Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

DECISION MAKING STRATEGIES AND WORKING MEMORY

100%

Wichary S. , Orzechowski J. , Kossowska M. , Markovic J. , Slifierz S. , Bukowski M.

Psychological Studies

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2005

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tom 43

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nr 1

97-102

EN

The authors investigated whether capacity for short term information storage influences the complexity of the choice process. To this end a study was conducted where participants 1) had to memorize a string of digits and then recognize a target digit which was either present or absent in the string (working memory (WM) task) and 2) had to choose one of four alternatives described on six dimensions (multi-attribute choice task). Subjects who decided longer and acquired more information before the decision were also more correct on the WM task, especially in the more demanding condition of exhaustive search. Additionally, for those subjects with the higher tendency to search pre-decisional information selectively the performance on WM task deteriorated more slowly with increasing memory load. These results point to the inverse relationship between the capacity to store information for a short time and the complexity of the process of decision making.

2

DECISIONS AND ELEMENTARY COGNITIVE PROCESSES

100%

Wichary S. , Necka E.

Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)

|

2006

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tom 15

233-250

EN

Decision making, as a complex mental process, consists of sequences of rudimentary cognitive operations. Therefore, various alternative strategies of information processing can be applied during decision making. The choice of a given strategy depends on situational factors, as well as on the personal characteristics of a decision maker. These characteristics refer mostly to efficiency of attention and working memory processes. Elementary cognitive operations occur in working memory, so its efficiency must be vital for the process of decision making. In spite of these obviously clear assumptions, attempts to investigate the relationships between elementary cognitive operations and the processes of decision making are relatively scarce. In this chapter, the authors discuss such relationships. Particular stress is put on the problem of strategies of decision making and their dependency on the attention and working memory functioning.

3

APPLICATION OF INTERVAL TOPSIS METHOD TO EVALUATE PROJECTS SUBMITTED FOR CO-FINANCING FROM AID FUNDS (Zastosowanie przedzialowej metody TOPSIS do oceny projektow pretendujacych do objecia wspolfinansowaniem funduszami pomocowymi )

80%

Konopka P.

Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne

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2011

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nr 6(54)

234-244

EN

The paper proposes a method for short-listing of projects that have been qualified for co-financing from aid funds. One of the multi-criteria decision making methods, namely the interval TOPSIS method, was chosen as the research tool. The usefulness of the described method was demonstrated by means of an example of a decision-making problem consisting of five alternatives, each described by four attributes, where the values of the attributes were expressed as interval values

4

INTERACTIVE DECISION CYCLES. AN ATTEMPT OF UNIFIED DECISION PROCESS DESCRIPTION (Iterowane cykle decyzyjne - próba opisu zunifikowanego)

80%

Szapiro T.

Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne

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2010

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nr 4 (48)

82-108

EN

The paper deals with the problem of unified description of decision making processes. Firstly, a terminology of decision cycles serving to describe such processes is introduced and explained. This presentation addresses earlier results presented in the literature. Using the terminology introduced, some general propositions on convergence of unified decision processes are shown. Next, three diverse instances of unified decision processes are presented to illustrate general findings. This part of presentation includes examples of decision making under uncertainty, deterministic case and interactive multiple criteria processes.

5

SELF-REGULATION CAPACITY AND DECISION MAKING OF SLOVAK MANAGERS IN ROUTINE SITUATIONS AND IN SITUATIONS WITH POSSIBLE NEGATIVE OUTCOMES

80%

Halama P.

Studia Psychologica

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2017

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tom 59

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nr 2

156 – 168

EN

The study focuses on the relationship between self-regulation and decision making of Slovak managers in work-related situations involving routine circumstances and circumstances where inappropriate decision may lead to possible serious negative consequences. 143 Slovak managers were asked to choose some work-related situation of decision making and to assess it on the scales provided (routine or not routine, with or without possible negative consequences). They were administered a Self-Regulation Scale (Schwarzer et al., 1999) and Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ) (Mann et al., 1997), adapted for the assessment of current decision making behaviour. The results showed that self-regulation correlated positively with vigilant decision making and negatively with maladaptive decision making, such as buck-passing, hypervigilance, and procrastination. Moderation analysis revealed that situations with possible negative consequences weaken the relationship between self-regulation and both vigilance as well as maladaptive decision making.

