Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

System identyfikacji napływu zanieczyszczeń powietrza

100%

Kliś C. , Bonder J.

Ochrona Powietrza i Problemy Odpadów

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2007

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tom Vol. 41 nr 2

74-75

2

Funkcjonowanie wybranego geoekosystemu w Górach Świętokrzyskich w warunkach kwaśnej imisji

80%

Jóźwiak M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2001

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tom Vol. 49 nr 9

775-779

PL

Występujące na terenie Świętokrzyskiego Parku Narodowego imisje i wywołane przez nie zmiany w środowisku przyrodniczym są charakterystyczne i rozpowszechnione na rozległych przestrzeniach Europy Środkowej. Zależności dotyczące reakcji składników geoekosystemów na skażone powietrze można uważać za reprezentatywne dla rozległych wyżynnych obszarów centralnej Polski.

EN

The geoecosystems of the Holy Cross Mts are constantly affected by immisions of different elements from the air. Acid precipitation has a strong influence on over-and underground parts of plants. Rains wash out many important ions including Ca^2+, Mg^2+ , K^+, Na^+, SO4^2- , N of NO3^- from overground parts of trees, especialy from needles, leaves and bark. The resulting effect is dying out of old firs and diseases younger trees. Beech bark shows gray and white-gray spots caused by flowing aggressive acid rains. These also wash out Ca^2+, Mg^2+, K^+ and Na^+. Many damages are noted at top of tree crowns.

3

Assessment of large bore marine engine cylinder pressures to estimate nox emission

80%

Borkowski T.

Journal of KONES

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2006

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tom Vol. 13, No. 2

43-50

EN

High demand to improve exhaust gas emission characteristics while keeping fuel economy requires a new technology for engine control. One of the methods used to meet these requirements is a convenient and real-time cylinder pressure monitoring. The final aim is balanced combustion and reliable, emission-compliant operation. Excluding the direct exhaust emission measurement, easily accessible indicators come from the in-cylinder pressure combustion data. The aim of this paper is to establish combustion model variables for use in transient condition analysis. The model should be able to predict cylinder-averaged quantities such as NOx emission. To overcome the exhaust analyzers problem, a set of engine operating conditions was tested at steady state to provide a wide range of combustion conditions with their associated emissions. Multi-zone models are the simplest and most suitable to observe the effects of empirical variations in the engine operating parameters. The obtained results are unlikely to be as detailed as those of a good CFD model, but the ease of changing characteristics makes such models useful for cheap and easy means of analyzing. Successful prediction of the NOx emission in engines varies in operating conditions. The NOx emission levels for different operating conditions are calculated for large bore, slow speed marine engine. The agreement between calculated and measured results is discussed. Cylinder pressure based model has the broad ability to predict NOx emissions in steady state.

4

CFD modeling of the regeneration process in diesel particulate filter using fluent

80%

Janiszewski A. , Teodorczyk A.

Journal of KONES

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2006

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tom Vol. 13, No. 3

109-118

EN

Diesel engine particulate filters every year are becoming more popular. The new EURO 5 standard is very restrictive for particulates and this will force the use of particulate filter in every engine. Filters operate very good when they are loaded with small quantity of soot particles and they must be cleaned from time to time by burning out soot inside the filter. This process is called filter regeneration. During regeneration high temperature zones may occur in the filter which may change the properties of porous material and even cause its damage. The regeneration process should be effective at different engine operational conditions in which temperature and oxygen concentration vary. The experimental determination of optimal conditions for regeneration is very difficult and expensive. The simpler and less expensive is computer modeling. In this paper computer simulation of regeneration process of diesel particulate filter with the use of FLUENT code is described. A two-dimensional model assumes soot and filter wall as a porous materials of different permeability. The influence of soot parameters, filter material, composition and temperature of combustion products as well as activation energy on regeneration process was studied.

5

The impact of particulate matter (PM) and nitric oxides (NOx) on human health and an analysis of selected sources accounting for their emission in Poland

80%

Krzeszowiak J. , Stefanow D. , Pawlas K.

Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine

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2016

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tom 19

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nr 3

7-15

EN

Introduction and objective: This paper is concerned with the harmful impact of nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) on humans. The objective was to determine which source of emission is the most urgent in terms of its reduction.Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: In published epidemiological studies multiple notifications indicating the harmful impact of particulate matter on human health can be found. The harmful impact is underscored by the increase in the number of hospitalisations owing to diseases of respiratory and cardio-vascular systems, as well as by the rise in general fatality rate. The analysis of the PM impact on the human body is prompted by the fact that its detrimental effects are not clearly defined. Additionally, nitric oxides contribute to the increased number of exacerbations of respiratory disease and are a factor increasing susceptibility to development of local inflammation. Conclusions: The following study is meant to show that the air pollution which derives from vehicles (NOx and PM) has a significant impact on human health. This applies particularly to residents of cities and big towns. This issue has gained special importance in Poland. According to the data from the Central Statistical Office, the increasing number of vehicles in use and their age lead to increased emission of the pollutants considered.

6

Epizody wysokich stężeń dwutlenku siarki, pyłu i tlenku węgla w powietrzu Górnośląskiego Okręgu Przemysłowego w latach 1994 - 2007

80%

Cichoń D. , Hławiczka S.

Ochrona Powietrza i Problemy Odpadów

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2010

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tom Vol. 44 nr 4

133-142

PL

W przedstawianej pracy zaproponowano wartości godzinowych stężeń alarmowych dla PM10 i tlenku węgla oraz scharakteryzowano epizody wysokich stężeń zanieczyszczeń powietrza, zarejestrowanych w stacjach monitoringu powietrza aglomeracji Górnego Śląska, w latach 1994-2007. Przedstawiono również kryterium stopniowania wartości stężeń odnoszących się do alarmowych stanów jakości powietrza, co może być przydatne do charakteryzowania procesu narastania zagrożenia wynikającego z zaistnienia epizodu wysokich stężeń zanieczyszczeń w powietrzu. Do analiz epizodów wysokich stężeń przyjęto następujące wartości kryterialne stężeń alarmowych, o czasie uśredniania 1 godzina: dwutlenek siarki - 500 ?g/m3 (wartość stężenia alarmowego wg obowiązującego w Polsce standardu), pył PM10 - 470 ?g/m3, tlenek węgla - 50 mg/m3. Stwierdzono, że w analizowanym okresie, w obszarze objętym pomiarami, zanotowane najwyższe wartości stężeń wynosiły [?g/m3]: dwutlenku siarki -prawie 1340, pyłu PM10 - 1133 i tlenku węgla - 17360.

EN

Mean-hourly concentration values defined as alarm levels for PM10 and carbon monoxide are proposed in the paper. The values are used to characterize the episodes of pollutant high concentrations in the air of the Upper Silesia Industrial Region which occurred in the period of 1994-2007. A criterion for grading the pollutant concentration values referring to the emergency states of the air quality was presented which can be particularly useful to characterize the process of risk accumulation during such episodes. To analyze the air pollutant high concentrations episodes, the following criterial values of mean-hourly concentrations were used: sulfur dioxide - 500 ?g/m3 (as the official standard according to Polish regulation), PM10 - 470 ?g/m3, carbon monoxide - 50 mg/m3. The following highest recorded concentrations were found for the years 1994-2007 in the air of the Upper Silesia region: [?g/m3]: sulfur dioxide - nearly 1340, PM10 - 1133, and carbon monoxide - 17360.

7

Assessment of the health risk associated with exposure to heavy metals present in particulate matter deposition in the Małopolska Province

80%

Wieczorek J. , Baran A. , Pawlik E. , Mądro I. , Gąsienica A. , Wojtaszek I. , Antonkiewicz J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2021

