Aim of the study: To evaluate the value of uterine artery Doppler indices and waveform pattern in predicting fetuses at risk for intrauterine growth restriction in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Materials and methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study including 80 pregnant subjects with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and two control groups. Uterine artery Doppler sonography was performed in all study participants. Uterine artery Doppler indices across the groups were compared using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) while the presence of prediastolic notch was analyzed with the Chi Square test. Results: For the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy group, resistivity index > 0.66 had a sensitivity of 50.0%, specificity of 69.1% and a positive predictive value of 22.2% for predicting intrauterine growth restriction. The odds ratio was 2.2 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.6–7.8. The presence of prediastolic notching had a sensitivity of 100.0%, specificity of 96.0% and a positive predictive value of 80.0% for predicting intrauterine growth restriction. The odds ratio was 22.7 with a 95% confidence interval of 7.5–68.5. Conclusion: Uterine artery Doppler sonography is useful for predicting fetuses at risk for intrauterine growth restriction in hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Prediastolic notching is more sensitive and more specific than uterine artery resistivity index in predicting fetuses at risk of intrauterine growth restriction in established hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.
PL
Cel badania: Ocena wartości wskaźników dopplerowskich w tętnicach macicznych oraz kształtu fali przepływu w przewidywaniu wystąpienia wewnątrzmacicznego zahamowania wzrostu płodu w przebiegu nadciśnienia tętniczego u kobiet w ciąży. Materiał i metody: Było to prospektywne badanie przekrojowe obejmujące 80 ciężarnych pacjentek z nadciśnieniem tętniczym oraz 2 grupy kontrolne. U wszystkich uczestniczek wykonano badanie przepływu przez tętnice maciczne z użyciem opcji dopplerowskich. W celu porównania wskaźników dopplerowskich tętnic macicznych we wszystkich grupach zastosowano analizę wariancji (ANOVA), natomiast obecność wcięcia wczesnorozkurczowego analizowano z wykorzystaniem testu chi-kwadrat. Wyniki: W grupie ciężarnych z nadciśnieniem tętniczym wrażliwość wskaźnika oporu naczyniowego >0,66 wynosiła 50%, specyficzność – 69,1%, natomiast dodatnia wartość predykcyjna dla wewnątrzmacicznego zahamowania wzrostu płodu – 22,2%. Iloraz szans wynosił 2,2 przy 95-procentowym przedziale ufności wynoszącym 0,6–7,8. Obecność wcięcia wczesnorozkurczowego wykazywała wrażliwość na poziomie 100%, specyficzność – 96% i dodatnią wartość predykcyjną dla wewnątrzmacicznego zahamowania wzrostu płodu wynoszącą 80%. Iloraz szans wynosił 22,7 przy 95-procentowym przedziale ufności wynoszącym 7,5–68,5. Wnioski: Badanie przepływów w tętnicach macicznych z zastosowaniem opcji dopplerowskich jest użytecznym narzędziem do przewidywania ryzyka wystąpienia wewnątrzmacicznego zahamowania wzrostu płodu w przebiegu nadciśnienia tętniczego w ciąży. Obecność wcięcia wczesnorozkurczowego charakteryzuje się większą wrażliwością i specyficznością w przewidywaniu ryzyka wystąpienia wewnątrzmacicznego zahamowania wzrostu płodu w przebiegu rozpoznanego nadciśnienia tętniczego w ciąży niż wskaźnik oporu naczyniowego w tętnicach macicznych. Artykuł w wersji polskojęzycznej jest dostępny na stronie http://jultrason.pl/index.php/wydawnictwa/volume-17-no-71
Pharmacological analysis of C-terminal fragment of Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide [Tyr0]CGRP(28-37) (Ct-CGRP) in isolated pig uterine artery (UA) collected on days 17-18 of the oestrous cycle were studied. It was found that inhibition of a-adrenergic receptor activity (with phentolamine, 10-3 mol/1) inhibited the vasocontractile reaction of Ct-CGRP (10-8 mol/1), while ß-adrenergic receptors blockade (propranolol, 10-6 mol/1) did not affect the influence of this peptide on isolated UA. Methoxamine (ai-adrenomimetic, 10-5 mol/1) caused an increase (P < 0.01) in UA tension and subsequent Ct-CGRP treatment intensified (P < 0.01) this reaction in the UA examined, while prazosin (aradrenolytic, 10-6 mol/1) prevented the Ct-CGRP action. Clonidine (a2-adrenomimetic, 10-5 mol/1) did not elevate the UA tension and inhibited the Ct-CGRP action. Rauwolscin (a2-adrenolytic, 10-6 mol/1) caused an insignificant influence on UA tension but did not inhibit the Ct-CGRP action in the vessel examined. Moreover, the studies showed that Ct-CGRP intensified the action of desipramine (10-5 mol/1), while the nifedipine (10-5 mol/1) pretreatment prevented the action of this peptide. On the basis of the results obtained we conclude that the action of the rat C-terminal [Tyr0]CGRP(28-37) is related to the stimulation of neuronal release of noradrenaline (NA) as well as to the inhibition of the process of NA uptake in the adrenergic synapses in U A and/or to the stimulation of Ca2++ transport into the smooth muscle cells of UA.
