Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Starość w starzejącej się Europie

100%

Krajewski P.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

|

2010

|

tom 8

|

nr 1

23-28

EN

The development of relationships between young people and the generation of the grandparents must be accompanied by a sense of solidarity and the need to share experiences especially in the family circle. In this way young people are slowly gaining experience in finding thread of understanding and creating relations with other people from atomising population. Mutual understanding and keeping good relations between the generations also prevents the isolation and marginalization of the older generation; then the young people do not see any interest to „help” them in this. Today we can observe with concern how culture of the nations living with the present moment is getting exhausted and disappears, because the individual gradually is losing its connection with family members and the roots of its own history. After all, the older people are able to offer invaluable assistance to young people, they can be and should be the trustees of the past and all these things in order to prevent young generation from forgetting traditions, customs, art, religion, music, culture and crafts of their fathers.

2

AGE RELATED CHARACTERISTICS OF AUDITORY EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS

80%

Gaal Z. A. , Csuhaj R. , Czigler B. , Csikos D. , Molnar M.

Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

|

2006

|

tom 61

|

nr 4

533-556

EN

The goal of this study was to evaluate age-dependent changes of several components of auditory event related potentials (ERPs), related to sensory information processing. Changes in the central nervous system and the theoretical background of cognitive processes related to aging are briefly described. In the experiment participants (age span: 19-68 yrs, n=65) took part in two kinds (easy and difficult) of auditory sensory discrimination (oddball) tasks and were divided into 5 age-groups (I: 18-29 yrs, II: 30-39 yrs, II: 40-49 yrs, IV: 50-59 yrs, V: 60-70 yrs). In addition to electrophysiological recordings, several tests were performed, whereby the psychological state of the participants was assessed. No difference was found between the age-groups with respect to reaction times in the oddball task and short term memory measured by the Watkins test. In the older groups there was a decrease in attentional and Raven APM performance, an increase in the number of perseverations in the letter-fluency test and of false alarms in the oddball task. The latency of N2b and P3b components increased with aging, but no effect was found regarding amplitudes. The latency of the P3b corresponded to task difficulty; while in the easy task there was a monotone latency increase with aging, the difficult task was accompanied by an accelerated increase. The scalp distribution of the P2 and N2b ERP components was affected by age; for the P2 there was a parietal dominance for young people and a frontal dominance for the elderly. N2b was found to have an amplitude maximum at frontal scalp sites in the youngest group, while at central sites the oldest group. The distribution of the N1 and P3b components showed no age effect. According to our results, age-related effects were more apparent on longer latency ERP components. Task difficulty seems to be an important factor in this difference. In less complex situations aging effect remains undetected, while in more complex tasks it develops to a greater extent.

3

SENIORS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC. MYTHS AND THEIR DECONSTRUCTION

80%

Sykorova D.

Sociológia (Sociology)

|

2006

|

tom 38

|

nr 2

151-164

EN

The framework of this thesis is constructed upon the processes of the demographic aging, respectively current and future potential increase in the proportion of the seniors in Czech (as well as Slovak) population. The authoress points out the widespread tendency to describe the implications of the above phenomena in terms of crisis and labelling the seniors as social problem. This tendency is often strengthened by the negative stereotypes and myths about the old people that prevail in the society and in the end by itself contribute to their conservation. The article reviews and confronts the unfavourable socially constructed image of old age with the findings of the research 'Seniors in Society: Strategies of Maintaining Individual Autonomy'. The survey was based on qualitative content analysis of the semi-structured interviews with the old people. The senior's self-reflections and their own perception of aging reflected relatively positive interpretation of the problematic of health and referred to high effort to actively and independently cope with and bear up the health problems, possible difficulties arising from the every day life or the poorer financial situation. The findings also disclosed the accent the interviewees put upon their own independence, personal responsibility, the ability to be able to help out and be useful to the others as well as the emphasis they put on demands of recognition and appreciation of their integral competence. On the other hand the seniors proved to refuse the non-requested and excess assistance. The conclusions of the survey infirm the generally held and accepted notion of seniors as passive, not self-sufficient, permanently complaining individuals that selfishly pursue their own interests, often at the expense of the younger generations, and/or that delegate the responsibility for the quality of life in old age on to the state, professionals or family. The authoress also presents the strategies used by the seniors to cope with and manage their everyday life tasks including the problems associated with ageism.

