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EN
Author in of the presented article focused his attention on the nature of personal and real privileges. As the study shows, the legislator took a stance on the issue of the nature of privileges in can. 78 §§ 1-3 CIC. The legal definition of privilege codified in can. 76 1 CIC contains a presumption allowing for the opposite evidence. This means that the permanence of a decision of this type is of a conditional nature. In other words, it is not an essential element of this institution. Can. 78 §§ 2-3 CIC, on the other hand, codifies the dispositions concerning the cessation of two principle categories of privileges, i. e. personal and real privileges. The cessation of both types of privileges is of a natural character. A personal privilege granted to an individual is extinguished with the person’s death and is not inherited by the heirs whereas a privilege concerning a legal personality ceases when the conditions codified in can. 120 § 1 CIC are met. Finally, a real privilege becomes extinguished through the complete destruction of be thing or place. Still, in the case of a local privilege, the legislator bases on legal fiction allowing for the revival of a privilege if the destroyed place is restored within fifty years. In conclusion, the author points out that prescriptive arrangements concerning the nature of personal and real privileges codified in can. 78 § 1-3 CIC result from positive law. The legislator establishing them bases on the mechanism of legal fiction.
EN
The starting point for the deliberations presented in that article was L. Olivier’s diagnosis that archeology is contaminated by the mutations of contemporaneity in its relations with the material remnants from the past and in their methods of representation of the past. The principal object of deliberations in this article focuses on the problem(atic) admissibility of treating archeology as a field predestined to ensure the relevance, importance, uniqueness and power of things in the processes of re-presenting and ‘transferring’ past into present; conditions under which representations become a replacement (représentance) and causes and consequences of people and things transgressions in the processes of re-presentations of the past.
EN
The article aims at describing the genocide that happened in Cambodia. It takes into consideration its specific character and focuses on what occurred there. During the Khmer Rouge’s dictatorship not only were hundreds of thousands of people murdered (about 2.5 million victims according to different sources), but also negative symbols became connected with objects of everyday use. Such objects have become a source of memories about events which were final, inevitable and traumatic.
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Is it possible that Heidegger was a reist? An attempt to reconstruct Heideggerian onticity The paper aims to answer the following question: does Martin Heidegger’s ontology has its complement in some kind of onticity? In the attempt to reconstruct it, I show that Heidegger’s concept of being is combined with the reistic theory (represented i.a. by Tadeusz Kotarbinski), according to which a being is always a thing. I argue that this is the result of the basic principles of Heideggerian being: that being is unfolding of the particularity and peculiarity of each being and that being discloses itself through the structures of time-space, and hence it can occur only in the single, unique, and concrete beings such as things, and not in ideas or general and abstract beings.
PL
The paper addresses a problem which traditional art history has thus far ignored, i.e. the examination of items listed in inventories of property. Art historians usually approach concrete works of art to textualize them, while they are helpless confronting items “hidden” behind a text. In the context of the “materiality turn,” inventories reveal their paradoxical character since they include “personal” information about individual objects. If one assumes that the inventory is an instrument used to examine the objects listed in it, one must also realize a basic paradox of approaching them via their purely textual representation. A growing interest of art historians in publishing historical sources, in particular inventories, should result in more reflection on the role assigned to texts and things by historiography. To answer the question how items listed in inventories are available to their readers, the author has made references to cognitive linguistics and epistemology, critiques of historical narrativism, and poststructuralism. Such a comprehensive frame of reference made it possible to analyze some problems of the theory of historical source analysis and the editing and publishing of source texts. A comparison of art history and history of material culture resulted in defining the expectations and limitations related to the study of property inventories conducted by both disciplines. The experience of object analysis, which is a key prerequisite of interpretation, has been described in reference to three cognitive terms: concepts, exemplars, and invariants. The scholar trying to use all the available sources to reach the object itself must take advantage of all his/her experience. Analysis is possible only in a context, while the meaning of concepts, i.e. brief entries about individual items, can be discovered only in a complex system of semiotic reference. Apparently, such analysis can never be objective.