6

COLLEGIAL DECISION-MAKING AT A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY IN A HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE (Kolegialne podejmowanie decyzji w uczelni publicznej w perspektywie humanistycznej)

80%

Jastrzebska K.

e-mentor

|

2011

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nr 4 (41)

16-22

EN

The article presents the correlation between the effectiveness of the decision making process at a public university and the its adopted methods and conditions. A prerequisite for focusing on this topic are the changes implemented to Polish higher education system, particularly broadening universities' autonomy in the didactic by providing them with a freedom to create a major individually.

7

NEED FOR STRUCTURE AND BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS AS PREDICTORS OF DECISION MAKING STYLES IN HEALTH PROFESSIONALS

80%

Halama P. , Gurňáková J.

Studia Psychologica

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2014

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tom 56

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nr 3

171 – 180

EN

The study is focused on the question how the need for structure and the Big Five personality traits predict decision making styles in health professionals. The sample included 225 health care professionals from different areas (physicians, nurses, paramedics, emergency link operators). The need for structure was measured by Personal Need for Structure scale, Big Five Traits by Ten Item Personality Inventory, and the decision making styles by Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire. The results showed that the best predictor of vigilance was need for structure, while extroversion was a negative predictor of non-vigilant styles. Analysis of interaction showed that neuroticism interacts with need for structure in prediction of non-vigilant decision making styles (hypervigilance, procrastination and buck-passing). Specifically, persons with low neuroticism and low need for structure tend to use more non-vigilant decision making styles in comparison to others.

8

COGNITIVE REFLECTION AND SOCIALLY BIASED DECISIONS

80%

Baldi P. L. , Iannello P. , Riva S. , Antonietti A.

Studia Psychologica

|

2013

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tom 55

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nr 4

265 – 271

XX

In some circumstances, the social visibility of a person we interact with can distort our evaluations and predictions by inducing people to overestimate the value of choices that included renowned individuals. Individuals who show a propensity for cognitive reflection have been shown to be less susceptible to biases in reasoning and decision-making, and therefore they should be less influenced by overestimation of choices that include renowned individuals. To test such a hypothesis, the Cognitive Reflection Test and a decision task that included a choice to interact with a renowned individual were administered. Results demonstrated that participants who had a greater ability to implement cognitive reflection were less influenced by celebrity status. Findings support the idea that cognitive reflection is associated with a reduction of decision-making bias associated with social status.

9

Simulation of the decision-making factors in the information society.

80%

Sudar E. , Szabo Z.

Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)

|

2006

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tom 53

|

nr 1

85-92

EN

It has become apparent recently that building up the information society, which is one of the EU's objectives, calls for active governmental support. Almost all countries have now adopted programmes and plans of action to support or accelerate the transition. Decision-makers devising such a strategy have to take into account the complexity of the economic and social environment and the multiplicity of possible effects. These factors make it significantly more difficult to predict the effects of the various measures taken. The purpose of this research is to design a model that can provide a firmer basis for political decision-making. Applying the model will make it possible to predict the results of measures taken and thereby allow strategic alternatives to be compared with each other.

10

FRUIT OR CANDY? EASE OF JUSTIFICATION AS A MODERATOR OF THE EFFECT OF ASSORTMENT SIZE ON CONSUMER CHOICE

80%

Radová K.

Studia Psychologica

|

2016

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tom 58

|

nr 2

145 – 155

EN

Two studies demonstrate that, because choosing from larger variety is usually more difficult, people are likely to select options that are easier to justify; consequently, choosing from larger assortments often shifts the preference from self-indulgent to virtuous. These effects reverse, resulting in higher relative preference for hedonistic options, when situational factors provide easily accessible reasons to indulge. Subjects made both real-life (Experiment 1 – E1) and hypothetical choices (Experiment 2 – E2). Individuals’ decisions were modified by assortment size and character of options in E1while E2 also added accessible justifications (for choosing vices) created by subjects’ prior altruistic decisions. The results show that variety partially moderates the effect of accessible justifications on option choice. Significant differences were found according to gender and study degree. The fact that none of the subjects was conscious of experimental manipulation suggests that individuals might not always be aware of what truly drives their decisions.

11

EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES IN PARAMEDIC CREW LEADERS DURING A SIMULATED STRESSFUL TASK: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY

80%

Uhrecký B. , Gurňáková J. , Baránková M.