4

OVERCOMING SEMANTIC INTERFERENCE - AGE EFFECT

80%

Okuniewska H.

Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)

|

2006

|

tom 15

85-104

EN

Semantic interference is found when two classes of potential verbal reactions represent the same semantic category and become competitive as to the aim and/or context of an utterance. The most common, classic interference phenomenon of this type is the so-called 'Stroop effect' which has been widely applied in the study of aging and cognitive control. This paper first presents various developmental aspects of the phenomenon of semantic interference and then recalls some empirical studies, as well as two main theoretical explanations according to changes in Stroop performance with advanced age: the general slowdown hypothesis, and the cognitive inhibition hypothesis. The authoress' own studies on age differences in the performance of the Polish version of the Stroop interference test are presented and their results discussed. Different age-related performance patterns for the younger, middle-aged, and older participants on the two parts of an interference naming subtask were found, which extends the existing findings. The more inhibition demanded by alternate naming and reading subtasks appeared not to cause a qualitatively different kind of processing though lengthening with age. The findings support rather a general slowdown than an inhibitory breakdown explanation

5

Globalne starzenie się oraz potrzeby społeczne, kulturalne i edukacyjne ludzi starych – wyzwanie dla uniwersytetów trzeciego wieku

80%

Zych A. A.

Teraźniejszość - Człowiek - Edukacja

|

2012

|

nr 2(58)

157-164

EN

Global aging is becoming a major challenge for contemporary lifelong education and social systems that are aimed and/or designed to satisfy the changing social, cultural and educational needs of the outgoing generation. In order to satisfy them, a great number of educational, religious and governmental institutions, and even the media, can participate therein. If we are serious about fulfilling the basic mental, social, cultural and educational needs of the ‘outgoing generation’, the current model of the university of the third age requires far-reaching changes and reforms, especially the spread of this idea on the European scale and a comprehensive programme and organization in order to satisfy such important human desires as the need to make sense of life, the need of self-realization, creativity, doing good and living an authentic, not simulated life, regardless old age, which is often seen as a painful shadow in arduous everyday reality.

6

Miary starości demograficznej populacji

80%

Kulbaczewska M.

Prace i Materiały Wydziału Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

|

2011

|

tom 2

|

nr 3

177-189

EN

In this paper measures used to assess the advancement of demographic aging of the population were presented. Then, on the basis of these measures the Polish population was assessed. In light of the problems with using key indicators of aging other proposals of measurement were presented.

7

OLD AGE IN POLISH RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE LITERATURE (Starosc w twórczosci pisarzy polskiego renesansu i baroku)

80%

Bogucka M.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

|

2010

|

tom 58

|

nr 1

61-70

EN

Research on old age developed rapidly in the second half of the 20th century after historians began to pay attention to the issues of everyday life. Interest in the different forms of human existence, especially in the turning points of this existence (the so-called rites of passage), has produced vast literature devoted to death and to human attitudes to death, and consequently also to old age viewed as the threshold of death. Opportunities in that respect have been greatly extended due to including in the scope of research such mass-scale sources as probate inventories and funeral sermons. New inspirations have also been brought by the exploration of illnesses, medicine and hospitals in the past centuries. An important role in this trend can also be assigned to research on issues connected with time - from the techniques of measuring time to the perception of the passage of time in various social groups in various epochs. All those tendencies have led to numerous analyses of the attitude to old people in various social groups and various epochs. The basic study concerning the epoch investigated in this article is still Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert by the German historian Peter Borscheid. As regards Polish works, we should mention the recent article by Grzegorz Mysliwski and the studies by Maria Bogucka and Michal Kopczynski.

8

Aktywność prozdrowotna seniorów w świetle modelu Aktywnej Strategii Umacniania Zdrowia

80%

Błajet P.

