Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

A lexico-semantic database of Czech. An interim report

100%

Tichý O. , Obstová Z. , Klégr A.

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2021

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tom 31

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nr 1

93-100

EN

The paper describes the intermediate stage of a lexicographical project, whose aim is to digitize and align two Czech onomasiological dictionaries (Haller 1969–77; Klégr 2007) in order to create an integrated digital multi-purpose lexico-semantic database of Czech. The two dictionaries are based on different categorization systems (Hallig and von Wartburg; Roget) and use different formats. Their content only partially overlaps, making them largely complementary. Their linkage is planned to be achieved through their structural elements (categories of their hierarchies) rather than by matching individual headwords. The four phases of the project are digitization, encoding, programming and testing. The digitization of both dictionaries and the encoding of one of them have been completed, and the preliminary steps in programming the platform are underway.

2

The role of metonymy in Czech word-formation

100%

Janda L. A.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2010

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tom 71

|

nr 4

260-274

EN

This article explores the role of metonymic semantic relationships in the derivation of words via suffixation in Czech. Most scholarly work on metonymy has focused on the use of one word to substitute for another word, as when we say redhead to refer to a whole person. A similar semantic relationship is present when we form a word like břicháč ‘person with a (big) belly’ from the noun břicho ‘belly’. However, scholarly work on word-formation has not explored these metonymic semantic relationships. This study analyzes a database of 562 types of suffixal formations in Czech, where each type represents a unique combination of metonymic relationship, word-class, and suffix. This analysis not only demonstrates parallels between substitutional and word-formational metonymy, but shows that the metonymic relationships in word-formation are more diverse than in substitution. Asymmetries in these relationships are also explored, showing for example that actions are generally more salient than the participants and the setting, and that parts are more salient than wholes. The design of this study can be extended to analyze the word-formation systems of other languages and thus facilitate cross-linguistic comparisons.

3

Od nezištné kulturní výměny k prosazování národních zájmů. Koncepční proměny zahraniční kulturní politiky SRN a česko(slovensko)-německé kulturní vztahy

100%

Baštová P.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2014

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nr 1-2

134-166

EN

This article analyses and assesses changes in the basic principles and priorities of the cultural diplomacy of the Federal Republic of Germany from the post-war period to the present. It does so by comparing three central documents related to general conceptions, from 1977, 2000, and 2011, and considering them into the broader context of German political and social developments. The article seeks to explain what these changes say about the overall development of German foreign policy and German society, its perceptions of itself, and coming to terms with its complicated past. The interpretation of the individual conceptions is accompanied by a brief outline and an assessment of their consequences or the development of Czech(oslovak)-German cultural relations. The article draws on approaches taken in political science, while considering the topic from the position of an historian. It can reasonably be said to be part of the trend sometimes called ‘modern’ or ‘new’ political history. In her analysis, the author seeks to demonstrate that the principles which were promoted in West German cultural diplomacy during the 1960s and 1970s (namely, an expanded conception of culture, culture as ‘something for everyone’, and emphasis on equal mutual exchange), were to a considerable extent till part of the conception of 2000. In recent years, however, Germany has somewhat retreated from them or interprets hem differently, which is distinctly reflected in the conception of German cultural diplomacy from 2011. Mainly the emphasis on German national interests has increased, whereby the German approach has begun to resemble those of the French and the British. The article thus supports the thesis about the ‘normalization’ of German foreign policy in the twenty-first century. The historical development of international relations and also the growing influence of economic interests on the area of cultural diplomacy are reflected in, among other things, the change in regional priorities from a straightforward orientation to the West, then to attention to central and Eastern Europe in transformation, and eventually o an increased interest in economically developing non-European countries.

4

Register in Czech: Designing an MDA-based experimental study

100%

Marklová A. , Buchmüller O. , Demian C. , Meyer R. , Szucsich L.

