Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Zapis windykacyjny jako rozrządzenie o skutku zobowiązująco-rozporządzającym

100%

Górniak K.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2021

|

tom 30

|

nr 2

271-308

EN

Legatum per vindicationem was introduced into Polish law in 2011. The majority of legal scholars treat it as the type of a testamentary disposition that solely results in the acquisition of ownership by a legatee. It has, therefore, only ‘real’ effect and is not a source of any obligation between an heir and a legatee. The aim of this article is to prove the opposite. The main thesis is that legatum per vindicationem also results in the obligation to transfer ownership and take over a thing that is due to a legatee by an heir. It is, thus, a testamentary disposition, which can be regarded as legatum per damnationem (the so-called ‘ordinary’ legacy) combined with an additional ‘real’ effect, namely, the automatic acquisition of ownership of a thing bequeathed by a legatee. This theoretical assumption can be supported by at least three arguments. Firstly, by the wording of Article 9816 of the Polish Civil Code (the PCC) which provides that the provisions on legatum per damnationem apply accordingly to legatum per vindicationem (to all the aspects not dealt with differently). Secondly, by the findings of the jurisprudence as regards unjustified enrichment. The additional ‘obligational’ effect of legatum per vindicationem seems to properly ‘justify” the fact that it is through the legacy that a legatee becomes enriched. The material benefit gained by a legatee is, in this way, ‘justified’ in the light of the unjustified enrichment regime. Thirdly, the view presented in this article corresponds with the way in which ownership is transferred in Polish law inter vivos. Polish law has adopted a consensual model of the transfer of ownership (that is based on French law) which presumes the ‘double’ effect of a contract. Similarly, legatum per vindicationem can be regarded as a disposition with ‘double’ effect. The article reveals practical consequences of the presented thesis. Perhaps the most important of them is the following one: due to the fact that it has the ‘obligational’ effect, legatum per vindicationem should be governed by the provisions on the performance of obligations and the effects of non-performance (Articles 450–486 of the PCC), as well as by the provisions on legatum per damnationem providing for the time limit of the performance (Article 970 of the PCC) and the responsibility for defects in the thing bequeathed (Article 978 of the PCC).

2

Zakres odpowiedzialności podatkowej spadkobierców i zapisobierców zwykłych – zarys problematyki

100%

Babiarz S. , Administracyjny N. S.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica

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2015

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tom 74

EN

This study provides an introduction to the legal succession model of heirs and legatees in tax law. The author presents this model referring to the normative context and the interpretation of law, including judicature in this matter. He indicates the conditions that must be met in order for the situation in question to comply with standards of the constitutional protection of property rights and inheritance law.

3

Gospodarstwo rolne jako przedmiot zapisu windykacyjnego – wybrane problemy

100%

Blajer P.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

|

2011

|

tom 9

185-201

EN

The article discusses a wide range of issues concerning the new legal institution introduced to the Polish legal system by the bill to amend the Polish Civil Code –i.e. “specific bequest”. The bill introduced a specific bequest alongside the current ordinary bequest. The item in question – which could take the form of personalty, an alienable property right, an enterprise or agricultural farm, or usufruct or a servitude– will go to the named legatee as soon as the estate enters probate. Thanks to this new institution testator will be able to assign a specific item of his property to a specific person (heir or not). For the agricultural law doctrine the most important issue concerning the institution of specific bequest is the fact that its item can be “agricultural farm”. In this way the notion of “agricultural farm” – central institution of rural law – has been introduced to the general provisions of inheritance law and, therefore, its importance has been strongly valorized. On the other hand, however, new regulations create a great number of serious doubts and problems which can easily put in question its practical importance. These problems have been divided in the paper in two basic groups. The first group concerns so–called “technical” problems. The most important one is the question of describing the agricultural farm in the notarial will, taking into account the doctrinal postulate of its maximal specification and substantiation as well as unification of descriptions in will and in the court’s ruling confirming the rights to the item of specific bequest. This problem should be analyzed with respect to the social – economic fact that agricultural farm only very rarely is the item of the property right. Usually, it is complicated construction consisting of different items and rights which do not have to be owned by the farmer. The second group of problems examined in the article was called “political issues”. In this part of paper Author tries to prove that the institution of specific bequest does not ensure satisfactory level of protection for the agricultural farm. Firstly, this legal instrument enables unqualified heirs access to the farm. Secondly, it can provoke the unreasonable partition of the farm. Moreover, it can also occur dangerous to the economic basis of the farm, regarding the fact that legatees are severally liable for heritable debts and can be also liable to certain statutory heirs. With respect to above–mentioned arguments, the strong need of the suitable legal institution – which would facilitate the generational changes in the agricultural farms – is to be stressed.