Rocznik Andragogiczny

|

2012

|

tom R. 2012

128-140

EN

The article deals with the model of Active Strategy of Enhancing Health (ASEH). This model is based on the conception of health as the state of integrity. In constructing the strategy charactestics of biological disfunctions connected with the process of aging were taking into account. The objectif of ASEH is to neutralize negative effects of biological aging by taking advantage of potentiality lying in psychophysical and social activity. Five factors of this activity: personalization, integrity, challenges, cooperation and personal goals are supposed to contribute to enhancing health, i.e. the state of integrity of seniors.

9

Aging-orientation of population before retirement in Poland

80%

Roszkiewicz M.

Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje

|

2006

|

tom 9

127-143

EN

Recent demographic projections for Poland over the next twenty five years assume that life expectance will rise to 77,2 for males and to 83,5 for females. Over the same period, fertility rate is assumed to recover somewhat, but to reach only 1,2 children per woman on the average, well below 2,1 children required to maintain a stable population. The combination of increased longevity and lover fertility would normally be associated with quickly ageing population. The number of people aged 65 years and over will rise, particularly in the years after 2014, to about 8,5 million by 2030. There are expected substantial increase in outlay of social security system and national health care system. The results of survey conducted in Poland in the end of 2004 allowed the formation of basis for assuming that in the Polish society the need to provide for security in old age is apparent and households undertake some activities to satisfy this need. However focusing on such a rational behaviour is not common. Over half of households in 2004 didn't concentrate their attention on life condition in old age. The expected substantial increase in national health care system's outlay can be softened by improving of state of health of aged and increasing households savings by the developing aging-oriented attitudes.

10

THE OLD MAN AND THE TOWN. OLD AGE AND OLD PEOPLE IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY SILESIAN DIARIES (Stary czlowiek i miasto. Starosc i ludzie starzy w szesnastowiecznych pamietnikach slaskich)

80%

Wólkiewicz E.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

|

2010

|

tom 58

|

nr 1

47-60

EN

One of the crucial types of sources used in the research on old age and the social and physical condition of old people are diaries. This article explores sixteenth-century diaries and chronicles of burghers from Wroclaw (Breslau), Swidnica (Schweidnitz) and Nysa (Neisse). The analysis concerned two issues: the authors' reflections on their own aging and the descriptions of their relationships with old people from the close circle. As to the latter topic, the most interesting data were found in the diary by Daniel Scheps, a doctor from Swidnica, written in the years 1574-1608. Scheps diaries contain several dozen mentions about elderly people, noted down, as can be inferred, in order to record unusual events. Those mentions indicate what age was considered the borderline between maturity and senility at that time, and to what extent people were aware of their own age in various social groups. The diary also provided some data on illnesses and the causes of old people's deaths. The diaries analyzed confirm historians' and demographers' findings as to the differences in old people's living conditions dependent on their sex. They also partly confirm previous findings on the significant share of old people in authorities.

11

OLD AGE IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND NOW (Starosc w sredniowieczu i dzis)

80%

Kwiatkowska B. , Boryslawski K.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

|

2010

|

tom 58

|

nr 1

5-15

EN

The issue of old age and aging has interested not only scientists from time immemorial. Over 300 theories have been proposed so far to explain the mechanism of ageing, none of them universal, but each capturing part of the truth about the phenomenon. As any biological process, ageing results from the interaction of two factors: the genotype, which determines the path, and the environment, which modifies gene expression and thus induces various ways of following the path. The threshold of old age is undoubtedly conventional. In ontogenesis both the whole organism and its particular organs go through three phases: development, balance and involution, or aging. Different organs go through the phases in different times, and differently in each individual, hence there is significant variability in reaching old age. The pace of aging is increased by ecological factors, such as lack of hygiene, illnesses, injuries, poor diet, lack of exercise, overworking and stress. Many of those factors are correlated with the low degree of urbanization, the low level of education, the individual's profession and low income. Such culture-bound factors, in turn, are usually connected with the social status, the social class and the country of residence, which jointly determine the socio-economical status. All that regards contemporary societies but also historical populations, including those that lived in the Middle Ages. Social stratification may have caused vast individual differences the process of aging, which was dependent on both natural and social circumstances determining human lifespan. The interrelation between the improvement of socio-economical conditions and the lengthening of the lifespan has been noticed by many authors. Research on Polish skeleton populations from the 10th to the 18th c. indicates that the average lifespan was gradually increasing and so was the number of people who reached old age, especially in the richer strata of society and in urban communities. To characterize and illustrate the phenomenon the authors compare the results of research on several Polish mediaeval skeleton populations, urban and rural, dated between the 12th and the 17th c.

