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PL
W praktyce laboratoryjnej bardzo często zachodzi konieczność zapewnienia stałej wartości pH w badanym układzie. Środkami, które umożliwiają utrzymanie stabilnego pH są roztwory buforowe. W artykule omówiono podstawowe, klasyczne układy buforujące, a także trendy we współczesnej ,,chemii buforów".
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Content available Effect of pH and soil environment
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EN
The pH dependence of adsorption reactions of cationic metals is due, in part, to the preferential adsorption of the hydrolyzed metal species, in comparison to the free metal ion (McBride, 1977; McLauren and Crawford, 1973; Davis and Leckie, 1978; Farrah and Pickering, 1976a,b; James and Healy, 1972; McBride, 1982; Cavallaro and McBride, 1980; Harter, 1983). The pH of the soil system is a very important parameter that directly influences sorption/desorption, precipitation/ dissolution, complex formation, and oxidation-reduction reactions. In general, maximum retention of cationic metals occurs at pH>7 and maximum retention of anionic metals occurs at pH<7. However, because of the complexity of the soil-waste system, with its myriad of surface types and solution composition, such a generalization may not hold true. For example, cationic metal mobility has been observed to increase with increasing pH due to the formation of metal complexes with dissolved organic matter.
PL
Przeanalizowano zmiany w zakwaszeniu gleby długotrwałego (41 lat) doświadczenia nawozowego w Czarnym Potoku koło Krynicy. Wartości pH gleby serii bez wapnowania były modyfikowane przez rodzaj i poziom nawożenia mineralnego. Największe zmiany pH gleby miały miejsce w pierwszych kilku latach trwania doświadczenia, po czym w kolejnych latach nie stwierdzano wpływu nawożenia na zwiększanie zakwaszenia. Pomiędzy obiektami nawozowymi dawki nawozów wapniowych nie różnicowały znacząco dynamiki zmian zakwaszenia. Stwierdzono istotne zależności plonu runi i pH gleby poziomu 0-10 cm tylko w przypadku obiektu 90 kg N+PK.
EN
Changes in the soil pH were analysed in the period of three liming rotations in the long-term (41 years) fertilizing experiment in Czarny Potok near Krynica. The value of the soil pH in the series without liming depended on the kind and level of fertilization. The biggest changes in the soil pH were observed in the first years of the experimenl. In the following years the acidifying effect of fertilization was not observed. The doses of calcium fertilizers did not bring about changes in acidification on particular fertilizing objects. A significant dependence between the yield and the soil pH of the 0-10 layer was found on the objects fertilized with 90 kg N + PK. This relationship was not observed in the cases of extreme fertilization.
EN
The main objective of this paper was to compare efficiency of electrocoagulation and metal dissolution methods in orthophosphate removal from synthetic wastewater at 7.0 and 8.0 pH. The research was conducted with usage of steel electrodes with 1414 cm2 contact surface, which were corroding and releasing iron ions responsible for orthophosphate precipitation. The electrocoagulation process with alkaline wastewater (8.0 pH) was additionally using a direct electrical current with intensity of 0.1 A and voltage of 1.5 V. Changes of the pH value, orthophosphate and iron ions content were also measured. Obtained results show, that wastewater treatment from orthophosphate with electrocoagulation takes place much faster than with metal dissolution method. Complete orthophosphate removal (starting concentration was 10.5 mg P/dm3) with electrocoagulation process occurred after 415 minutes of research, when metal dissolution method obtained the same effect after 1445 minutes. In the wastewater with starting 7.0 pH and with electrocoagulation, the total dephosphatation occurred after 1440 min, but the metal dissolution method after this time ensure only 37% reduction in the orthophosphate concentration. The pH value of treated wastewater increased during the every study. The most noticeable increase was while using electrocoagulation process, which attained 11.1 pH (wastewater with starting 8.0 pH) and 10.8 pH (wastewater with starting 7.0 pH) after 1440 minutes. Applying the metal dissolution method increase in pH was lower, was respectively 8.8 pH and 8.6 pH. Concentration of iron ions concentration also increased in treated wastewater. In the wastewater with starting 8.0 pH, from 0.00 mg Fe/dm3 to 0.16 mg Fe/dm3 with metal dissolution method and 0.00 mg Fe/dm3 to 0.46 mg Fe/dm3 with electrocoagulation. In the wastewater with starting 7.0 pH, the maximum observed total iron concentration was 0.04 mg Fe/dm3. Electrocoagulation method turned out to be more effective in orthophosphate removal from wastewater than metal dissolution method, which occurred in shorter time needed for dephosphatation. However it requires a more consumables funding related to the use of energy and electrodes wearing faster.
