whose degree seems to accurately represent their position in society. This essay will explore these two facets of the nobility and the way in which they conspire to display an aura of natural superiority, while simultaneously being undermined by Sand’s very personal opinion, as she strives to dispel this long-lasting illusion.
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Content available Zmierzch bogów w Dubrowniku
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EN
The Croatian film Occupation in 26 pictures (1978), directed by Lordan Zafranović is considered as one of the most controversial vision of the Second World War in Yugoslav cinema. The director uses the ornamental style, modeled on Italian cinema, to portray the change of power in Dubrovnik in 1941 – at the beginning of the fascist occupation of the city. He juxtaposes the licentiousness of Italian, German and Croatian fascists and the fall of the Dubrovnik aristocracy and the rebellion of communists. The political changes in the city are presented against the background of its rich cultural tradition. Zafranović highlights the beauty of Dubrovnik’s architectural and natural landscape that fascists desecrate. Decadent poetics with its aesthetic excess allows him to refresh and deepen the communist interpretation of the fascist occupation.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2020
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tom 111
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nr 1
217-228
PL
W książce Leona Koźmińskiego „Voltaire finansista” (2019) Voltaire został przedstawiony od strony mało znanej. Nie jako filozof czy poeta, ale jako biznesmen. Autor rozważa, w jakich aspektach jego działalność jako przedsiębiorcy może zainteresować badaczy uprawiających socjologię historyczną. Zwraca uwagę na łączenie ról społecznych przedsiębiorcy oraz filozofa, uwikłanie przedsiębiorcy w ówczesny establishment polityczny, różnice społecznego i ekonomicznego krajobrazu miast takich jak Londyn, Amsterdam, Paryż i miasta położone nad środkową Wisłą. Ciekawa jest niemożność zajmowania się pieniędzmi oraz inwestowaniem w wypadku szlachty polskiej zestawiona z aktywnością Voltaire’a. W Polsce tych czasów szlachcic mógł się zajmować gospodarowaniem na roli lub wojaczką, podczas gdy aktywność związaną z obrotem pieniężnym przerzucano na Żydów – co miało wielorakie i długotrwałe konsekwencje. Ważna z punktu widzenia socjologii historycznej jest kwestia siły oddziaływania centralnej władzy państwa na aktywność ekonomiczną poszczególnych osób. Także – sposoby, jakimi owa władza przekazywała komunikaty poddanym, a w tym przedsiębiorcom. Autora interesuje, jakie formy działania uważano za akceptowalne w decyzjach ekonomicznych. Ciekawy jest obraz nowoczesnego – według kryteriów owego czasu – gospodarstwa rolnego, zarysowany przez Voltaire’a. Osobną sprawą, interesującą historyka pracującego na pograniczu socjologii, jest wykorzystanie korespondencji Voltaire’a w rozpatrywanym opracowaniu. Ponieważ, co oczywiste, dla dawnych czasów nie dysponujemy badaniami opinii publicznej, czerpanie informacji z korespondencji bywa wyjątkowo korzystne mimo wszystkich trudności, jakie przedstawia badanie takiego źródła.
EN
In Leon Koźmiński’s book “Voltaire finansista” (“Voltaire the Financier),” Voltaire is presented from an unknown side—not as a philosopher or a poet, but as a businessman. The author of the paper considers the possible aspects of Voltaire’s entrepreneurship that may raise interest of historical sociology scholars. He also pays attention to the merging of the social roles of the entrepreneur and the philosopher, and Voltaire’s mingling into the then political establishment, to the differences between the social and economical landscape of such cities as London, Amsterdam, or Paris, and those of the central Vistula. Impossibility of dealing with money or investments of the Polish nobility contrasted to Voltaire’s activity proves interesting. In Poland at that time a nobleman was to manage a farm or serve the army, while financial activity was given to the Jews, which brought about multiple and long-lasting consequences. From the point of view of historical sociology, it is vital to discern the crucial influence of the state’s central power on the economic activity of the individuals, as well as the ways the then power transferred message to its people, including the entrepreneurs. The author is interested in the forms of activity that were seen as acceptable when making economical decisions. The image of the modern, according to the criteria of its time, farmstead sketched by Voltaire is worthy of attention. A separate issue, also of interest to the historian researching the sociological borderline, is the use of Voltaire’s correspondence in the analysed study. As it is obvious that we lack social opinion material of the old days, employing pieces of information from letters is especially advantageous in spite of the many difficulties that this source poses to its readers.