12

VYKONÁVANÁ STAROSTLIVOSŤ O ZDRAVIE A VNÍMANIE RIZIKA V SÚVISLOSTI S NARASTAJÚCIM VEKOM

80%

Hricová M. , Ráczová B.

Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied

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2015

|

tom 18

|

nr 4

-

EN

The aim of this paper is to clarify: the nature of the performed activities related to health care during aging, particularly in middle and later adulthood, and senior age and to clarify the correlation between health care and the perception of risk (harm) factors such as alcohol use, drug or internet use. The sample consists of 302 respondents at the age between 35 and 80 years (M = 58.56, SD = 13.82). For data collection Performed self-care actions (Lovaš, Hricová, 2015) and Risk perception questionnaire (Lovaš, Mésznerová, 2014) are used. It is shown that in the middle adulthood the most frequent strategy is the health care of one´s psychological wellbeing. On the contrary, in the senior age, preferred activities are associated with the health preservation and health problems prevention. Development trend that lies in the decreasing character of performed self-care activities in the area of physical wellbeing and increasing of self-care activities related with health problems is confirmed. The average values of perceived risk suggest that the period of middle age is the most sensitive to the perception of risk. The results showed further that the subjects were more concerned about their physical well-being, body and health and that the more intense substance abuse (alcohol, drugs) was perceived as threatening. Actions performed of self-care to health threats positively correlated with risk taking of soft and hard drugs. Self-care and risk avoidance can be considered a lifelong strategy that could affect the quality of aging.

13

A comparison of sciatic nerve neuropathy in diabetic and aged rats

70%

Koura N. H.

Folia Biologica

|

2003

|

tom 51

|

nr 3-4

213-218

EN

We compared the development of sciatic nerve neuropathy in young diabetic rats with that in non-diabetic aged rats. Diabetes was induced in six-month old rats by injection with alloxan and was moderately controlled by single daily injections of insulin. Blood insulin levels in diabetic rats were significantly reduced compared to the aged animals, and glucose was significantly higher in diabetic rats. Sciatic nerve conduction velocities were measured monthly. Both motor and sensory conduction velocities decreased in the diabetic rats to a level that was similar to those in 36-month old rats. The decreases in conduction velocities in the diabetic rats were most dramatic during months 6 through 12 of diabetes. After 6 and 12 months of diabetes, sciatic nerves were examined by electron microscopy and compared to nerves from 24- and 36-month old rats respectively. Ultrastructural changes in the sciatic nerves of diabetic rats at 6 months included disruptions of myelin and dense axoplasm. In comparison, the 24-month old rats only had distorted contours of the nerve fibres. After 12 months of diabetes, the axoplasm had large spaces and the myelin was thickened and deformed. The axoplasm of 36-month old rats was normal in appearance; however the myelin sheath was thickened and split into layers. The Schwann cells were vacuolated and irregular in shape. These observations indicate that diabetes results in the early onset of age-like changes in the sciatic nerve. It suggests that the control of hyperglycemia in humans may preserve sciatic nerve structure and function.

14

MLADÍ LIDÉ A SCIÁLNÍ POLITIKA: IMPLIKACE PRO SOCIÁLNÍ SMÍR

70%

Hrbková J.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

|

2013

|

tom 61

|

nr 7

700 – 721

EN

The article treats the selected circumstances of social policy namely the conditions and possibilities of social peace’s reaching with regard to young people’s preferences and attitudes and the factors influencing them. On the basis of empirical research carried out with respondents from various faculties of the Czech University of Life Sciences and the Czech Technical University in Prague, the author presents her conclusions: are there any threats (and which ones) to social peace and through it to economic development which could be triggered by how young people perceive the justification of social policy and its principles’ content.