Linguistics Beyond and Within

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2023

|

tom 9

60-75

EN

There are no conventionalized ways to investigate the results of multidimensional analysis (MDA) from the perceptual perspective in an experimental setting. An MDA of the Czech corpus Koditex by Cvrček et al. (2020) established eight dimensions of variation based on 122 linguistic features. The first two dimensions, which explain the largest proportion of shared variance, are labeled as 1. dynamic (+)/static (-) and 2. spontaneous (+)/prepared (-). In our study, we investigated if some situational contexts of language use evoke stronger associations with the poles of the two dimensions than others. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the impact of the mode of language use and the properties of the interlocutor on the ratings. Czech native speakers (n=107) rated various situational contexts on 7-point Likert-like scales representing the MDA-based dimensions. The items were balanced in the formality of the interlocutor’s name (Mr. or Mrs. in connection to surname/first name), the interlocutor´s gender, and the mode of language use (spoken/written). The statistical analysis uncovered a significant effect of the formality of the interlocutor's name and the mode of language use on the ratings. Using first names and spoken mode resulted in ratings closer to the positive poles of the dimensions. The comparison of individual items showed that some situations, mainly those representing the negative poles of the dimensions, are rated more consistently than others. The results of our study offer insight into how native speakers evaluate situations of language use on the scales of preparedness, subjectivity, and interactivity.

5

Terminological synonyms in Czech and English sports terminologies

100%

Cocca M. , Kendzora T. J. , Řeřicha V. , Martínez E. A.

Linguistica Pragensia

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2016

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tom 26

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nr 2

21-32

EN

The following paper deals with the concept and typology of terminological synonyms in English and Czech, focusing on the official sport terms codified in English and/or Czech dictionaries. The analysis focuses on Anglicisms as terminological doublets, hyposynonyms, stylistic synonyms, and false friends. Results show that a high number of synonyms were generated by the process of transshaping or translating English terms into Czech. Our analysis suggests that there may be found three types of sports synonyms in English (real, quasi-, and pseudo- synonyms) and four main types in Czech (terminological doublets, Anglicisms as hyposynonyms, false friends, and stylistic synonyms). The use of synonyms is even more evident in modern or newly created sports; mass media and the accessibility of data through the Internet playing an essential role as they mediate an immense input of information to the target population.

6

Towards an inventory of pitch accents for read Czech

100%

Duběda T.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2011

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tom 72

|

nr 1

3-12

EN

The present article is a tentative description of prenuclear intonation in Czech within the framework of autosegmental theory, which has been applied to Czech prosody only marginally so far. After discussing the advantages and drawbacks of this kind of stylization, it puts forward a structured set of pitch accents, elementary building blocks of sentence intonation, intended for the annotation of intonation phrases. This set was derived from phonetic analysis of read speech using the criteria of interchangeability and perceptual similarity. The analysis includes information about the frequency of pitch accents in prenuclear positions and their discoursive functions. The theoretical principles explained in the introductory part should make the article accessible even for readers with limited knowledge of current prosodic paradigms.

CS

Článek je pokusem o analýzu české prenukleární intonace v duchu autosegmentální teorie, která v češtině dosud nenalezla soustavnější uplatnění. Po představení výhod a nedostatků tohoto druhu stylizace navrhujeme strukturovanou sadu melodických akcentů – stavebních kamenů větné intonace, které lze využít při popisu prenukleárních částí promluvových úseků. Pro sestavení tohoto inventáře, založeného na fonetickém rozboru čtené řeči, byla využita hlediska zaměnitelnosti a percepční podobnosti. Analýza zahrnuje také informace o četnosti melodických akcentů v prenuklárních pozicích a o jejich diskurzivních funkcích. Teoretické principy vysvětlené v úvodu by měly článek zpřístupnit i čtenářům s omezenou znalostí současných prozodických koncepcí.

7

Słowa roku w czeskim dyskursie publicznym

100%

Hebal-Jezierska M.

Przegląd Humanistyczny

|

2016

|

tom 60(3 (454))

95-109

PL

The aim of the article is to analyse the so-called words of the year used in the Czech public discourse in the years of 2006–2014. In the Czech Republic this event takes the form of a plebiscite conducted among readers of “Lidové noviny” newpaper. The words selected in the Czech contest Words of the Year have a different character than their Polish counterparts. It seems that they were chosen mainly to the attractive context in which they were used, which is related to the profile of people voting for them. An average reader of “Lidové nowiny” newspaper is more often driven by attractiveness of the meaning of the lexeme, context, in which it is used, less often its form, unless it evokes specific associations. A great number of these words are quotes from politicians, relating to internal affairs. From the lexicological point of view, lexical neologisms prevail among the Czech set of words of the year. Among them one can distinguish word formation neologisms (rychlostudent), semantic neologisms (šibal, odklonit, viróza) and borrowings (blob, pussy, fotovoltaika). Other words are native or foreign words used in texts adapted to the Czech language (metanol, poplatky) a long time ago.