4

O naturze przebaczenia i skuteczności przebaczenia wydziedziczonemu

100%

Rafałowicz P.

Forum Prawnicze

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2019

|

nr 5 (55)

41–52

EN

In the civil law doctrine, forgiveness is considered to be an emotional act or an act similar to a legal act (including a conventional act) which consists of forgetting the resentments for the harm suffered and the hurt felt. Meanwhile, forgiveness is a personal process, involving a person’s entire psyche, the purpose of which is to get rid of the forgiver’s desire to retaliate against the perpetrator. It is not a declaration of intent nor any other legal construct. Due to the ambiguity of Art. 1010 of the Civil Code there is a dispute as to whether forgiveness can have legal effects after a will – in which an offender has been disowned – has already been drawn up, and the instruction has not been revoked. In the Supreme Court’s view, forgiveness is effective in such a situation, while according to the vast majority of the doctrine, the opposite view is correct. The informal nature of forgiveness and its purpose – which is the act of “annulment of a civil penalty,” as well as the requirement of protecting family ties by the inheritance law – validate the aptness of the Supreme Court’s position.

5

Mandat na wypadek śmierci w prawie francuskim

100%

Górniak K.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

|

2019

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tom 28

|

nr 4

919-939

EN

The article describes a legal solution, which was introduced to French inheritance law in 2006 and which is referred to as the mandat á effet posthume (the power of attorney with posthumous effect). It is a specific contract, under which an agent administers the estate or a part thereof after the death of a principal. The author analyses the provisions of the French civil code on the mandat á effet posthume (offering their translation into Polish), as well as the case law and scholars’ views on this solution and its legal background. In consequence, readers are provided with a complete overview of the mandat á effet posthume, as it was regulated and as it actually operates in France.

6

Directions Swiss-inheritance law-changes

100%

Łukaszyk J.

Studia Prawnicze

|

2010

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nr 1(183)

115-143

EN

Article Directions Swiss-inheritance law-changes deals with the issues of the wider rights of inheritance law in force in Switzerland. The article is thus an attempt to describe the influence of the most significant revision of choices in Swiss inheritance law (including those relating to the following : equal rights for descendants of heredity, changes in the inheritance by a spouse, inheritance rights of a surviving spouse, registered same-sex partners) at present condition of inheritance law in this country. Analysis of the above solutions allowed to reply the question: what conditions underlay the choice of orders of succession operating in Switzerland, and what conditions determine a wide selection of the class of persons appointed to inherit. The analysis of the descendant rights vested in those connected with the testator only by factual relations, and also detailed arrangements within contractual orders of succession, where a wide choice - after decades of application - is found in Swiss law, may provide a clue to the Polish legislature as to the possible future legislative changes.

7

Prawo rzeczowe, spadkowe i rodzinne w orzecznictwie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego

100%

Podkowik J.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

|

2017

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tom 26

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nr 4

775-803

EN

The article discusses the case-law of the Constitutional Tribunal of 1997-2017, regarding to property, inheritance and family law, mainly in matters of the provisions of Book Two and Book Four of the Civil Code, as well as the Family and Guardianship Code. It referred to following issues: protection of ownership of public entities, renuntiation of property ownership, dissolution of co-ownership or prescription of easements. The issue of statutory rules governing inheritance, institution of lawful share and detailed rules of inheriting farms is also discussed. Regarding family law, the views of the Constitutional Tribunal on freedom of marriage and the institution of its protection is on the table. Additionally it is pointed out at obligations of former spouses to alimony as well as issues of filiation.