PL
Złożoność struktury polityczno-ustrojowej Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów podkreślały, mocą swego szczególnego statusu, funkcjonujące w jej ramach księstwa. Większość z nich weszła w skład Rzeczpospolitej na skutek postanowień Unii Lubelskiej (1569 r.). Wraz z innymi podmiotami (posiadłości szlacheckie, terytoria dużych miastach królewskich, posiadłości kościelne, etc.), wzmacniały terytorialno-administracyjną decentralizację wspólnoty. Dla porządku politycznego nowożytnej Europy, takie skomplikowane struktury polityczno-terytorialny był częstym zjawiskiem, charakterystyczne w szczególności dla ówczesnych Niemiec. Księstwa magnatów Rzeczypospolitej miał więc status podobny funkcjonujących w tym samym czasie księstw niemieckich. W przeciwieństwie jednak do tych ostatnich, z chwila upadku dawnego porządku politycznego, nawet najbardziej potężne i wyróżniające się swym statusem (księstwa, ordynacje) państwa magnackie, nie zostały nigdy na forum międzynarodowym uznane za odrębne państwa. Okoliczności te nie negują jednak polityczno-prawnego statusu księstw Rzeczpospolitej jako terytoriów o charakterze państwowym (publiczno-prawnym) w ramach przednowoczesnego porządku politycznego. Stan ten potwierdzały związki rodzinne polsko-litewskich książąt z rodami zagranicznych książąt panujących, utrzymywane do końca istnienia Rzeczypospolitej.
EN
The complexity of the political structure of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was amplified by the territories of the duchies. Along with the other subjects (smaller magnates’ lordships, territories of the large royal cities, church possessions, etc.), they strengthened the administrative-territorial decentralisation of the Commonwealth. In the political order for early modern Europe such a complex political-territorial structure was a frequent phenomenon, characteristic, in particular, for the early modern Germany. The duchies of the magnates of the Commonwealth had, therefore, the political and legal status similar to that of the German duchies, existing at the same time. Contrary, though, to the German duchies, the magnate states in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, even the most powerful ones and the most pronounced as to their rank (like duchies and entails) did never acquire the formalisation (recognition) of their separate status on the modern international forum. With this respect, similarly as the entire territory of the Commonwealth, they belonged to the pre-modern order. This, however, does not negate the political and legal status of the magnate duchies in the framework of the pre-modern political system. This status was confirmed by the family ties of the Polish-Lithuanian dukes with the foreign ducal ruling families, maintained until the collapse of Commonwealth (1795).
EN
Książka Rafała Smoczyńskiego i Tomasza Zaryckiego została poświęcona socjologicznej analizie miejsca, jakie w polskim polu władzy zajmują od drugiej połowy XIX w. arystokracja, ziemiaństwo, szlachta. Pracę można uznać za podsumowanie wiedzy o roli środowisk postziemiańskich w Polsce w XX i XXI w. The book of Rafał Smoczyński and Tomasz Zarycki is devoted to a sociological analysis of the space occupied by aristocracy, landed gentry, and nobility in the Polish field of power since the second half of the nineteenth century. It could be regarded as a recapitulation of our knowledge of the role of post-landowning communities in Poland in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
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The paper examines the Near Eastern and Greek dedications at the Sanctuary of Hera in Samos during the 8th to 6th centuries BC. Contextualising the types of dedications and their origins indicate the identity of the dedicators, and whether they were Samians, other Greeks or from the Near East. Much scholarship has been devoted to the Samian Heraion and this paper contributes to these discussions by tracing the socio -economic and political objectives of the dedicators and bringing different theories into a single narrative. The paper presents a selection of votive dedications that embody broader exchanges: firstly as a political act between states; as a display of social power; the growing trade routes and role of sanctuary markets; and finally, the other modes of contact that emerged, such as mercenaries and pirates. Overall, the Samian Heraion played an essential role as a timely crossroads between the East and West, where the dedication practices shed light on the various groups of dedicators.
