The approach to forest management has changed many times over the time. Forest receives increasingly a lesser extent as wood and wild game supplier. Social and protective functions of the forest have begun to play more and more essential role. Change in the perception of the forest functions entails the questions about the economic consequences of the forest management in an era of changing priorities. This paper aims to compare approaches to the economic consequences of actions undertaken in the forestry in different periods. The evolution of the approach to the economic analysis can be traced. Analysis of historical publications allows to observe the changes, starting from 1820, when no special attention to the uniformity of drawing income from the forest was paid, through the interwar period, when attempts were made to maximize the profitability of forestry and through the World War II, when no analysis of economic rationality was taken, to the current situation, when more and more attention is paid to the economic consequence of changes in forest management priorities. Presented issues should be a contribution to the discussion on economic issues associated with conducting forest management especially in the context of the tasks included in the forest management plan. It must be noted that, despite the provisions in the instructions for the analysis of forest economic conditions, they often were not reflected in the management plans. Studies aimed at awareness raising and, consequently, the development of the synthetic parameters of an objective description and comparison of the economic conditions of forestry functioning both within the forest district and larger units seem to be necessary.
Although the natural environment exists irrespectively of man, no community may exist without the environment. The impact of the environment on human welfare is threefold: the environment supplies directly consumed resources, resources used for production, and it sustains the operation of systems responsible for life on earth. It is almost impossible to find an economic sector that does not use environmental resources. What does the economy have to do with this? The author will present methods of economic analyses in subsequent issues of AURA.
PL
Chociaż środowisko przyrodnicze istnieje niezależnie od człowieka, to żadne społeczeństwo nie może istnieć bez środowiska. Wpływ środowiska na dobrobyt człowieka jest trojakiego rodzaju: dostarcza dóbr, które są bezpośrednio konsumowane, które służą jako środki produkcji oraz podtrzymuje funkcjonowanie systemów, od których zależy życie na ziemi. Trudno zresztą znaleźć dział gospodarki, który obywa się bez środków produkcji dostarczanych przez przyrodę. Co ekonomia ma o tym do powiedzenia? Autor będzie w kolejnych numerach AURY zapoznawał czytelników z metodami analizy ekonomicznej.
Environmental precipitation water management is an important task of infrastructure. Despite its significance there are no relevant comprehensive legal regulations, although the beginnings of the precipitation water drainage systems go back a long way. The development of urbanisation contributed to the construction of drainage systems in many areas. This leads to the considerably faster draining of precipitation water to water reservoirs, disturbs the hydraulics of the watercourses, and thus significantly spoils natural water circulation. The authors present one of the methods of precipitation water management: discharging it into the ground.
PL
Ekologiczne zagospodarowanie wód pochodzenia opadowego należy do ważnych zadań infrastruktury. Mimo swojego znaczenia, nie ma kompleksowego uregulowania prawnego, chociaż początki kanalizowania wód opadowych sięgają odległych czasów. Rozwój urbanizacji doprowadził do kanalizacji coraz większych obszarów. Prowadzi to do znacznie szybszego odprowadzania wód opadowych do odbiornika wodnego, zakłóca hydraulikę cieków, a w efekcie w sposób istotny zakłóca obieg wody w przyrodzie. Autorzy przedstawiają jeden ze sposobów zagospodarowania wód opadowych - wprowadzanie ich do gruntu.
Aktywne kształtowanie przestrzeni gospodarczej kraju w warunkach rynkowych, spełniające oczekiwania poprawy ładu przestrzennego i upowszechniania atrakcyjnych miejsc alokacji kapitału, uzasadnia rację opracowania, stałego doskonalenia i skutecznej realizacji polityki przestrzennej. Jednymi z ważniejszych aspektów powinny być szeroko rozumiane kwestie ekonomiczne. Poza ogólnymi przesłankami polityki przestrzennej, wyróżniono dwie zasadnicze grupy aspektów ekonomicznych, stosowne do każdej skali terytorialnej. Są to warunki tworzenia korzyści dla rozwoju przedsiębiorczości i innych jednostek gospodarczych (budżetowych) oraz koszty funkcjonowania całokształtu działalności gospodarczej i poszczególnych jej sfer w układach przestrzennych. Sformułowano szereg postulatów o charakterze uniwersalnym, jak też w układzie zregionalizowanym, obejmujących sferę produkcyjną.