Studia Psychologica

|

2020

|

tom 62

|

nr 2

89 – 108

EN

In spite of a large body of research in the field of emotion regulation, this subject has not yet been studied vigorously in naturalistic settings, especially not in the context of task performance. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether predominant theoretical conceptualizations of emotion regulation (e.g., Gross, 1998) can be applied to this sort of situation. In this qualitative study, we aimed to identify emotion regulation strategies of paramedic crew leaders (n = 30) in a simulated task with a sudden onset of a stressful incident. For this purpose, we analysed their emotional behaviour (i.e., facial expression, voice volume, body posture and movements etc.) on video recorded performance, and their affective states and emotion regulation strategies based on interviews conducted right after the task. Verbal reports were analysed via phenomenologically-laden template analysis. We classified emergent strategies into two basic categories: task-related (e.g., attention narrowing, mobilization to action, monitoring) and self-supportive (e.g., emotional distancing, behavioural withdrawal, detachment and selective attention). The results of our analysis suggest that regulatory strategies are largely implemented on an implicit level of processing and their function might be a better criterion for their distinction than a type of mental process.

12

MĚSTSKÝ MARKETING – KONCEPTY, APLIKACE, KRITICKÁ ANALÝZA

80%

Ježek J.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

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2011

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tom 59

|

nr 3

243 – 258

EN

The paper offers a critical evaluation of theoretical and application findings about city marketing. It deals with specifics and limits of use of selected elements of marketing theory in conditions of the cities. It comes to a conclusion that application possibilities are much more limited than theoretical expectations are. The reason is not only political environment where there a decision making about marketing use takes place, but also a difficulty and complexity of the city as the marketing entity.

13

Proverbs as recommendations regarding risk taking

80%

Przybyszewski K. , Tyszka T. , Ulatowska H. , Spence W. K.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2005

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tom 36

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nr 4

224-233

EN

This research focuses on how people evaluate proverbs as recommendations about risk taking. It was found that the rating of a proverb without any context was typically better than the rating of the same proverb when a context was provided. It was also found that the advice given by a proverb was rated no higher than a direct recommendation. Finally, we found that the acceptance of advice given in contradictory proverbs was inconsistent. The inconsistency of ratings was higher for proverbs than for direct recommendations, and for the proverbs in the context of concrete scenarios than for the same proverbs given without any scenario.

14

UNCONSCIOUS VISUAL PERCEPTION IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS

80%

Košíková K. , Pilárik Ľ.

Studia Psychologica

|

2012

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tom 54

|

nr 4

261 – 270

EN

In this paper the authors deal with the idea of the influence of subliminal perception in the process of decision making. They present the results of two experimental studies performed on the sample of university students. The objective of the research was to investigate whether the subliminal presentation of stimuli can influence preferences for the object under consideration and its subsequent evaluation. This was followed by an assessment in 2 experimental conditions in each experimental research study (1st with an object and 2nd with an object associated with a positive facial expression). The results of the experimental studies showed neither change in preferences nor change of evaluation of subliminally presented stimuli, in either of the experimental conditions. According to our results, unconscious perception does not affect the decision making process and, specifically, does not have any effects on the selection of subliminally presented stimuli from several options and on its subsequent evaluation.

15

EXPERIENCE AND INFORMATION SEARCH PATTERNS IN COMPLEX DECISION MAKING

80%

Baláž V. , Bačová V. , Šriniar P.

Studia Psychologica

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2014

|

tom 56

|

nr 1

3 – 20

EN

This study focused on issues of information search patterns and the ways individuals use to reduce complexity of decision and form judgment on alternatives under conditions of incomplete information. The aim was to determine whether and how participants with a financial and migration experience differ from participants without this experience in acquiring and ordering information prior to choice of financial products and labour migration destination. The authors examined amount and content of information which were requested by participants in model decision tasks. Perceived expertise and experience seemed important for learning and reducing information overload. Considerable stability of preferences in decision tasks with limited and unlimited access to information was found. In pre-decisional information search dominant attributes were coming in pairs, where the first attribute related to major advantages and the second one to major costs of the potential outcomes both in financial and migration decision tasks.