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tom Vol. 47, no. 2

95--107

EN

The aim of the study was to investigate the content of trace elements in deposited particulate matter and to estimate the health risk to Kraków inhabitants, caused by the exposure to heavy metals in particulate matter deposition. The qualitative and quantitative assessments of selected heavy metals in deposited particulate matter have been carried out in the city of Kraków (Małopolska, southern Poland, 5 measuring points) for seven months, between February and September 2017. A comparative study was conducted at the same time in Małopolska (5 measuring points). The deposited particulate matter was collected gravitationally, using measurement plates covered with aluminum foil and paraffin jelly. The largest deposition of particulate matter was found in May and June. The highest amount of deposited particulate matter and metals present in it was determined in Kraków. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) evaluation for non-carcinogenic effect showed low risk for each metal. In the case of lead in particulate matter, the carcinogenic risk value did not reach 10−6 hence this risk is acceptable. The total carcinogenic risk for all routes of exposure to cadmium was higher, indicating the risk of cancer in children and adults, with children more exposed. However, the carcinogenic risk for cadmium was also acceptable. The study showed that the problem of poor air quality concerns not only the city of Kraków, but also the entire Małopolska region. Elevated metal concentrations in particulate matter indicate the need for monitoring it in the air.

8

Methods for the control of indoor air quality

80%

Przyk E. , Zabiegała B. , Górecki T. , Namieśnik J.

Chemia Analityczna

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2000

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tom Vol. 45, No. 5

631-643

EN

Increasing knowledge of health hazards related to indoor air pollution drives the development of methods for indoor air quality (IAQ) control. The paper presents a literature review of the devices used for isolation and preconcentration of indoor air pollutants. Operating principles of selected devices used for sampling of dust, aerosols and gases are described, together with the characteristics of selected methods for indoor air pollution control.

PL

Wzrost powszechnej świadomości o zagrożeniach, dla ludzkiego zdrowia czy nawet życia, płynących z obecności w powietrzu wewnętrznym różnego rodzaju zanieczyszczeń jest motorem rozwoju metod kontroli jakości powietrza wewnętrznego. Celem niniejszej pracy jest zebranie dostępnych w literaturze wiadomości na temat urządzeń wykorzystywanych do izolacji i wzbogacania zanieczyszczeń powietrza wewnętrznego. W pracy opisano zasady działania wybranych urządzeń do pobierania próbek pyłów, aerozoli i gazów. Dokonano również charakterystyki wybranych metod kontroli zanieczyszczeń powietrza wewnętrznego.

9

Methodical Bases for Taking into Account the Impact of Air Pollution on the Population Lifespan on the Example of the City of Odessa, Ukraine

80%

Kolіsnyk A. , Chugai A. , Chernyakova O. , Kuzmina V.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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tom Vol. 23, iss. 3

40--46

EN

The scientifically substantiated "dose-effect" relationship suggests that air pollutants increase the risks of reducing the population lifespan, especially in the industrialized areas and urban ecosystems. A characteristic manifestation of such negative impact consequences is an increase in the level of the population incidence rate and, as a consequence, shortening the lifespan. The paper evaluates and analyzes the impact of air pollution on the Odessa population lifespan. The influence of the city priority air pollutants on the lifespan of the population in the areas of the stationary observation points was considered. Based on the results of assessing the risk of being in the polluted air conditions for three age categories for each observation point, the hazard categories of individual pollutants were determined. In general, of all the pollutants in the air basin of Odessa, the content of carbon monoxide and phenol has the greatest impact on shortening the lifespan of the population.

10

Chemical characterization of PM10 in two small towns located in South Poland

80%

Turek-Fijak A. , Brania J. , Styszko K. , Zięba D. , Stęgowski Z. , Samek L.

Nukleonika

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2021

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tom Vol. 66, No. 1

29--34

EN

The purpose of this study is to analyse the elements and PM10 concentrations in air samples gathered in the winter of 2017/2018 in two small towns, namely Skala and Wadowice. The chemical elements were identified for each sample using the energy dispersive X-ray method. The spectrometer was equipped, among others, with an Mo-X-ray tube which was the source of the photons and the Si(Li) detector. The following chemical elements: Cl, K, Fe, Ca, Zn, Pb, Br, Ti, Cu, Mn, V, Co, Rb, Ni, Sr, and Cr were identifi ed in the samples. In addition, As and Se were identifi ed in Wadowice. First, the results were compared with each other and then with the results for the nearest city. It was observed that the PM10 concentrations were significantly higher than the UE limit value for PM10, which equals 50 μg‧m−3 per 24 h. Moreover, the high concentrations of, among others, K, Pb, Cl or Zn, are likely to be linked with fossil fuels combustion and biomass burning. The levels of element concentrations in Wadowice and Skala resemble the levels observed several years earlier in Krakow.