In the present paper the influence of the rat C-terminal fragment [Tyr°]CGRP(28-37) (Ct-CGRP) was compared with the influences of noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh), respectively on isolated pig uterine artery (UA). It was shown that Ct-CGRP (10 -8 mol/1) caused contraction of UA, similar to NA (10-7 mol/1) action. ACh addition before Ct-CGRP treatment inhibited the action of this peptide. ACh administration after Ct-CGRP pretreatment negated the action of this peptide, whereas Ct-CGRP given before and after NA treatment caused additive contractile reactions of UA. Moreover, it was also shown that susceptibility of UA reaction on Ct-CGRP was higher in the postovulatory phase than in other phases of the oestrous cycle. But the effect of Ct-CGRP addition in NA pretreatment vessels as well as the influence of NA added after Ct-CGRP pretreatment were more marked in the luteal phase than in pre- and postovulatory phases of the cycle. Furthermore it was showed that CGRP (10 -9 mol/1) caused very strong dilatation of UA, equal to the reaction observed after ACh (10-8 mol/1) treatment. We concluded that Ct-CGRP in contrast to the whole molecule of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) caused vasocontractile activity in the isolated pig uterine artery. This effect was synergistic with NA action and was inhibited by ACh.
The uterine artery and its branches are the most important vessels that supply the uterus with blood, nutrients and active substances. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) are expressed in many tissues, including reproductive organs, and is involved in angiogenesis, embryo implantation and development as well as in proliferation and differentiation of various cells. The aim of our study was to determine EGF and EGFR immunoexpression in the uterine artery and its branches during the estrous cycle in the pig. The experiment was performed on cryostat sections of the uterine artery and its branches stained immunohistochemically by ABC method. Light microscopic observations revealed the phase-related immunoreactivity of EGF and EGFR in the endothelial cells of the uterine artery and its branches. The highest intensity of EGF and EGFR immunoreaction in endothelial cells of the uterine artery was observed in the follicular phase. A significant decrease in the intensity of EGF and EGFR immunoreactivity was found in the middle luteal phase. Similar results of the immunostaining were found with regard to EGFR. In the endothelium of the uterine arterial branches, a significant increase in the intensity of EGF and EGFR-immunoreac- tivity was observed in the middle luteal phase. A decrease in the intensity of EGF immunostaining was observed in the late luteal phase. The phase-related expression of EGF and EGFR in the endothelium of the uterine artery and its branches suggest the modulatory effect of EGF and its receptor on the uterine artery and the region supplying these vessels.
The contractile effects of PGF₂α (3 × 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁴ M) and PGE₂ (10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁵ M) were examined on isolated branches of ovarian artery (OA) and extramyometrial branches of uterine artery (UA) collected from pigs in the luteal (day 10-12) and follicular phase (day 17-20) of the estrous cycle, and during early pregnancy (day 10-12). Strong contraction was demonstrated in both arteries during all investigated periods in response to PGF2α, which was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than to PGE₂, being negligible in the follicular phase. In UA, the effective dose of PGF₂α (ED50) amounted 7.9 × 10⁻⁶ M and 6.3 × 10⁻⁶ M in the luteal and follicular phase, and 5.0 × 10⁻⁶ M in early pregnancy. ED50 for PGE₂ reached 5.0 × 10⁻⁷ M in the luteal phase, and 4.1 × 10⁻⁷ M in early pregnancy. For both prostaglandins, the contraction was much stronger (P < 0.01) in OA than in UA branches. In OA, the ED50 for PGF₂α was 1.2 × 10⁻⁵ M in the luteal phase and was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the follicular phase (3.1 × 10⁻⁶ M) and early pregnancy (2.7 × 10⁻⁶ M). ED50 for PGE2 amounted 7.3 × 10⁻⁷ M in the luteal phase and 1.7 × 10⁻⁷ M in early pregnancy. Studies showed the influence of the estrous cycle and early pregnancy on OA branches sensitivity to the contractile effect of PGF₂α and the lack of this effect on UA branches, and the influence of the estrous cycle on UA and OA branch contraction in response to PGE2.