EN
The leading theme of the article are economic aspects of the national physical planning policy on all levels of government and local administration. Drawing upon the concept of physical order, which is to be understood as rational management of space and facilitation of the physical dimension of any business activity, two major categories of economic aspects in physical planning can be differentiated. First, there are benefits related to promotion of business as a source and means of expanding capital, which will then supply other businesses in a given area. The underlying business function rest upon external benefits generated by corporations, some of which are expressed in financial terms. The article focuses not only on internal and external benefits to corporations but also on disadvantages projected to the environment. In either case, they are referred to as external factors and some of them are local and some are regional scope. The others are not defined in physical terms. Corporate external factors, if concentrated physically, are the source of agglomeration and deglomeration processes which are not solely limited to business but also to all types of economic activity and settlement processes. Hence, they constitute a critical aspect of physical planning. Physical planning must be the domain of all levels of government, including public administration. It follows from the nature of the structure of Poland s economy and political priorities that the responsibility should be concentrated in the administration of future large regions. This holds true for both categories of economic aspects. Naturally, centrally controlled physical planning must be co-ordinated with other sectoral and problem-centred policies. Its role and scope will always be varied and will depend on the development of multifaceted positive sustainability of economic processes. The policy will have to take account of heavy restructuring and refocus of regions to help them catch up with the volatile reality. The objectives arc to: - strengthen major urban agglomerations, or the growth generators, such as Warsaw, Poznań, Gdańsk etc.; - modify the business structure of Upper and Lower Silesia, Łódż complex and other areas of high natural resource concentration; - foster the development of growth generators in eastern Poland; - alleviate the differences in physical structure to enhance sustainability. Generally, Government policies should gravitate towards elimination or significant reduction of problems and conflicts, increasing sustainability of growth, market mechanisms and grass root initiative and to improve the general potential for future growth.
The article is a presentation of selected theoretical questions of the urbanization process out of which the author discusses the issue of workers' settlement in villages, commuting to work and relations urbanization-natural environment. Population living in villages but working outside agriculture, through contacts with population of towns and urban environment influences significantly the process of reconstruction of rural environment, formulation of new attitudes and behaviour patterns among village inhabitants. An evidence of changes undergoing in the way of living of that part of the population are non-agiricultural settlements springing up on the outsikirts of towns, the fact that arable land is converted into building lots and a trend to introduce typically urban instiallations to suburban and rural areas. In result of urbanization of rural population (along with growing industrialization of villages) the natural environment is subject to intensifying pollution and degradation. This unfavourable phenomenon is intensified by spatial concentration of socio-economic functions in villages and scientific-technological progress. The problems of relations environment-urbanization process have become the subject of interest of a new branch of science called eco-town planning or biological town planning. The science intends to secure for man (subject to urbanizatian, industrialization etc. pressures) optimum conditions for biological development. At the end the author presents main rends and methods applied in studies of the urbanization process and evaluates them briefly with respect to their usability in practical analyses. The author starts from formal approaches to the urbanization process concerning the phenomena of concentration of population and economic activity, through a structural-functional approach referring to changes in professional and social structure and ending with the latest diffusion models. The models describe spatial behaviour of population in towns and villages and dissemination of patterns created in towns. The diffusing element is often attractiveniess of town as a place of work, residence, fulfillijng one's needs, entertainment etc. Previous methods of studies on the urbanization process, developed by many scientists from various branches of science were not satisfactory. Great complexity and variety of urbanization forms make it necessary to undertake interdisciplinary studies in the future so that basing on many complementary methods it will be possible to explain the mechanism of spatial migration of population and transmission of cultural patterns from urban to rural communities among individual groups of society and between elements of the settlement network.
Wartość ekonomiczna przyrody jest bezdyskusyjna. Nie jest jednak jasne, czy potrafimy dostrzegać wszystkie korzyści z niej czerpane. Różni badacze i różne instytucje międzynarodowe proponują szczegółowe wykazy, które należałoby analizować w celu trafnego zidentyfikowania korzyści oraz ich kwantyfikacji. Wszystkie tego typu podejścia wskazują na przynajmniej trzy grupy, sklasyfikowane ogólnie jako usługi regulacyjne, zaopatrzeniowe i społeczne. Łącznie dostarczają one korzyści, których gospodarcze znaczenie nie ustępuje roli odgrywanej przez towary wymieniane na rynku. W tym sensie ekosystemy świadczą usługi o wartości ekonomicznej porównywalnej z tym, co jest nabywane przez gospodarstwa domowe i firmy.
EN
There is little doubt about the economic value of nature. Nevertheless it is not clear whether we are able to notice all the benefits that it provides. Numerous researchers and international organizations are working out detailed checklists in order to identify these benefits adequately, and to quantify them. At least three types of services are recognized; these are classified as regulatory, provisioning, and social services. Their collective economic role is as important as the role of commodities traded in markets. In this sense, their contribution to our well-being is commensurate with what is purchased by households and firms.
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.