EN
The article elaborates on the place and status of items and the relationship that occurs between human and thing in Bogusława’s Latawiec poetry. The author made an attempt to capture the way in which this issue has evolved in Latawiec’s poetic works – from her first book to the last collection of poems. At the same time poetry has been confronted them with selected theoretical approaches.
EN
The article contains reflections on the “speculative realism”, a direction in 21st century philosophy initiated by Graham Harman, whose books (The Quadruple Object, Object-Oriented Ontology. A New Theory of Everything) continue and process Martin Heidegger’s concept of “the quadruple” (das Geviert), and they also use the ideas of such thinkers as Edmund Husserl and Bruno Latour. The basic problem formulated in this text arises from the following questions: is speculative realism another turn in scientific research, or rather a return to those sources of thinking that take into account the complexity and the irreducibility of reality to any metaphysical instance? What is the role of the “speculative turn” in cultural studies, in various interpretative practices?
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Content available BONUM SEQUITUR ESSE
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The article discusses the connection of the good with being along three steps. First, it briefly considers the history of the word “good” to see what is hidden behind it and to what one should direct his or her thoughts and searches. Second, it looks at the beginning of inquiries on the nature and sources of the good. Three, it analyzes the originality of one of the most interesting solutions in this controversy surrounding the good, which appeared in the thirteenth century and which was contained in the short sentence, “bonum sequitur esse rei”—the good is a consequence of the existence of a thing.
EN
Before we think about reality, before we talk about it or remain silent, first we have some of the most basic images. What do philosophers brought up in the given culture have in mind when they use the term ‘reality’? In this article I attempt to identify and elaborate the intellectual context proper to Chinese (especially Confucian and Daoist) philosophical culture, by presenting its most general features. How deep must we probe to find the internal network of sense that is the basis of Confucian, and Daoist images of reality? What we are looking for can be found by trying to think in a context that is broader than the merely linguistic context. This broader context is that provided by philosophical understanding of the terms: ‘world,’ ‘individual being,’ ‘thing,’ ‘truth,’ ‘wisdom.’
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The article analyses transhumanism as the anthropological strategy for the constitution of the objective human world. It presents also the historical forms of the relations between humans and objects, in which the objects are understood as the "sub-handed", "contr-handed", "proto-existing" or as an entertainment media. The subject, who had lost the attribute of "the hard-core" of the modernity, in the form presented by transhumanism becomes "the soft-ware human being" and it integrates systematically with its own artefacts. This point of view allows not only to overcome the absolutization of the antitheticality of the subject and object, but also to formulate the claims with regard to the borders between male and female, old and young, life and dead.
PL
Artykuł analizuje transhumanizm jako antropologiczną strategię konstytuowania świata przedmiotowego człowieka. Praca rozpatruje historyczne formy współodniesienia człowieka do rzeczy, w której to relacji rzeczy ujmowane są jako „pod-ręczne”, „przeciw-ręczne, „proto-istniejące” i rozrywkowe medium. Podmiot, utraciwszy atrybutywność „twardego rdzenia” nowoczesności, w ujęciu transhumanizmu staje się formą „soft-ludzkiego bytu”, zrastając się stopniowo z własnymi artefaktami. Pozwala to nie tylko przezwyciężyć absolutyzację antytetyczności podmiotu i przedmiotu, ale także formułować roszczenia co do likwidacji granic między męskim i kobiecym, starością i młodością, żywymi i umarłymi.