PL
Autorzy przedstawili uzysk najcenniejszych elementów mięsa strusiego, grubość mięśni i zmierzone wartości pH po 36 godzinach po uboju. Ze względów kulinarnych za najcenniejsze uznali mięśnie o nazwie (w kolejności): wachlarz, zrazówka wewnętrzna, muszla, polędwiczka oraz polędwica. Autorzy stwierdzili duży wpływ lokalizacji mięśnia w tuszy na jakość sensoryczną, a w szczególności na kruchość.
EN
The authors presented the yield of the most important element of ostrich meats, thicknes of muscles and pH measured values after 36 hours after the slaughter. From gastronomical aspects the muscles acknowledged as the most important are as follows: fan, inside strip, oyster, back tenderloin and top loin. The authors stated a huge influence of location of a muscle on the sensory quality and specially on tenderness.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań mających na celu scharakteryzowanie zmian impedancji i pH mięsa wołowego poddanego elektrostymulacji oraz określenie zależności między tymi wielkościami, w czasie przechowywania chłodniczego, w zależności od płci zwierząt. Materiał doświadczalny stanowiło mięso jałówek i buhajków (mięsień najdłuższy grzbietu) w wieku ok. 18 miesięcy. Lewe półtusze stymulowano prądem elektrycznym o napięciu 330 v, częstotliwości 17 Hz, współczynniku wypełnienia 0,9 i prostokątnym kształcie impulsu, zaś prawe półtusze stanowiły próbę kontrolną. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że większym różnicom między wartościami impedancji mięsa jałówek stymulowanego i nie stymulowanego odpowiadają mniejsze wartości pH, uzyskane po 24 h od uboju, natomiast mniejsze różnice między wartościami impedancji prób stymulowanych i kontrolnych odpowiadają większym wartościom pH mięsa buhajków. Analiza statystyczna uzyskanych wyników wykazała, że istnieje możliwość wykorzystania impedancji jako wyróżnika uzupełniającego lub zastępującego pH w ocenie jakości mięsa wołowego stymulowanego i nie stymulowanego.
EN
This paper presents the results of the research the aim of which was to characterise the changes of impedance and ph of stimulated beef and relate these quantities during the cold storage in dependence of animal sex. The experimental material was meat derived from heifers and young bulls (longissimus dorsi), aged about 18 months. The left half-carcasses were stimulated with current (330V, 17 Hz, pulse duty factor 0.9 and rectangle-shaped pulse). The right half-carcasses were the control samples. The results revealed that the bigger impedance differences between stimulated and non-stimulated heifer meat, the lower pH values were obtained 24 h after slaughter. In contrast the smaller impedance differences between stimulated samples and the control ones, the higher pH values of young bulls meat were obtained. Statistic analyses of the results obtained demonstrated the usability of impedance as complementary or substitutional factor of pH in quality assessment of stimulated and non-stimulated beef.
EN
Electrochemistry of tellurium stationary electrode was studied in nitric acid solutions of pH 2.0 and 2.5. Two sparingly soluble products were formed at potentials above 200 mV (SCE): TeO2 and H2TeO3. H2TeO3 and TeO2 could dissolve to HTeO+2 under acidic electrolyte, but this process was hindered at pH 2.5. Cathodic polarization of tellurium electrode below -800 mV was accompanied by evolution of H2Te, which was then oxidized at the potentials approx. -700 mV.