16

PODPORA ROZHODOVACÍCH PROCESOV PRI TVORBE A OCHRANE ŽIVOTNÉHO PROSTREDIA

80%

Kollár V. , Závodný P.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

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2005

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tom 53

|

nr 8

824-833

EN

As much as can be expected scientific and exact approach in handling of the technical problems, the same it should be obvious in solving environmental problems too. However, in handling the social problems there are sometimes 'non-professional' procedures, with strong accent of subjective decisions. This issue is bold not only on the 'high-level politics' but also in administration, which is very often non-adequately slow and cumbrous. The contribution constitutes one of the possible approaches to the support of the decision making processes within creating and protection of the environment.

17

AGING OF MONETARY SAVING PROPOSITION FORMULATED FROM THE FIRST- AND THE THIRD-PERSON PERSPECTIVES AS A FACTOR MODULATING THE FRAMING EFFECT

70%

Polunin O.

Studia Psychologica

|

2013

|

tom 55

|

nr 2

123 – 138

EN

The article uncovers the role of aging of monetary saving proposition in its topical mental accounting. The monetary saving propositions were formulated from the first- and the third-person perspective to investigate whether a self-other discrepancy impacts on an aging of saving proposition. Also, the absolute and relative amount of monetary saving was varied in two stages (high vs. low), and two dates of the beginning of a sell-out were applied (past and present). The discrepancy between aging of propositions formulated from the first and the third person perspectives appears to have a different impact on the high and low relative monetary savings, which seems to be almost opposite. A high relative saving proposition ages quicker than a low relative one, but only when it is formulated from the first person perspective. When a saving proposition is formulated from a third-person perspective, aging runs quicker for low relative saving, and a high relative saving proposition seems to age slower. Correspondingly, the framing effect is modulated by two factors: 1) aging of monetary saving proposition and 2) personal perspective in formulation of saving proposition.

18

THE ROLE OF REGRET IN RATIONAL DECISION MAKING

70%

Jurasova K. , Spajdel M.

Studia Psychologica

|

2011

|

tom 53

|

nr 2

169-174

EN

Rational decision making can be defined as a tendency to make a normative decision, while incorporating post-choice predicted emotions into the decision making process. The study investigates the role of anticipated and experienced regret in rational decision making as well as the role of 'passing time' in regret reduction. It was found that rational decision makers anticipate regret during the decision making process, but they are not good at correctly predicting regret intensity, in comparison with non-rational decision makers. According to the obtained results it can be stated that regret emerges from the single act of decision making and not from the type of inference which precedes the choice. 'Passing time' however decreases the intensity of regret.

19

MANAGERIAL DECISION-MAKING: MEASURING AND MANIFESTATIONS OF RISKS AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR REDUCING

70%

Marček D. , Fraňo M. , Marček M.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

|

2011

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tom 59

|

nr 4

392 – 411

EN

The paper is concerned with measuring and assessment of risk scenes in managerial decision-making. It builds upon the uncertainty of economic information, which is converted into the concept of risk scene expressed in terms of probability and using confidence intervals of the predicted quantities. The paper explains the relation of a degree of risk expressed by the classical information measure, bit, by the concept of confidence intervals, or possibly by the standard deviation. When making decisions, the manager is interested not only in the quantitatively expressed value of risk scene with the use of forecasting models, but mainly in the impact of decrease/increase of decision-making risk expressed by the effect, i.e. profit/loss caused by such a decision to achieve targets. A method of decision effect calculation is proposed which is derived from the information entropy change and the change in risk scene in managerial decision-making. Forecasting models are applied which are based on an expert estimate and a statistical theory, and the risk scenes are assessed in forecasting models based on neural networks.

20

SITUATION ASSESSMENT AND DECISION MAKING STRATEGIES OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PHYSICIANS IN ROUTINE AND NON-ROUTINE SITUATIONS

70%

Sedlár M.

Studia Psychologica

|

2017

|

tom 59

|

nr 2

127 – 138

EN

The aim of the study was to identify situation assessment and decision making strategies in emergency medical services physicians and to determine whether their distribution is associated with routine and non-routine situations. The research sample included 15 physicians, who were interviewed about routine and non-routine situations from their practice. The interviews about non-routine situations were conducted using the Critical Decision Method, and its adapted version was created for the purpose of conducting the interviews about routine situations. Generally, qualitative analysis showed that intuitive strategies were most frequently used in situation assessment and decision making but they occurred more in routine situations, by contrast, deliberative strategies were used more in non-routine situations. These findings were supported by statistical tests suggesting that physicians were more likely to change strategies with respect to situational demands.