PL
The subject of this essay is Andrzej Waśkiewicz’s book Ludzie – rzeczy – ludzie. O porządkach społecznych, gdzie rzeczy łączą, nie dzielą (People–Things–People: On Social Orders Where Things Connect Rather Than Divide People). The book is the work of a historian of ideas and concerns contemporary searches for alternatives to capitalism: the review presents the book’s overview of visions of society in which the market, property, inequality, or profit do not play significant roles. Such visions reach back to Western utopian social and political thought, from Plato to the nineteenth century. In comparing these ideas with contemporary visions of the world of post-capitalism, the author of the book proposes a general typology of such images. Ultimately, in reference to Simmel, he takes a critical stance toward the proposals, recognizing the exchange of goods to be a fundamental and indispensable element of social life. The author of the review raises two issues that came to mind while reading the book. First, the juxtaposition of texts of a very different nature within the uniform category of “utopia” causes us to question the role and status of reflections regarding the future and of speculative theory in contemporary social thought; second, such a juxtaposition suggests that reflecting on the social “optimal good” requires a much more precise and complex conception of a “thing,” for instance, as is proposed by new materialism or anthropological studies of objects and value as such.
PL
Zawarte w mszalnym Credo łacińskie sformułowanie wskazujące na fakt, iż Bóg jest Stwórcą wszystkiego – zarówno tego, co widzialne, jak i niewidzialne (visibilium omnium et invisibilium) w polskim tłumaczeniu Z odmiennym od potocznego rozumienia terminu „rzecz”, jako fragmentu materii nieożywionej, spotykamy się na gruncie realistycznej metafizyki, w której termin ten pojawia się na oznaczenie jednej z tzw. transcendentalnych właściwości bytu i – jako taki – orzekany być może o wszystkim, co istnieje.oddane zostało przy użyciu terminu „rzeczy widzialne i niewidzialne”. Tłumaczenie takie wydaje się „urzeczowiać” świat duchowy, który w rzeczywistości składa się nie z rzeczy, ale z osób.
EN
The Latin phrase from the Creed indicates that God is the Creator of everything, both visible and invisible (visibilium omnium et invisibilium) which in the Polish and recently changed English translation is expressed by In realistic metaphysics, the term “thing” is used in a sense which differs considerably from the colloquial meaning of the word, where it is understood as a fragment of inanimate matter. For metaphysics, it denotes one of the so-called transcendental properties of being and as such can be applied to everything that exists. the phrase “all things visible and invisible”. This translation seems to “objectify” the spiritual world which, in fact, consists of people, not things.
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Content available remote Nezjevnost řeči
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EN
This review study, after a brief summary of the main theses and lines of argument in Language and Appearing, focuses on problematic elements in Kouba’s study. It points to a selectivity in Kouba’s presentation of the philosophy of language and the philosophy of communication. As the main deficiency in Kouba’s approach, it identifies an insufficient appreciation of the role of language, which is in effect reduced to the linguistic or linguistic competence. This reduction is conditioned (already in Heidegger himself) by a primary emphasis on the temporality of existence. In a sketch of a positive alternative approach, the study stresses the problematic character of the conception of communication as the transfer of dialogically-conceived sense, and it points to the sensory dimension of communication and to the multiplicity of “communications” conditioning being in the world.
DE
In der vorliegenden Rezensionsstudie fasst der Autor zunächst kurz die Hauptthesen und Argumentationslinien von Rede und Offenbarheit zusammen, um anschließend auf die problematischen Elemente in Koubas Studie einzugehen. Dabei verweist er auf Koubas selektive Darstellung der Philosophie der Sprache und des Sprechens und identifiziert die mangelnde Anerkennung der Rolle der Rede, die praktisch auf den Vorgang des Sprechens bzw. die Fähigkeit zu sprechen reduziert wird, als grundlegenden Mangel in Koubas Ansatz. Diese Reduzierung ist primär (bereits bei Heidegger selbst) durch die Betonung der zeitlichen Begrenztheit der Existenz bedingt. In der Studie wird eine positive Alternative skizziert und dabei das Problem der Auffassung der Rede als Überträger eines dialogisch aufgefassten Sinns betont. Gleichfalls wird auf die Sinnesdimension der Rede und auf die Vielzahl von „Reden“ verwiesen, die das Sein in der Welt bedingen.