EN
The work concerns the history of two lines of the Silesian House of the Dyherrn (Dyhrn). It is preceded by a short story of the whole family. The lines of the family are mentioned in a very few existing source materials. The tombstones in the church in Grodowiec (district of Polkowice), which are preserved till today, are the most important. The author presents the characteristics of the people from these ancestral lines, who passed away  in the 16th (relatively between the 16th and 17th) century. The work is completed by the drawings of tombstones.
PL
Praca dotyczy historii dwóch linii śląskiego rodu von Dyherrn (Dyhrn). Poprzedza ją krótka historia całego rodu. Podane w tytule linie rodu są dotknięte niewielką liczbą zachowanych źródeł, a do tych najważniejszych należą zachowane do dziś nagrobki w kościele w Grodowcu (powiat Polkowice). Autor przedstawia charakterystykę postaci z tych linii rodowych, które w XVI w., względnie na przełomie XVI i XVII w., wymarły. Pracę uzupełniają rysunki nagrobków.
17
Content available remote Un abbé voyageur à travers la France hérétique (1659)
63%
PL
Katolicki ksiądz Jean Le Laboureur towarzyszył jako sekretarz Renee du Bec-Crespin, wdowie po marszałku de Guebriant, w podróży do granicy hiszpańskiej, gdzie negocjowano pokój pirenejski. We wrześniu 1659 r. Renee du Bec-Crespin niespodziewanie zmarła w Perigueux, ale podróż kontynuowano. Na czele wyprawy stanęła młoda żona markiza Vardes, kapitana towarzyszącego wyprawie królewskiego regimentu Cent Suisses. Wśród wielu komentarzy na temat prowincji, przez które powoli przejeżdżali podróżni, w rękopisie odnotowano uwagi na temat starożytnych zabytków (Bordeaux, Nimes), sławnych miejsc pielgrzymkowych (Sainte-Baume) oraz niezwykłych zamków i parków (Cadillac). Jako katolik autor był wstrząśnięty ogromnymi zniszczeniami kościołów i klasztorów spowodowanymi w trakcie niedawnych wojen religijnych przez „heretyków” (jak określał protestantów). Niepokoiła go również żywotność licznych i potężnych społeczności protestanckich, szczególnie na południowym zachodzie i południowym wschodzie królestwa.
EN
Jean Le Laboureur, a Catholic priest, accompanies Renee du Bec-Crespin, the widow of Marshal de Guebriant, as her secretary on a journey towards the Spanish border where the Treaty of the Pyrenees is being negotiated. She dies unexpectedly in Perigueux in September 1659, but the journey goes on, now headed by the young wife of the Marquis of Vardes, captain of the Royal Regiment of the Cent Suisses, who follows the court. Among the many comments about the provinces through which the travellers slowly proceed, the manuscript contains remarks about antique monuments (Bordeaux, Nimes), famous pilgrimage destinations (Sainte-Baume) as well as remarkable castles and parks (Cadillac). As a Catholic the author is shocked by the huge destruction of churches and monasteries caused, during the recent religious wars, by the “heretics” as he refers to the Protestants. He is also concerned by the vitality of the Protestant communities, which remain numerous and powerful, especially in the south-west and south-east of the kingdom.
EN
The presented essay discusses the influence and activities of a figure sitting on one of Europe’s thrones that was in many regards quite unusual and extraordinary. Elisabeth, otherwise known as Elsa von Gutmann came from one of the most influential Jewish entrepreneurial families in the old monarchy. The relationship of the heir to the throne and as of 1929 the ruling Prince Franz I. of Liechtenstein with a woman of Jewish descent broke all the conventions of the time. What was most unusual was the willingness of a highly esteemed aristocrat to legalize this relationship. Franz even refused to abdicate his succession right to the throne because of his efforts to push through his marriage to Elsa, which his older brother Prince Johann II. did not wish to allow. As is shown in the essay, Franz I. was adamant about keeping his right of succession mainly because he was aware of the fact that he could only marry Elsa without having consideration for the opinions of his family, if he was the ruling prince. The goal of the essay is to attempt to clarify the causes of Franz’s decision, which was quite sensational for that time. Concurrently, the impact that the marriage had on his rule over the principality (1929–38) as well as the relationship with Nazi Germany are also analyzed. The role of Elsa as Princess and later the Princess Dowager is also discussed.