PL
Przeprowadzono elektrochemiczne badania zachowania się telluru w roztworach kwasu azotowego(V) o pH 2,0 i 2,5. Produktami utleniania telluru przy potencjałach powyżej 200 mV (wzgl. NEK) są słabo rozpuszczalne związki TeO2 i H2TeO3. TeO2 i H2TeO3 ulegają wtórnemu rozpuszczaniu w roztworze kwaśnym z utworzeniem HTeO+2, przy czym proces ten jest hamowany przy pH 2,5. W warunkach polaryzacji katodowej tellur metaliczny redukuje się do H2Te (przy potencjałach poniżej -800 mV), który utlenia się przy potencjale ok. -700 mV.
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PL
Przedstawiono podsumowanie wyników wieloletnich badań stopnia zakwaszenia wód opadowych prowadzonych w siedmiu punktach zlokalizowanych wokół Bielska-Białej. Na każdym ze stanowisk czas badań wynosił około jednego roku. Badania prowadzono w latach 2002-2010. Zakres pH wód opadowych wahał się w granicach od 3,35 do 7,22. Większość próbek tego opadu, bo około 86% miało pH < 5,6, tj. poniżej naturalnego, świadczące o obecności w badanym opadzie substancji zakwaszających. W opadzie 47,6% prób stanowiły opady znacznie i silnie zakwaszone, tj. o pH < 4,5. Stwierdzono częstsze występowanie kwaśnych wód opadowych o pH < 5,6 niż w silnie uprzemysłowionej części województwa śląskiego. W badanym rejonie pH wód opadowych kształtują przede wszystkim zanieczyszczenia napływające z kierunku zachodniego i południowo-zachodniego oraz lokalne źródła ich emisji.
EN
In the paper results of long-term studies on acidification of water precipitation conducted in seven research points located near Bielsko-Biała were introduced. In each point period of study lasted ca. 1 year. The research was performed in the years 2002-2010. The range of pH of precipitation varied between 3.35 to 7.22. Majority of precipitation samples, because approximately 86% had pH < 5.6 i.e. lower than natural level, which indicated the presence of acidifying substances. Amongst samples of precipitation 47.6% were significantly and strongly acidic i.e. pH < 4.5. The rainwater with pH < 5.6 was more frequent than in more industrialized part of Silesian voivodship. In the investigated area pH of precipitation is mainly under influence of pollution flowing from west and southern-west and local sources of its emission.
12
Content available remote Ocena zakwaszenia wód zbiorników "pojezierza antropogenicznego"
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PL
W publikacji przedstawiono ocenę zakwaszenia wód zbiorników pojezierza "antropogenicznego" w oparciu o wartości pH i potencjału redoks oraz potencjału neutralizacji. Wskazano na fakt, że zmiany wartości pH w przydennych warstwach wód zbiorników "pozostałych" i acidotroficznych nie odpowiadają rzeczywistym zmianom zakwaszenia wody. Wytypowano najbardziej podatne za zakwaszenie zbiorniki w grupie "pozostałe" oraz zbiorniki acidotroficzne o najbardziej zaawansowanym procesie odkwaszenia.
EN
The acidification of waters of "antrophogenic" lake district reservoirs using pH- value, redox potential and neutralization potential is described. The changes of pH value in bottom layers of waters are opposite to the changes of NP. The most accidified reservoirs in the group "others" and the most neutralized ones in the group accidified are pointed.