8

Optional valency complementations in Czech light verb constructions

100%

Kettnerová V.

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2021

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tom 31

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nr 1

7-27

EN

This paper addresses Czech light verb constructions, partly revising principles of their syntactic structure formation formulated within the Functional Generative Description. It argues that obligatoriness of valency complementations should be reflected in these principles. Namely, the role of optional valency complementations of light verbs played in this process has been analyzed. This analysis has shown that in the cases where light verbs do not provide a sufficient number of valency complementations for the surface expression of semantic participants of predicative nouns, semantic participants of nouns make use of optional verbal complementations; namely ORIGin, LOCative and BENefactor have been attested in the VALLEX lexicon. In such cases, semantic participants can be expressed on the surface, either as optional verbal complementation or as nominal complementation. The distribution of verbal and nominal complementations have been observed in 1,600 light verb constructions extracted from the Czech National Corpus, with the result that the surface expression of these participants through the optional verbal complementations is strongly preferred (88% of verbal complementations and 12% of nominal ones). The semantic analysis has indicated that the optional verbal complementations are overrepresented as they cover broader semantic contexts than the corresponding nominal ones.

9

Pozice nespisovných variet ve stylu nové české literatury

89%

Mareš P.

Stylistyka

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2016

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tom 25

219-227

EN

The tendency to operate freely with devices of all language varieties and with characteristic practices of various functional styles is one of the significant features of the literary style. This paper focuses on the vast use of non-standard language varieties, especially colloquial Czech, in modern Czech literary texts. In these texts, the elements of non-standard language occur not only as a means for creating the impression of authentic communication in everyday life, but also as a bearer of (both positive and negative) values and as a source of specific aesthetic qualities. In a short outline, the individual phases of the evolution of exploiting the non-standard language devices in Czech literary style are described and illustrated on textual examples.

10

Paralele w semikomunikacji użytkowników języków północnogermańskich i zachodniosłowiańskich

88%

Lipowski J.

Slavia Occidentalis

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2012

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nr 69

147-156

PL

Semi-communication as a limited form of verbal communication in the linguistic literature has been taken into consideration, especially in relation to the Danes, Swedes and Norwegians. The author compares some characteristic features of the communication between the Czechs, the Poles and the Slovaks. The author presents some common and a number of distinctive features. For example, there is a different inverse proportion between the comprehension of written and spoken language. A special attention is given to the similarity of the role (contributing element) of social, cultural and political phenomena, compensating differences in language systems communicating with groups of users in multiple languages. In this paper, the author also indicates a creation of a new language as one of the results of the Czech and Slovak communication. The author also incorporates in semi-communication the verbal contact of users of regional dialects and the standard language.

11

Colour terms in three languages:their distribution and function

88%

Čermák F.

Linguistica Pragensia

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2014

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tom 24

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nr 2

136-146

XX

Czech, English and Dutch colour adjectives are examined on the basis of InterCorp and other data to establish their equivalence where the very different numbers representing the three languages readily point to some major overlap in interlingual relations. The most conspicuous cases are discussed against the background of the typological features of these languages. There exist some familiar differences, such as the Czech červený-rudý corresponding to a single English equivalent, red, or the Dutch rood, although other, less familiar discrepancies may be found as well, such as the Dutch roos-roze for pink, růžový, occurring mostly in compounds. Out of the three basic sentence functions of adjectives which may be (1) attributiva tantum, (2) predicativa tantum, or have (3) non-specialized function, it is the last use (3) that is chosen for a further examination based on the available corpus data, as colour terms occur in all standard syntactic positions. However, only the predicative use of these colour adjectives is focused on as it appears to be special and not much research interest has been paid to it in general. Overall, the research did not produce a sufficient number of examples to allow detailed conclusions.