11

Technologia czystych pomieszczeń

80%

Lewicki P.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2001

|

tom T. 55, nr 8

60-64

PL

Omówiono znaczenie czystości powietrza w przestrzeni produkcyjnej dla bezpieczeństwa i trwałości produktów spożywczych. Źródłami zanieczyszczeń są: zapylenie zewnętrzne, surowce i materiay pomocnicze, maszyny, a także załoga, która w ponad 50% może wpływać na zapylenie powietrza. Filtracja powietrza z zastosować filtrów HEPA umożliwia obniżenie poziomu zapylenia powietrza w sferze lokalnej, jak i w całym pomieszczeniu produkcyjnym. Omówiono systemy wysypowe, a także z burzliwym i laminarnym przepływem powietrza. Podano strategię w projektowaniu technologii czystych pomieszczeń.

EN

The paper the importance of air pollution for production hygiene and safety of food. Sources of air pollution are environment, raw materials, packaging materials, equipment and employees. Personal can contribute as much as 50% to air pollution. The use f HEPA filters makes it possible to reduce substantially air pollution locally or in processing rooms. Island system and systems with tan and turbulent airflow are described. The strategy of designing the clear room technology is presented.

12

Modelling Hydrocarbons Cold-Start Emission from Passenger Cars

80%

Laskowski P. , Zasina D. , Zimakowska-Laskowska M. , Orliński P.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2021

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tom Vol. 15, no 3

117--125

EN

The aim of this paper is to present the results of mathematically modelling the influence of ambient temperature on hydrocarbons (HCs, comprised of methane and non-methane volatile organic compounds) in cold-start emissions from passenger cars (PCs) for different fuel types, vehicle segments including hybrid vehicles, and the Euro standard. In this article the simulations are performed using COPERT software, assuming ambient temperatures from 20◦C to +30◦C, with 5◦C intervals. The modelling results presented show that a change in ambient temperature has a significant effect on hydrocarbons in cold-start emissions. Furthermore, our results show that hydrocarbons emissions are sensitive to ambient temperature fluctuations, and dependent on fuel type, vehicle segment, and the Euro standard.

13

Development and Practical Testing of the Zonal-Indicative Methodology for Assessing the Impact of Industrial Enterprises on the State of Atmospheric Air Pollution

80%

Bakharev V. , Chugai A. , Soloshych I. , Kortsova O.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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tom Vol. 24, iss. 2

11--18

EN

The article provides the general provisions and features of the application of the zonal-indicative methodology for assessing the impact on the state of the atmospheric air of enterprises from local industrial complexes and its practical approbation. A unified approach to determining the zones of negative influence of industrial objects and their groups on the state of atmospheric air is proposed. Analytical dependencies have been established to determine the physical and linear dimensions of the influence zones. The peculiarities of the method of determining “marker” substances for the conditions of formation of the level of atmospheric pollution due to the activity of local industrial complexes are characterized. An algorithm for implementing the method is proposed, which includes procedures for selecting marker substances of the first order (impact), second order (basic), and third order (specific). Significant parameters for the selection procedure of marker substances and the conditions for differentiating emission sources are substantiated, which allows to ensure the effectiveness of the practical implementation of the method. Approbation of the proposed zonal-indicative methodology was carried out on the example of the Kryukiv Carriage Plant, which is part of the local industrial hub in the southern part of Kremenchuk. The calculation of zones of probable influence and other parameters necessary for the application of the indicative evaluation method was carried out. The inverse problem “technological process – marker substance” has been solved. Measurement points of the maximum one-time surface concentrations of pollutants have been determined. Analytical processing of the results of calculation studies and laboratory (including field) observations was carried out. The obtained calculated values of surface concentrations made it possible to determine the substantiated maximum possible contribution of the object to the formation of the general level of atmospheric air pollution in the southern microdistricts of Kremenchuk. In particular, it was established that the level of acceptability of the possible negative impact should be determined based on the results of calculations of the dispersion of marker pollutants in atmospheric air without taking into account background concentrations.