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Content available Manfreda Sommera filozofia zbierania
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Der Artikel ist der Philosophie von Manfred Sommer und seiner Phänomenologie der Sammelpraktiken gewidmet. Die Grundlage des Entwurfs von Sommer bildet die Unterscheidung von ökonomischem und ästhetischem Sammeln. Das ökonomische Sammeln hat den Charakter einer nicht unterscheidenden Kumulation. Das ästhetische Sammeln ist differenzierend und auf individuelle Eigenschaften des Gegenstands bezogen. Bei näherer Analyse erweist sich das erste als eine unvollkommene, unvollständige Version des anderen. Dem Sammeln liegt die Tatsache zugrunde, dass der Mensch ein homo videns ist – ein Wesen, das seine höchste Freude in der Betrachtung findet und in dieser Betrachtung für immer verweilen will. Die Darstellung des Entwurfs von Sommer endet mit der Zusammenfassung von konzeptbezogenen kritischen Bemerkungen.
EN
This paper is devoted to the discussion of Mannfred Sommer’s philosophy, particularly his phenomenology of the practice of gathering. Sommer’s conception is underlaid by the distinction between an economical gathering and an aesthetical gathering. Whereas the former can be described as an accumulation that is nondifferential in its nature, the latter is essentially differential – it is directed towards individual features of the object. However, on the closer consideration the economical gathering turns out to be imperfect and incomplete form of the aesthetical gathering. Gathering as well as collecting stem from the fundamental fact that we are homo videns – beings that find the ultimate joy in the activity of seeing. As homo videns we also desire that this activity should last forever. The paper ends with the discussion of the critical remarks upon Sommer’s philosophy.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest filozofii Mannfreda Sommera i jego fenomenologii praktyk zbierania. Podstawą koncepcji Sommera jest odróżnienie zbierania ekonomicznego i estetycznego. Zbieranie ekonomiczne ma charakter nierozróżniającej kumulacji. Zbieranie estetyczne jest różnicujące, nakierowane na indywidualne cechy przedmiotu. Przy bliższej analizie pierwsze okazuje się ułomną, niepełną odmianą drugiego. Zbieranie i kolekcjonowanie mają u swego źródła fakt, że człowiek to homo videns – istota, która znajduje najwyższą radość w oglądzie i która pragnie trwać w owym oglądzie na zawsze. Omówienie koncepcji Sommera kończy się zebraniem uwag wobec niej krytycznych.
EN
The author in this research paperpresents the description of restorative concept of justice. Specifically, it focuses on the description of alternative sentencing of monetary character, its role and characterization in the system of criminal law in the Slovak republic. The objective of forfeiture of property is to reach for the property of an offender, as well as, last but not the least, it aims to recondition the offender. The objective of forfeiture of an object is to eliminate the thing, which could be used for criminal offence. The basis is to obstruct the conditions of an offender for further criminal activity, or to deprive the benefit acquired by committing a crime.
PL
Autor studium naukowego bada opis rekonstruującej koncepcji kary. W szczególności, alternatywna kara charakteru nieruchomości, ich statusu i definicji w systemie prawa karnego w Republice Słowackiej. Rolą kary za przepadek mienia jest dotarcie do własności sprawcy, a na koniec - do odbudowy sprawcy. Celem ukarania przepadku jest wyeliminowanie rzeczy, która może służyć popełnieniu przestępstwa. Istotą jest pogorszenie warunków sprawcy za popełnienie innych przestępstw lub wycofanie jego świadczenia, które przestępca uzyskał w wyniku przestępstwa.