12

O polskim chudym i czeskim chudým z punktu widzenia semantyki i aksjologii

88%

Siatkowska E.

Rocznik Slawistyczny

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2014

|

tom 63

99-111

EN

The article presents an outline of the historical development of the semantics and axiology of the Polish and Czech approximate words (= words of similar sound but different senses in two related languages), chudy and some of its synonyms: szczupły, smukły, cienki (‘lean’, ‘having little flesh’) and skromny, ubogi, biedny, nędzny (‘poor in relation to material goods’) in Polish with their Czech equivalents. Lean, skinny is the dominant meaning of the present-day Polish lexeme chudy. In the Old Polish language of the 15th and the 16th century, the adjective chudy denoting ‘a thin person’ was noted to also have the meaning of ‘poor’. As the word is found in church songs and in Ł. Górnicki's writings, it is possible that this meaning arose due to the Czech influence. The author of this article has not found any later occurrences of the word with the meaning ‘poor’; however, the biblical expression of chudy rok (‘lean year’) has maintained the meaning of ‘unfruitful’ in Polish. The lexeme chudy, signifying ‘poor’, originated in the Czech language in the13th or the 14th century. The previous meaning of ‘thin’ was adopted by the word hubeny. The lexeme chudomacka ‘soup poor in fat’ based on the root chud- carries traces of the previous meaning. Reference to this sense (i.e. ‘having little flesh’, ‘lean’) can be found in the context of atmosféra chudá na kyslík ‘atmosphere with little oxygen’, ‘poor in oxygen’. The article also discusses contemporary semantic changes, which nowadays have positive connotations, especially with respect to the female gender.

13

Assimilation of Voicing in Czech Speakers of English: The Effect of the Degree of Accentedness

88%

Skarnitzl R. , Šturm P.

Research in Language

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2014

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tom 12

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nr 2

199-208

EN

Czech and English are languages which differ with respect to the implementation of voicing. Unlike in English, there is a considerable agreement between phonological (systemic) and phonetic (actual) voicing in Czech, and, more importantly, the two languages have different strategies for the assimilation of voicing across the word boundary. The present study investigates the voicing in word-final obstruents in Czech speakers of English with the specific aim of ascertaining whether the degree of the speakers’ foreign accent correlates with the way they treat English obstruents in assimilatory contexts. L2 speakers, divided into three groups of varying accentedness, were examined employing categorization and a voicing profile method for establishing the presence/absence of voicing. The results suggest that speakers with a different degree of Czech accent do differ in their realization of voicing in the way predicted by a negative transfer of assimilatory habits from Czech.

14

Tłumaczenie Winnie-the-Pooh na język górnołużycki (w kontekście przekładów na język polski i czeski.

88%

Szpila G.

Slavia Occidentalis

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2014

|

nr 71/1

175-188

PL

The paper discusses the translation of Winnie-the-Pooh into Upper-Sorbian (Winij Pu). Its aim is to present and assess the translation of proper names in the Upper-Sorbian version by Edward Wornar. The author compares the strategies and techniques used by the translator with those deployed in the Polish and Czech translations of the book. The examination of Wornar’s version demonstrates that the translator used many a domestication technique. The translation under scrutiny is positively evaluated as it wisely utilizes various available strategies and techniques to render the original text accessible and acceptable to the target language and culture.

15

Interlanguage correspondences and their manifestation in receptive bilinguals

88%

Kříž A. , Chromý J.

Linguistica Pragensia

|

2022

|

tom 32

|

nr 1

107-124

EN

The current paper presents the results of a qualitative analysis of speech errors made during the L2 picture-naming task in the context of two mutually intelligible languages. The task was performed by native speakers of Slovak and its target language was Czech. The errors demonstrate that production is partly based on the so-called interlanguage analogies and interiorized rules derived from them. Such issues have been rather overlooked in the previous literature. Our qualitative findings offer a viable starting point for formulating novel hypotheses for quantitative studies on lexical access in bilinguals. The evidence discussed here shows that examining less commonly studied languages in their specific contexts can substantially enrich the research that has traditionally focused on better studied languages, such as English, French, German or Dutch.