W celu poznania udziału monoaminooksydazy (МАО) w procesie regulacji cyklu płciowego, w szyszynce, w lejku podwzgórza, w przysadce nerwowej i gruczołowej oraz w tętnicy macicznej i w t. jajnikowej świń oznaczano aktywność (Akt) całkowitą МАО, a także Akt jej podtypów A i В w 1—2., 13.-14. i 16.—18. dniu cyklu płciowego. Oznaczano także w surowicy krwi Akt МАО oraz stężenia progesteronu (P) i estradiolu (E). Stwierdzono, że Akt МАО i jej podtypów w szyszynce, w lejku podwzgórza, w przysadce i w t. macicznej były znacznie niższe w fazie lutealnej niż w pozostałych fazach cyklu. Zmiany Akt МАО w przebiegu cyklu były w tych tkankach skorelowane ujemnie ze zmianami stężeń P, a dodatnio ze zmianami stosunków stężeń E/P. We krwi zmiany Akt МАО były skorelowane ujemnie ze zmianami stężeń E i stosunku stężeń E/P, a dodatnio ze zmianami stężeń P. W t. jajnikowej natomiast Akt МАО i jej podtypów była znacznie niższa w 1.—2. dniu niż w pozostałych fazach cyklu, a ponadto nie zmieniała się wraz ze zmianami stężeń P, E ani zmianami stosunku E/P. Akt МАО regulowana wpływem hormonów jajnikowych jest jednym z ogniw regulacji aktywności czynnościowej szyszynki, podwzgórza i przysadki oraz regulacji aktywności układu adrenergicznego naczyń narządu rodnego.
RU
С целью выяснения участия моноаминоксидазы (МАО) в процессах регуляции полового цикла, определяли общую активность МАО и активность ее подтипов А и В в эпифизе, воронке гипоталамуса, нервной и железистой части гипофиза, а также в маточной и яичниковой артерии свиней в 1—2, 13—14 и 16—18 день полового цикла. Определяли также активность МАО и концентрацию прогестерона (Р) и эстрадиола (Е) в сыворотке крови. Установлено, что активность МАО и ее подтипов в эпифизе, воронке гипоталамуса, гипофизе и маточной артерии в лютеальной фазе значительно ниже, чем в остальных фазах цикла. Изменения активности МАО на протяжении цикла коррелировали в этих тканях отрицательно с изменениями концентрации Р и положительно — с изменениями соотношения концентраций Е/Р. Изменения активности МАО в крови характеризовались отрицательной корреляцией с изменениями концентрации Е и соотношений концентраций Е/Р и положительной — с изменениями концентрации Р. В свою очередь, активность МАО и ее подтипов в яичниковой артерии в 1—2 день была значительно ниже, чем в остальных фазах цикла, и кроме того, не была ковариант- ной ни по отношению к изменениям концентрации Р и Е, ни к изменениям Е/Р. Можно предположить, что активность МАО, регулированная влиянием яичниковых гормонов, является одним из звеньев регуляции деятельности эпифиза, гипоталамуса и гипофиза, а также регуляции активности адренэргической системы сосудов органа размножения.
EN
In order to get to know the participation of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the processes of estrous cycle regulation in pineal gland, hypothalamic infundibulum, pars nervosa hypophysis and adenohypophysis, as well as in uterine artery and ovarian artery of pigs, total MAO activity (Act) and its subtypes A and В Act in 1—2, 13—14 and 16—18 days of estrous cycle were determined. MAO Act and concentrations of progesterone (P) and estradiol (E) in blood serum were also determined. It was found out that MAO Act and its subtypes Act in pineal gland, hypothalamic infundibulum, hypophysis and uterine artery were much lower in the luteal phase than in the remaining phases of the cycle. The changes in MAO Act during the cycle were in those tissues negatively correlated with the changes in I' concentrations, and positively correlated with the changes in concentration ratios E/P. In blood, the changes in MAO Act were negatively correlated with the changes in E concentrations and with the changes in concentration ratios E/P, and positively correlated with the changes in P concentrations. However, in ovarian artery MAO Act and its subtypes Act was much lower in days 1—2 than in the remaining phases of the cycle, moreover, it was not covariant with the changes in P, E concentrations or with the changes in the E/P ratios. MAO Act regulated by the impact of ovarian hormones is one of the links in the regulation of functional activity of pineal gland, hypothalamus and hypophysis and in the regulation of the activity of adrenergic system of the reproductive organ vessels.