8

Dyskusja publiczna nad projektem kodeksu cywilnego w 1960 r.

88%

Moszyńska A.

Z dziejów prawa

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2019

|

tom 12(20)

815—834

EN

The published draft of the Polish Civil Code was submitted to the public discussion in 1960. The six-month discussion was a huge organisational undertaking in which a large group of citizens, not only legal specialists, was successfully involved. A particular role in organising the discussion was played by the Association of Polish Lawyers, whose branches devoted a lot of time and effort in organising numerous debates, and in effect gathered an extremely rich discussion material. Although the public debate was partly a facade and did not always have a decisive impact on the content of the next draft, it made the future code a matter of all citizens. The proposed solutions of civil law were discussed not only among lawyers but also in daily press, on radio and television, at meetings of social organisations, and even in the factories on the meetings of the employees. This general scope of discussions is much better visible in the debate on family law, whose problems attracted the attention of a vast majority of discussants. The constructions of the inheritance law — sometimes very complicated — interested mainly jurists. The article summarises the results of these public consultations regarding the prepositions of the inheritance law included in the draft of the Civil Code of 1960.

9

Rodinná kontinuita a venkovské hospodářství. Držba poddanských usedlostí v 17. až 19. století jako historiografi cký problém

88%

Grulich J. , Skořepová M.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2015

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tom 113

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nr 1

50-75

EN

This article deals with the until now research of the possession of serf immoveable properties on the territories of Bohemia and Moravia. Attention is being paid to primary sources and methodological approaches suitable for investigating the transfer of rural homesteads throughout the Early Modern Age and the 19th century. The current study deals with the issues of inheritance law; the transfer of homestead farms within a family itself; the choice of new farmers and the departure of the older generation’s members in exchange for the creation of an easement (in Czech výměnek). The aim of this contribution is to summarize the results of contemporary research; to draw attention to themes as yet not investigated and to outline possible perspectives for further research taking account of topical historiographical trends abroad.

10

Переклад юридичних термінів у польсько-українському контексті спадкового права (лексичні та граматичні аспекти)

75%

Borys O.

Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia

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2016

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tom 4

35-42

PL

The article investigates the process of translating inheritance law terminology on the basis of the Polish and Ukrainian languages. In order to discuss the nature of translation and the peculiarities of legal translation the approaches of Polish, Ukrainian as well as other linguists and translators were taken into consideration. Scrupulous study was dedicated to the concept of equivalence. Thusly, Nida’s formal and dynamic equivalence was introduced and compared to Kielar’s, Kierzkowska’s and Pienkos’ legal translation. The skopos theory of Ch. Nord was discussed in the context of legal translation. Because theory is closely connected with the functions of the translated text, close attention was paid to Kielar’s parallel texts approach. Moreover some Ukrainian linguists were quoted regarding the case of borrowings. The article contains a wide range of examples taken from the Ukrainian and Polish Civil Codes.

11

Ustawa jako tytuł powołania do spadku rodzeństwa spadkodawcy w razie braku jego zstępnych – czy jest to słuszne rozwiązanie?

75%

Łapińska E.

Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały

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2022

|

tom (30)

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nr 1

181-192

PL

Celem artykułu jest rozważenie słuszności ustawowego dziedziczenia przez rodzeństwo spadkodawcy w razie braku jego zstępnych. Zajęcie stanowiska w powyższej kwestii wymaga odwołania się do motywów, które przesądzają o zaliczeniu poszczególnych członków rodziny zmarłego do kręgu spadkobierców ustawowych. Niewątpliwie pomiędzy rodzeństwem istnieje bliska więź, jednak brak wpływu śmierci brata lub siostry na sytuację materialną rodzeństwa, jak również brak bezpośredniego lub pośredniego wkładu w osiągnięcie przez zmarłego określonego stanu majątkowego przemawiają za pozbawieniem tytułu powołania do spadku rodzeństwa spadkodawcy w zbiegu z jego małżonkiem. Dopiero w razie braku męża albo żony spadkodawcy byłoby zasadne dziedziczenie przez rodzeństwo zmarłego. Za inspirację, a zarazem cenną wskazówkę przy modyfikacji prawa spadkowego w przedmiotowym zakresie mogą uchodzić regulacje prawne obowiązujące w innych państwach.

EN

The aim of the article is to consider the rightness of the statutory inheritance by the testator’s siblings in the absence of his descendants. Taking a position on the above issue requires referring to the motives that determine the classification of individual members of the deceased’s family to the circle of statutory heirs. Undoubtedly, there is a close bond between siblings. However, the lack of impact of the death of a brother or sister on the financial situation of the siblings, as well as the lack of a direct or indirect contribution to the deceased’s achievement of a certain financial status, argue in favor of depriving title of appointing to inheritance the testator’s siblings in conjunction with his spouse. Only in the absence of a husband or wife of the testator, it would be rightness to appointing to inheritance the deceased’s siblings. Legal regulations in force in other countries may be considered an inspiration and, at the same time, a valuable tip when modifying the inheritance law in this respect.

12

Czech inheritance law and the significance of tradition

75%

Horák O. , Daduová M. , Osina P.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2019

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tom 9

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nr 4

333-348

EN

The article deals with the importance of the Czech-Austrian legal tradition in Czech inheritance law, particularly with the inter-war recodification (1920–1938) and the contemporary literature. In the first part it analyses the inspirational sources of new inheritance law in general. Next part describes the course of the recodification works in the inter-war era. The third part of the article analyses the scope and particular form of the First Republic inspiration. The last part describes personalities and literature of inheritance law until the middle of the 20th century. The last recodification of Czech private law (2000–2012), finished by issuance of the new Civil Code (Act No. 89/2012 Sb.), built on the Czech-Austrian legal tradition represented by the interwar proposals from 1931 and 1937. The comparisons suggest that the recodification of inheritance law followed a super revision proposal (1931) even more than the government bill (1937), in some institutes it coincides with the (West) Galician Civil Code (1797), which became the direct precursor of the General Civil Code – ABGB (1811).

13

Idea bezpieczeństwa prawnego w polskim prawie spadkowym

75%

Mącik P.

Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej

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2014

|

tom 2(9)

66-84

PL

The purpose of this paper is to present the issues of legal protection within inheritance law. A court decision made in the case of the ascertainment of inheritance, acquisition, or registered deed of succession, constitute the only proofs of legal succession, so their amendment or revocation is permissible only in the special cases indicated in the Act. Time and procedure limitations on amendments in respect of succession can potentially affect the accepted principle of justice. However, the State protects inheritance law and at the same time upholds legal protection. The fact that the legislator facilitated such a mode of procedure attests to the fact that legal stability and security of transactions are valued more than the protection of legal succession. However, this does not mean that the principle of justice and the protection of legal succession are not applied. Au contraire a person who is not a successor has the possibility to assert the protection of his/her rights at a particular time. On the other hand, the person who is a successor has to invoke the statutory presumption and has to have the sense of legal security guaranteed by the legislator which is required of him/her. As a consequence the conflict between the protection of legal succession and legal security arises. This presents the opportunity for reflection on the status of Polish inheritance law which will be provided in this article.

14

Czy bity są życiem, a śmierć to dopiero początek? Cywilnoprawne implikacje śmierci człowieka związane z rozwojem mind uploadingu

75%

Szpyt K.

Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały

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2019

|

nr 2 (25)

43-56

EN

One of the most commonly disputed topics in the new technologies sector in 2018 was Artificial Intelligence and a probability of granting it a legal capacity. A situation in which an algorithm, i.e. in practical terms: a digital set of zeros and ones, in legal transactions is, to a large degree, made equal with a human being, has stirred and continues to stir numerous doubts also in the legal doctrine. What will happen, however, when we try to reverse the mentioned relationship? Instead of transforming ‘a machine into the human’, let us transform ‘the human into a machine’. This is because, in a large oversimplification, it is the effect of performance of the mind uploading process, i.e. the procedure transferring a human mind onto a synthetic medium. This article most probably constitutes the first attempt in Poland at tackling the set of legal issues connected with transferring the mind, additionally narrowed down to an analysis of civi law regulations with a particular emphasis on mortis causa norms. It also attempts to answer a question as to whether the notion of death will have to be redefined in the context of the aforementioned process, and also if the inheritance law, in the face of alleged future immortality of humans, will preserve its raison d‘être in future. Considerations on the legal capacity of the ‘digitalised human’ provided an introduction into the set of issues discussed in the paper.

PL

W 2018 r. jednym z najpowszechniej dyskutowanych tematów w branży nowych technologii była sztuczna inteligencja i możliwość przyznania jej podmiotowości prawnej. Sytuacja, w której algorytm, czyli w praktyce cyfrowy zbiór zer i jedynek, zrównuje się w znacznej mierze w obrocie prawnym z człowiekiem, wzbudzała i wzbudza wiele wątpliwości również w doktrynie prawnej. Co jednak się stanie, gdy spróbujemy odwrócić wspomnianą relację? Zamiast zmieniać „maszynę w człowieka”, przeobrazimy „człowieka w maszynę”? Taki bowiem skutek, w dużym uproszczeniu, niesie ze sobą przeprowadzenie procesu mind uploadingu, czyli przeniesienia ludzkiego umysłu na syntetyczny nośnik. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi prawdopodobnie pierwszą w Polsce próbę zmierzenia się z prawną problematyką transferu umysłu, zawężoną dodatkowo do analizy regulacji cywilnoprawnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem unormować mortis causa. Podjęto w nim próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy w kontekście wspomnianego procesu konieczne będzie przedefiniowanie pojęcia śmierci, jak również czy prawo spadkowe – w obliczu rzekomej ludzkiej nieśmiertelności – zachowa w przyszłości swoją rację bytu. Jako wprowadzenie do zagadnienia służyły rozważania na temat podmiotowości prawnej „człowieka zdigitalizowanego”.

15

Pasierb spadkodawcy jako spadkobierca ustawowy (art. 9341 k.c.)

75%

Partyk A.

Rejent

|

2020

|

nr 4 (348)

81-100

EN

The article discusses the issue of statutory succession by the deceased’s stepchild. In the current state of law, in the light of art. 9341 of Civil Code if the deceased leaves no spouse or relatives by consanguinity called to the succession by the law, the estate falls in equal parts to those children of the deceased’s spouse whose parents did not live to the opening of the succession. The publication points out numerous interpretation doubts on the grounds of the aforementioned provision. The question was also posed whether, in the times of changing social conditions and changes in the model of family life, it is not necessary to make changes in the law to strengthen the legal and inheritance position of the stepchildren of the deceased.

16

Testament jako akt sformalizowany – uwagi w sprawie przyszłego kształtu regulacji dotyczących formy rozrządzeń testamentowych

65%

Pabin A.