EN
In 2001 FDA (Food and Drug administration, USA) gave its permission for simultaneous oesophageal intraluminal impedance examination and pH testing in the clinical practice. In 2002 in Porto, Portugal, a committee of international experts proposed a new classification of reflux types.Material and methods. From October 2005 to June 2006, we examined 36 patients sent to the clinic with GERD symptoms using a Sleuth® recording device.Results. The group of 36 patients (19 women and 17 men); mean age of 47 years with a range of 16-74 years) was examined. The mean length of time for the examination was 22 h 47 min, the shortest one lasting 18 h 36 min; brakes were caused by battery failure. 1509 episodes of reflux were confirmed by impedance channels. Only 538 (35.65%) of these reflux episodes were acidic or weakly acidic and 971 (64.35%) were non-acidic. There was one patient without acid reflux episodes during examination and only 12 non-acidic episodes. The proximal extend, defined as 15 cm above the LES, achieved 616 reflux episodes (40.82%). None of the patients had abnormal physical clearing times; 5 had extended chemical clearing times (13.8%) in recumbent positions.Summary. This paper is not a statistical evaluation of a MII-pH study and is only a report of our first experiences with this new diagnostic method. Objective evaluation of symptom correlation to reflux in MII and the chemical character of the refluxate gives a much more precise qualification to the best type of treatment. In cases of non-acidic reflux, MII-pH testing hastens decision making about surgery.
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EN
Stability of silver nanoparticles strongly influences the potential of their application. The literature shows wide possibilities of nanoparticles preparation, which has significantly impact on their properties. Therefore, the improvement of AgNPs preparation plays a key role in the case of their practical use. The pH values of the environment are one of the important factors, which directly influences stability of AgNPs. We present a comparing study of the silver nanoparticles prepared by „bottom-up“ methods over by chemical synthesis and biosynthesis using AgNO3 (0.29 mM) solution. For the biosynthesis of the silver nanoparticles, the green freshwater algae Parachlorella kessleri and Citrus limon extracts were used as reducing and stabilizing agents. Chemically synthesized AgNPs were performed using sodium citrate (0.5%) as a capping agent and 0.01% gelatine as a reducing agent. The formation and long term stability of those silver nanoparticles synthesized either biologically and chemically were clearly observed by solution colour changes and confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy. The pH values of formed nanoparticle solutions were 3 and 5.8 for biosynthesized AgNPs using extract of Citrus limon and Parachlorella kessleri, respectively and 7.2 for chemically prepared AgNPs solution using citrate. The SEM as a surface imaging method was used for the characterization of nanoparticle shapes, size distribution and also for resolving different particle sizes. These micrographs confirmed the presence of dispersed and aggregated AgNPs with various shapes and sizes.
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EN
Silver colloidal nanoparticles were prepared according to the chemical reduction method in which the ascorbic acid was used as a reducing agent and sodium citrate as a stabilizing agent. The absorption spectra of all prepared samples obtained using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed a surface plasmon peak at a wavelength of about 420 nm. The size of the silver nanoparticles was controlled by changing the pH values of the reaction system. At high pH, smaller size silver nanoparticles were obtained compared to low pH values. This difference can be attributed to the difference in the reduction rate of the precursor. In addition to the inverse proportionality between the size and the pH value it is clear that increasing the pH value enables us to obtain spherical nanoparticles while at low pH, rods and triangular particle shapes were formed. Poor balance between nucleation and growth processes could be the cause of this result.
19
Content available remote Dissociation Constants of Some Quinoline Derivatives in Mixed Solvent mixture
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EN
The dissociation constants of some derivatives of quinoline have been determined by Calvin Bjerrum pH titration method in DMF–water (60:40 v/v) mixture at 308.15 K. It is observed that dissociation constant depends on the substituents present in the compound.
EN
Ciliate communities of 16 midforest humic lakes (Masurian Lakeland, Poland) were examined in relation to abiotic (pH, calcium, conductivity) and trophic (chlorophyll a, total phosphorus) parameters. Studies were carried out in pelagial and littoral zones twice a year: in spring and summer 1997. In most lakes Oligotrichida, mainly representing of the genera Strombidium, Strobilidium, Halteria and Prostomatidia (Urotricha, Coleps) dominated. Densities of the community varied from 0,1 to 25.0 ind. ml^-1 and from 0.04 to 33.4 ind. ml^-1 in pelagial and littoral, respectively. Ciliate abundance was not dependent on trophic parameters, but there were correlations between ciliate abundance and abiotic parameters (pH, calcium and conductivity), though different in spring and summer
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