CS
Předkládaná studie pojednává o vlivu a aktivitách osoby sedící na jednom z evropských trůnů, jež byla v mnoha ohledech poněkud neobvyklá a výjimečná. Elisabeth — známá jako Elsa von Gutmann — pocházela z jedné z nejvýznamnějších židovských podnikatelských rodin ve staré monarchii. Vztah dědice trůnu a od roku 1929 vládnoucího knížete Františka I. z Lichtenštejna se ženou židovského původu zbortil všechny dobové konvence. Nejneobvyklejší byla ochota vysoké aristokracie k legitimizaci tohoto vztahu. František dokonce odmítl abdikovat na své nástupnické právo na trůn kvůli své snaze prosadit manželství s Elsou, které nechtěl jeho starší bratr kníže Jan II. schválit. Jak je znázorněno ve studii, František I. byl ve své snaze ponechat si nástupnické právo neústupný zejména proto, že si byl vědom skutečnosti, že bez veškerých rodinných pochybností by si mohl vzít Elsu pouze za předpokladu, že by byl následníkem trůnu. Cílem studie je pokusit se objasnit příčiny Františkova rozhodnutí, jež bylo na tu dobu velmi překvapivé. Současně je analyzován rovněž dopad, jaký mělo manželství na knížecí vládu (1929–1938) stejně jako na vztah s nacistickým Německem. Zmíněna je rovněž role Elsy jako kněžny a později jako kněžny vdovy.
EN
To understand the inner life and motivation of nobility members personal documents written by the nobles, such as their correspondence or diaries available in Czech archives, are of utmost importance. Irrespective of their unquestionable contribution to the research into the 20th century history of nobility such sources have been almost fully neglected by researchers in spite of the fact that Czech historiography had recognized the noble’s personal diary as an important source of historical information as early as the 1990s. Ego documents from the Kálnoky Family Archive largely extend our knowledge of how the nobility viewed the revolutionary events following the disintegration of Austria-Hungary and help us understand the motivation of their attitudes and behavior patterns in the first half of the 20th century.
EN
Alicja Ankarcrona lived in Stockholm, Brussels, Busko, Lviv, Vienna and Żywiec. She belonged to the European elite of the elites of the turn of the 19th and the 20th century. The Swedish aristocrat who married the Polish count and, after his death, married the Habsburg archduke. She did not stop being a Swede when she became Polish. She did not stop being Polish when during WWI she tied the knot with the Habsburg from Żywiec. She belonged to “the Beautiful Era”. In her life she experienced emperors and kings, two world wars and times of dictatorship but mentally never left that era. She was a member of the Home Army (AK). After the war she lived in a very modest way. She was addressed as the Habsburg duchess (after her husband) although the title no longer existed. She was the embodiment of “better times” and “the Habsburg myth”. Her life was the history of Europe in a miniature scale and an incredibly curious case of eternal entanglement in the past.
PL
Mieszkała w Sztokholmie, Brukseli, Busku, Lwowie, Wiedniu i Żywcu. Należała do europejskiej elity elit przełomu XIX i XX w. Szwedzka arystokratka, która wyszła za polskiego hrabiego, by po jego śmierci poślubić arcyksięcia Habsburga. Nie przestała być Szwedką, gdy została Polką. Nie przestała być Polką, gdy podczas I wojny światowej związała się z Habsburgiem z Żywca. Należała do „pięknej epoki”. Przeżyła wprawdzie cesarzy i królów, dwie wojny światowe i czas dyktatorów, ale nigdy się z tamtą epoką mentalnie nie rozstała. Była w AK. Po wojnie żyła nader skromnie. Tytułowana po mężu księżną Habsburg, który to tytuł nie istniał, była do końca uosobieniem „lepszych czasów” i „mitu habsburskiego” Jej życie to historia Europy w miniaturze. I niezwykle ciekawy przypadek dozgonnego uwikłania w przeszłość.
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