Studia Prawnicze

|

2016

|

nr 1 (205)

91-126

EN

Testator wishing to dispose of assets through a testament has a choice of several forms of testament: ordinary and special. Preparing the act of last will it's necessary to observe the formal requirements set forth by law, otherwise this will is going to be invalid. The existing provisions about the form don't fully meet the objectives for which they were introduced. Approved forms of will raise a number of concerns, and the regulations governing them require immediate correction. The provisions of the form can be accused of: imprecision, inconsistency, and in some cases the lack of practicality and the lack of adaptation to contemporary needs and opportunities. But above all, unfortunately, they often interfere with the will of the testator. That formalism in practice often thwarts the will of the testator. The rules, which were supposed to protect and make its fulfillment often become an obstacle. Formal requirements introduced, among others, due to the reduction of falsifying wills is not fully recognized. There are necessary changes in regulations concerning the form of the disposition mortis causa. The existing forms of the testament need modifications and some of them total removal. There is a need also to create new types of wills. However, the most important is to enable the maintenance of the statement in force, in the case that the testament is authentic and the testator made it consciously leaving out some requirement of form.

17

Zasada osobistości testament w prawie polskim

63%

Grzegorczyk K.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

|

2020

|

tom 29

|

nr 1

99-135

EN

The so-called principle of personal character of a testament becomes more and more often raised as an argument by Polish legal scholars. The text provides the first systematic analysis of the principle in Polish law. In order to verify the opinion that such a principle is a norm, two approaches have been used: a theoretical one (based on Dworkin’s and Alexy’s concept of principles and rules) and a practical one (based on concepts developed in the context of an academic analysis of Polish private law). The validity of the principle of personal character of testament is unquestionable in the light of Article 944 § 2 of the Polish Civil Code, which prohibits making and revoking testaments by a representative. There is, however, a wide range of situations with no clear answer concerning the applicability of that principle, and these situations have been analysed in the text. Basically, third party impact on testament content should be considered unacceptable, while such impact on testament effects is admissible. An example of the former might be a special purpose bequest (zapis celowy) instead of a bequest specifying an obligation. On the other hand, an example of an acceptable disposition might be letting a third party choose from among possible objects of a bequest. The latter would not be admissible by naming an heir (however, not because of the principle of personal character of a testament, but because of the regulations concerning the form of a testament), which made the issue controversial among Polish legal scholars (the so-called variant or alternative bequest (zapis wariantowy or zapis alternatywny) has been accepted by the Polish Supreme Court lately). The analysis presented in the text also affirms the admissibility of a third party aid in revoking a testament by destroying it with the intention of revoking (according to Article 946 of the Polish Civil Code). Finally, the principle of personal character of a testament is used in the text to mark the boundaries of the allowed interpretation of a testament. As a result, the analysed principle is accepted as valid (in both theoretical and practical sense of the notion of a principle) in Polish law. It has, however, smaller (than expected by some other authors) impact on the way of interpreting the provisions of Polish inheritance law.

18

Adaptacja prawa polskiego do wymogów unijnego rozporządzenia spadkowego (Nr 650/2012)

63%

Załucki M.

Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały

|

2015

|

nr 2(17)

5-18

EN

This article discusses legislative alignment of the Polish law to the requirements of the EU succession Regulation No. 650/2012. Author presents the origins of the Polish Act adapting the Regulation and shows the course of legislative works. His presentation aims to identify major changes in the Polish law related to this Regulation.

PL

Tematem pracy jest adaptacja prawa polskiego do wymogów unijnego rozporządzania spadkowego (Nr 650/2012). Autor przedstawia źródła polskiej ustawy o adaptacji rozporządzania i wykazuje tok legislacji. Niniejsza praca ma na celu wykazywanie ważnych zmian w polskim prawie z powodu wyżej wspomnianego rozporządzania.

19

Dziedziczenie testamentowe w prawie izraelskim

63%

Sobański P.

Rejent

|

2020

|

nr 8 (352)

57-84

EN

Israeli inheritance law in matters of testamentary inheritance should be an interesting source of inspiration for the Polish law on its way to modernize the law in this area. It seems that the Polish legislator should consider in particular the need to introduce a regulation similar to § 25 of the Inheritance Law into the Polish Civil Code, which is the world's first Harmless Error Rule regulation, which is being adapted in an increasing number of laws of individual countries. It expresses the priority of the testator's will over the formal requirements resulting from the provisions of the Act. It should be noted that there is not only one model of this principle, and the analysis of the history of the changes made to § 25 of the Israeli Inheritance Law perfectly illustrates what the shadows and radiance of the more liberal model and the slightly more restrictive version are. The article also analyzes the Israeli regulation of joint wills and its comparison with the presented Polish draft in this matter.