14

Exhaust Toxicity of a Gas Turbine Engine with Step-by-Step Post-Treatment: the Environmental Aspect of the Impact on Atmosphere

80%

Bekele D. A. , Zagorsky V. A. , Hailu D. M.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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tom Vol. 23, iss. 2

193--198

EN

The development of technology imposes new, higher requirements on those that exist. Encourages the creation of new materials. In order to reduce the weight of aircraft structures, for example, multi-layer structures that combine lightness, rigidity, and strength are used. For many areas of technology is necessary such that combine structural strength with high electrical, thermal, optical, and other properties. Regulating the structure of traditional materials is a promising way to improve quality. Thus, by means of directed crystallization of steels and alloys, cast parts are obtained, for example, gas turbine blades, consisting of crystals oriented relative to the main stresses in such a way that the edges of the grains are unobtrusive. Directional crystallization allows increasing plasticity and durability several times. The greatest environmental pollution occurs in the area of airports (airfields) during the landing and take-off of aircraft, as well as the warming up of their engines. When engines are running on take-off and landing, the maximum amount of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon compounds enter the surrounding environment, and the maximum amount of nitrogen oxides enter the flight process. A jetliner that makes a transatlantic flight requires from 50 to 100 tons of this gas. On the territory of the airfield, engines are launched, taxiing, take-off, and landing of aircraft, during which harmful exhaust products of aviation engines, pre-launch (waiting location) and on the runway enter the atmosphere.

15

Protecting the right to clean air through criminal law: a perspective from economic law analysis and the case of Poland

80%

Podhalicz M.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

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2020

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tom 29

|

nr 1

147-164

EN

The aim of this paper is to examine whether Polish criminal law efficiently criminalises acts that harm air quality (most notably emissions of toxins to the air through, among others, the improper processing of waste). The relevance of this research stems from the notorious fact that air-quality in Poland is one of the worst in Europe, and it is no secret that this situation is caused largely by private actors infringing on rules concerning the emissions of toxins into the environment. As the author establishes through legal analysis, the collection of empirical data, and on the basis of an economic-law-analysis crime model, Polish criminal law fails thoroughly when it comes to combatting this phenomenon. Relating the current legal regu- lations and, most importantly, their employment in practice to the prerequisites of effective crime policy (as envisaged by G. Becker), it is doubtless that for the poor air-quality in Poland to change, the state should aim at reaching a better detection rate when it comes to environ- mental crimes, as well as inflicting more severe penalties on the perpetrators of those crimes. This, coupled with proper educational campaigns directed at citizens and law enforcement authorities at large, should bring about higher levels of deterrence when it comes to these crimes, and by extension, enhance air quality in Poland.

16

Ograniczanie emisyjności pojazdów w transporcie drogowym. Pojazdy hybrydowe i elektryczne w Polsce – perspektywy i bariery rozwoju

80%

Krzak J.

Studia BAS

|

2012

|

nr 1(29)

161-184

EN

In this paper the author addresses the issue of road transport in the context of its environmental impact. The article discusses the issue of air pollution from motor vehicle emissions and various methods of tackling this problem. The first section provides an overview of the most important data related to air pollution caused by road transport and the main EU regulations concerning vehicle emission standards. The second section of the article is devoted to barriers that hinder the growth of the hybrid and electric vehicle market. This analysis is carried out on the basis of the vehicle market conditions in Poland.

17

Ochrona powietrza przed zanieczyszczeniami – dlaczego w Polsce nie można odetchnąć pełną piersią?

80%

Pankowska M. , Gorczyca M.