16

Syntactic restrictions on infinitival imperatives in Czech

88%

Kučerová I.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

|

2009

|

tom 70

|

nr 4

305-313

EN

This paper discusses syntactic restrictions on infinitival imperatives in Czech. I argue that for an infinitival imperative to be well-formed, there must be syntactic material asymmetrically c-commanding V in the phase (cyclic domain) of the imperative. I compare this restriction to other cross-linguistic restrictions on roots: in particular, I show that the behavior of Czech infinitival imperatives is parallel to restrictions on middle constructions in English. In particular, I argue that for the English middle constructions to be well-formed, there must be syntactic material asymmetrically c-commanding v. Finally, I discuss Czech infinitival imperatives in the context of Surrogate Negative Imperative languages. I argue that the differences between Surrogate Negative Imperative languages, i.e. languages that ban negative inflected imperatives, and Czech follow from morpho-syntactic differences in negation in this class of languages and Czech.

17

Ethnic stereotypes in Polish and Czech proverbs

88%

Raina O. V. , Shestakova - Stuk A. S.

Bohemistyka

|

2019

|

nr 1

19-32

EN

Proverb is a genre of folklore and it is thought reflection of the whole nation. The proverbs contain rich material about the perception of the world and reflect the specific conditions of development of material and spiritual culture. The examined proverbs illustrate the stereotypes of the Poles and Czechs about themselves, their neighbours and other nations.

18

Assimilation of Voicing in Czech Speakers of English: The Effect of the Degree of Accentedness

88%

Skarnitzl R. , Šturm P.

|

nr 2

199-208

EN

Czech and English are languages which differ with respect to the implementation of voicing. Unlike in English, there is a considerable agreement between phonological (systemic) and phonetic (actual) voicing in Czech, and, more importantly, the two languages have different strategies for the assimilation of voicing across the word boundary. The present study investigates the voicing in word-final obstruents in Czech speakers of English with the specific aim of ascertaining whether the degree of the speakers’ foreign accent correlates with the way they treat English obstruents in assimilatory contexts. L2 speakers, divided into three groups of varying accentedness, were examined employing categorization and a voicing profile method for establishing the presence/absence of voicing. The results suggest that speakers with a different degree of Czech accent do differ in their realization of voicing in the way predicted by a negative transfer of assimilatory habits from Czech.

19

Understanding Language Death in Czech-Moravian Texas

88%

Hannan K.

Research in Language

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2007

|

tom 5

147-163

EN

Based on several decades of personal interaction with Texas speakers of Czech, the author's article attempts to correlate social change with some specific stages of language obsolescence and language death. Many instances of language change in that community, as well as cultural and social change, may be explained by the linguistic model known as the wave theory. One hundred and fifty years passed between the introduction of Czech and the death of that language in Texas. From the mid-nineteenth through the mid-twentieth century, the Czech-Moravians represented a closed community in which individuals defined their identity primarily by the Czech language, ethnicity, and culture. In the final five decades of the twentieth century, as the social template representing Texas speakers of Czech disintegrated, spoken Czech ceased to function as a living language, and much of the ancestral culture connected with the language was lost. Today some among the elderly, described as semi-speakers, terminal speakers, or "rememberers" of language, retain a limited knowledge, but the ancestral language now has only a symbolic function.

20

The country of origin principle and competition among national regulatory régimes in East Central Europe

88%

Polyák G. , Szőke G. L.

Central European Journal of Communication

|

2009

|

tom 2

|

nr 1(2)

83-97

EN

The cornerstone of European media regulation is the principle of the “country of origin”, which makes it possible for broadcasters to establish themselves in any EEA Member State and to broadcast their programmes in another one (CEC, 2006). The less competitive is this regulatory framework when compared with other countries, the greater is the possibility that broadcasters will set up their operation in another state. Firstly, we shall describe the European legal framework relating to the country of origin principle, including the ECJ’s case law. We also propose to show the potential difficulties of interpretation of the new regulation of the AMS Directive concerning this principle. We will also examine how the country of origin principle affects the media régimes of the East Central European region. We shall compare the Hungarian system with the regulations of Czech Re- public and Romania, and we shall show those factors which influence the broadcaster’s willingness and motivation to choose a country from which to operate.