20

Testament na statku morskim lub powietrznym de lege lata i de lege ferenda w prawie polskim na tle porównawczym

63%

Borysiak W.

Prawo w Działaniu

|

2022

|

nr 54

82-106

EN

A will made on board a ship or an aircraft (often referred to as travel will) is regulated in Polish law in Article 953 of the Polish Civil Code of 1964. Since this regulation has never been applied in practice and because of interpretative doubts related to it, as well as the standards of conduct of the Polish carriers, unaware of the existence of this type of will, the Polish literature suggests that it should be removed from the Civil Code. Also, a proposal by the Polish government from 2022 provides for the removal of this type of will from the Civil Code. The removal of the travel will from the Civil Code may be supported by arguments derived from comparative law. A number of European legislations contain forms of wills that can only be drawn up while travelling on a ship (more often) or by aircraft (less often). However, they are criticized in the literature. Emphasis is placed on the fact that wills of this nature are not used in practice, and arguments are presented referring to the lack of economic rationality of this solution. Moreover, a comparative analysis shows first of all that the creation of the possibility to draw up a will in a specific form for persons travelling by sea or air is not obvious. There are no obstacles preventing a traveller from drawing up such a will on board a ship or an aircraft in holographic form, or to draw up a will in public form (e.g. in the notary’s office) before starting the voyage. On the other hand, in cases of emergency it is admissible to draw up a will in a specific form (e.g. an oral will). In practice, in emergency situations involving a shipwreck or a plane crash, in most cases a travel will drawn up on paper will be destroyed.

PL

Testament na statku morskim lub powietrznym, określany często jako testament podróżny, uregulowany jest w prawie polskim w art. 953 Kodeksu cywilnego. W doktrynie postuluje się jednak jego usunięcie z Kodeksu cywilnego ze względu na brak zastosowania tej regulacji w praktyce, wątpliwości interpretacyjne z nią związane, a także standardy postępowania polskich przewoźników nieświadomych jej istnienia. Także rządowy projekt nowelizacji Kodeksu cywilnego z 7.10.2022 r. przewiduje uchylenie tej formy testamentu szczególnego. Za usunięciem testamentu podróżnego z Kodeksu cywilnego mogą przemawiać argumenty wyprowadzane z prawa porównawczego. W wielu ustawodawstwach europejskich występują formy testamentów, których sporządzenie jest możliwe jedynie podczas podróży na statkach morskich (częściej) lub powietrznych (rzadziej). Ich ocena jest jednak na tle tych systemów prawnych negatywna. Są one także wielokrotnie krytykowane w literaturze. Podkreśla się fakt „wyjścia z użycia” w praktyce testamentów w tej formie oraz wskazuje na argumenty odwołujące się do braku ekonomicznej racjonalności tego rozwiązania. Analiza porównawcza uwidacznia jednak przede wszystkim to, że stworzenie możliwości sporządzenia testamentu w szczególnej formie dla osób podróżujących drogą morską lub powietrzną nie jest oczywiste. Nic nie stoi bowiem na przeszkodzie temu, aby podróżny sporządził taki testament na pokładzie statku morskiego lub powietrznego w formie własnoręcznej, a gdyby chciał sporządzić testament w formie publicznej, udałby się np. do notariusza przed wyruszeniem w podróż. W wypadkach zaś nagłych i zagrażających życiu nie jest wyłączone sporządzenie przez takie osoby testamentu szczególnego w formie ustnej. Ponadto w rzeczywiście kryzysowych sytuacjach związanych z zatonięciem statku lub katastrofą samolotu w praktyce testament podróżny sporządzony na papierze w większości przypadków zostanie zniszczony.