Kontrola Państwowa

|

2015

|

tom 60

|

nr 3 (362)

60-78

EN

At the time when Poland joined the European Union, the quality of the air in the country was far from the European standards. At the moment, the level of certain pollutants in the air is still high, which may result in legal proceedings of the European Union bodies against Poland, and consequent substantial financial charges. What is worse, it is estimated that as many as 45,000 Poles die every year due to air pollution. That is why NIK has decided to conduct an audit aimed at evaluating the activities of public entities undertaken with a view to improving the quality and protection of the air in the period between the year 2008 and the first half of the year 2014. The audit covered: the functioning of air monitoring, the development of air protection programmes by individual bodies of regional self-governments and the performance of tasks set out in these programs by competent self-government bodies, the financing of tasks related to air protection by regional funds for environmental protection and water management, as well as the coordination of activities and cooperation of organisational units with regard to the implementation of protection related measures. The audit was carried out in five regions (Małopolskie, Mazowieckie, Opolskie, Pomorskie and Śląskie), and it covered 25 auditees.

18

Warunki termiczne a stężenie pyłu zawieszonego w powietrzu atmosferycznym zimą w wybranych miastach Polski

80%

Rawicki K.

Technical Issues

|

2016

|

tom nr 1

59--65

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of thermal conditions on emission of PM10 in the atmosphere during the winter period in selected Polish cities. The basis of the work were average daily PM10 and air temperature measurement results, which were made in six cities during three of calendar winters (December-February) in 2011–2014. It has been shown that every decrease in temperature during the winter affects the increase in the concentration of PM10 in ambient air in most of the analyzed cities. The greatest role of air temperature in shaping emission of the fraction of particulate matter variability was found in a relatively cool winter 2011/2012, when the number of days with oversize levels of contamination ranged from 7 in Suwałki to even 46 in Nowy Sącz. The smallest impact of this weather element was found during a warm winter 2013/2014.

19

Application of X-ray fluorescence method for elemental analysis of PM2.5 fraction

80%

Samek L. , Furman L. , Kawik T. , Welnogorska K.

Nukleonika

|

2015

|

tom Vol. 60, No. 3, part 2

621--626

EN

The scientific interest in air pollution comes from its influence on human health, the condition of cultural heritage and climate. The PM2.5 fraction (particles of a diameter of 2.5 mm or below), indirectly, has a significant impact on health which is associated with respiratory tract and blood vessel related diseases. However, not only the size, but also the content of the particles has a significant meaning. To determine the particulate matter contents, elemental analysis can be performed using numerous techniques, the most important of which is X-ray fluorescence. In this study, samples of PM2.5 fraction collected in Krakow, Poland were analyzed. The X-ray fluorescence method was used to perform elemental analysis. The gravimetric method was applied to determine the concentration of the PM2.5 fraction. Low detection limits of individual elements and precision of the X-ray fluorescence method were determined. The concentrations of the following elements: Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb in the PM2.5 fraction samples collected in Krakow were evaluated. The homogeneity of the samples was also estimated. The concentrations of PM2.5 fraction collected in the summer of 2013 were in the range of 6–23 ng/m3. The concentrations of PM2.5 fraction collected in the winter of 2013 were in the range of 26–171 ng/m3. The precision of the method was found to be below 1% for elements with high concentration in the sample and 6–8 % for trace elements.

20

Investigating the Efficiency of Combined Cycle Power Plants with the Data Envelopment Analysis Process (with an Emphasis on Air Pollution)

80%

Sanjaranipour N. , Atabi F. , Momeni M. , Ghodousi J. , Lahijanian A.

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

|

2022

|

tom Vol. 16, no. 2

111--125

EN

Performance management is one of the most significant strategies in promoting the efficiency of organizations and is highly sensitive. It is important to check the efficiency of combined cycle power plants because of their major contribution to power generation and air pollution. This study was conducted to evaluate the economic and environmental efficiency of Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs). The inputs and outputs required to evaluate the performance of the power plants were determined according to expert opinions. Then, the 7-year statistics and information of the Qom, Neishabour, Shahid Rajaee, Yazd and Kerman power plants were collected as the desired CCPPs in Iran. The Window Data Envelopment Analysis (WDEA) method was used for evaluating the efficiency of the power plants. The 3-year window length showed that most of the power plants were efficient. Only the Rajaee, Neishabour and Yazd power plants were ineffective in some years. The mean efficiency of the power plants in the 4-year window length showed that the plants were efficient from 2008 to 2010.