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Content available Nuda jako wola
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EN
The will, widely understood, is a lack of indifference – a turn to (a wanting-desire) or from (a negative wanting, hate) some thing: an attraction or a repulsion – both in the literal meaning (a physical force) and any metaphoric meaning. As the relation between a subject and an object, the will is a specific case of the existence, that is to say a relation of the structure: A exists for B, where A, in some way, acts for B. In the case of the will, the existence-influence depends on an attraction (A exists for B as wanted-desired) or a repulsion (A exists for B as wanted in negative way, hated). The categorical will is a wanting (desire or hate) focused on some thing due to it. The instrumental will is a wanting (desire or hate) focused on some thing as an instrument for the satisfaction of the other will; it (instrumental will) occurs always together with some categorical will, which is the cause of that instrumental will. The willpower is the sum of values of advantages (with the plus sign) and disadvantages (with the minus sign) of the object on which the will is focused. The satisfaction of the will leads to the vanishing of the relation between a subject and an object, and – consequently – to the vanishing of members of that relation (by their unification, in the case when a wanting-desire is satisfied, or isolation, in the case of the satisfaction of a negative wanting, hate). The free will is a type of an accidental will, being a creative act (decision) of a subject. The unfree will may be necessary, when it must exist, or accidental, when it can, but does not has to exist. The Meaning of a concrete subject is its axiological justification, essence (proper identity), vocation and fulfillment (final aim). The boredom is a necessary and a categorical wanting-desire of the Meaning. The factors of the boredom are the power of a wanting-desire of the Meaning and the interval of time, when a wantingdesire is unsatisfied. The overcoming of the boredom is a satisfied wanting-desire of the Meaning.
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Content available Modality ostenze
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The essay argues for broader understanding of “ostension”, introduced into semiotics by Ivo Osolsobě and Umberto Eco, in a gamut going from the “ostensive” (biosemiotic) language, through “ostensive definition” and showing of an “object” or a “thing” as a part of human communication, to symbolic transformation of something/somebody into a sign of something else. This broader concept permits, then, a subtler view of (theatrical) communication, semiotics, semiosis, and the very phenomenon of processes covered by “ostension”.
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Content available remote Rzecz w prawie karnym – pojęcie cywilnoprawne czy autonomiczne?
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PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest znaczenie terminu “rzecz” w Kodeksie karnym z 1997 r. Termin „rzecz (ruchoma)”, zastąpił w szerokim zakresie pojęcie „mienie (ruchome)”, używane w poprzednim stanie prawnym na oznaczenie przedmiotu wykonawczego przestępstw przeciwko mieniu. Kodeks karny z 1997 r. nie wyjaśnia znaczenia terminu „rzecz”, a jedynie wylicza w art. 115 § 9 k.k. jego przykładowe desygnaty. Definicja rzeczy zamieszczona jest natomiast w art. 45 k.c. Za jej stosowaniem w prawie karnym opowiedziano się w uzasadnieniu projektu Kodeksu karnego. Zakres tej definicji jest jednak węższy niż znaczenie pojęcia „mienie” z poprzednich kodeksów karnych. Stąd w orzecznictwie i doktrynie można spotkać pogląd, że pojęcie rzeczy w prawie karnym należy interpretować szerzej niż w prawie cywilnym. Stanowisko to jednak nie może być zaakceptowane jako sprzeczne z wykładnią językową i systemową, a zwłaszcza z zakazem wykładni homonimicznej. Szersze rozumienie pojęcia „rzecz” w stosunku do jego definicji cywilnoprawnej jest w prawie karnym dopuszczalne tylko z mocy przepisu szczególnego o randze ustawowej. Wynika to z zasady nullum crimen sine lege. Wbrew podnoszonym obawom taka interpretacja nie skutkuje raczej luką prawną w ochronie karnej. Gdyby nawet taką lukę stwierdzono to właściwą drogą jej usunięcia byłaby interwencja ustawodawcy.
EN
The article concerns the concept of thing in the Penal Code of 1997. The terms “thing”, “movable thing” have replaced the terms “property”, “movable property” used in former penal legislation to describe the object of prohibited act in provisions on offences against property. The Penal Code of 1997 doesn’t define the term “thing”. Its Article 115 § 9 enumerates only some examples of it. The definition of the term ”thing” is, on the other hand, placed in the Article 45 of Civil Code. The authors of the Penal Code Draft has pronounced in its grounds for application of the Article 45 of Civil Code in penal law. However, the scope of civil law concept of movable thing is narrower than the scope of term “movable property” in two former penal codes. It led many scholars and courts to an opinion that the penal concept of “thing” should be interpreted larger than its civil law definition. This approach is not to be accepted because of inconsistency with the grammatical and systematic interpretation of law, especially with the inadmissibility of homonymic interpretation. Such a conclusion presented in this article is based upon the nullum crimen sine lege principle. In spite of the objections, it doesn’t rather lead to a legal loophole in penal protection. Even if there were such a problem, the only way to eliminate it would be a legislative intervention.
RU
Предметом статьи являыется значение термина „вещь” в Уголовном кодексе от 1997 г. Термин „вещь (подвижная)”, в широком диапазоне заменил термин „имущество (подвижнoe)”, использован в предыдущем законодательстве для определения исполнительнoгo предметa в преступлению против имуществy. Уголовный кодекс от 1997 г. не объясняет значения термина „вещь”, только перечисляет в ст. 115 § 9 у.к. образцовые значение. Oднако, дефиниция вещи находится в ст. 45 Гражданского кодекса. З ее применением согласились в обоснованию проекта Уголовного кодекса. Диапазон этой дефиници является однако более узким, чем значение термина „имущество” c предшествующих yголовных кодексoв. Таким образом, в судебной практике и доктрине можно встретить мнение, что понятие „вещь” в уголовном законодательстве следует интерпретировать более широко чем в гражданском праве. Эта позиция, однако, не может быть принятa как противоречащия язычнoй и системнoй интерпретации, особенно с запретом омонимическoй интерпретации. Более широкое понимание термина „вещь” в отношению к ee дефиници c гражданского права, в уголовном праве допускается только на основании конкретного положения по рангам закона. Это связано с принципом nullumcrimensinelege. В отличие от вопросов, такая интерпретация не приводит к просвету в уголовным правe. Даже если устанoвлeно просвет, правильным путем для ee удаления было бы вмешательство законодателя.
EN
The need to preserve a realistic cognition of the world is imperative for realistic philosophy in the face of idealism, subjectivism and relativism. This paper captures the effort of a philosopher who is “faithful to reality” through his works. The [absolute] transcendental properties of being are real properties of real beings; they are neither empty concepts nor constructions of the mind detached from the existing being. They form the foundation for the rationality of the world without which nothing is knowable. There is also a method proper to the discovery of these properties. This method which is known as metaphysical separation demonstrates that realistic cognition is not naïve cognition; it enables us to discover that whatever exists is a determinate content with proportional existence, undivided in itself and divided from others, as well as a vehicle of truth, good and beauty. It is precisely in this sense that something is being, thing, one, something, truth, good and beauty.
PL
Potrzeba zachowania realistycznego poznania świata jest konieczna dla filozofii realistycznej w obliczu idealizmu, subiektywizmu i relatywizmu. Niniejszy artykuł ukazuje wysiłek filozofa, który jest „wierny rzeczywistości”. Transcendentalne właściwości bytu są prawdziwymi właściwościami rzeczywistych istot; nie są ani pustymi ideami, ani konstruktami umysłu oderwanymi od istoty. Stanowią one podstawę racjonalności świata, bez której nic nie jest możliwe do poznania. Istnieje również metoda odpowiednia do odkrycia tych właściwości. Ta metoda to separacja metafizyczna, która dowodzi, że poznanie realistyczne nie jest naiwnym poznaniem, albowiem separacja pozwala nam odkryć, że cokolwiek co istnieje, jest determinowaną treścią o konkretnym istnieniu, niepodzielną w sobie i różną od innych, jak również jest nośnikiem prawdy, dobra i piękna
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