15

EMOTIONAL CREATIVITY ACROSS ADULTHOOD: AGE IS NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL CREATIVITY

70%

Trnka R. , Kuška M. , Cabelkova I.

Studia Psychologica

|

2020

|

tom 62

|

nr 2

164 – 177

EN

Previous research has shown that cognitive creativity decreases in older adulthood. However, the impact of age on emotional creativity remains unknown. The main aim of the present study was to explore how emotional creativity differs across adulthood. A total of 407 participants (251 women, 156 men) consisting of older, midlife and younger adults were administrated the Emotional Creativity Inventory (ECI). A hierarchical multiple regressions were used to determine whether emotional creativity differed with age. Age was negatively associated with the ECI total score and two components of the ECI, emotional novelty and emotional preparedness. In contrast, emotional effectiveness/authenticity did not differ significantly across adulthood. The results indicate that the tendency to think about one’s emotions and to evaluate them as novel and unique decreases with age, whereas the ability to respond effectively in situations requiring novel emotional responses remains relatively intact across adulthood.

16

AGING OF MONETARY SAVING PROPOSITION FORMULATED FROM THE FIRST- AND THE THIRD-PERSON PERSPECTIVES AS A FACTOR MODULATING THE FRAMING EFFECT

70%

Polunin O.

Studia Psychologica

|

2013

|

tom 55

|

nr 2

123 – 138

EN

The article uncovers the role of aging of monetary saving proposition in its topical mental accounting. The monetary saving propositions were formulated from the first- and the third-person perspective to investigate whether a self-other discrepancy impacts on an aging of saving proposition. Also, the absolute and relative amount of monetary saving was varied in two stages (high vs. low), and two dates of the beginning of a sell-out were applied (past and present). The discrepancy between aging of propositions formulated from the first and the third person perspectives appears to have a different impact on the high and low relative monetary savings, which seems to be almost opposite. A high relative saving proposition ages quicker than a low relative one, but only when it is formulated from the first person perspective. When a saving proposition is formulated from a third-person perspective, aging runs quicker for low relative saving, and a high relative saving proposition seems to age slower. Correspondingly, the framing effect is modulated by two factors: 1) aging of monetary saving proposition and 2) personal perspective in formulation of saving proposition.

17

'THE OLD SERVANT' IN THE RESEARCH ON MAGNATE CLIENTELISM IN LITHUANIA IN THE 17TH C. ('Stary sluga' jako przedmiot badan nad klientelizmem magnackim na Litwie w XVII wieku)

70%

Augustyniak U.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

|

2010

|

tom 58

|

nr 1

71-85

EN

The aim of the article is to confront the literary topos of 'the old servant' (in both the magnate's worthy old friend and the worn-out pauper variants) with the social practice of the Grand Duchy of Lithaunia. The sources were drawn from the Radziwill Archives in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. The main topics addressed are: 1. the status and number of old servants in the clientele system and in the structure of the magnate court; 2. the relationship between servants and patrons in the courts of old magnates; 3. the postulated and real extent of patrons' support of old servants and their families. The article explores the legal status of 'servants', who in accordance with the 3rd Lithuanian Statute were treated as a separate social group, less privileged than local gentry in terms of property and judicature, but also as part of the patron's 'family', i.e. clientele. Then it clarifies terminological problems following from the fact that the term stary ('old') or starszy ('older/senior') sluga ('servant') (sludzy starsi 'senior servants') appears in sources in several meanings: it denotes elderly people, it functions as a conventional expression in correspondence between people of equal rank or it refers to servants of higher position as opposed to the so-called 'youths' (czeladz) in lists of household servants. Further, it presents the group of 'senior servants' in the court of the Radziwill family of Birze, especially at the time of Krzysztof II Radziwill, hetman and voivode. It is concluded that although generally 'old servants' enjoyed high status and as a group played an important role in recruiting new court members and clients by co-opting, in raising the patron's children, managing his estates and the public activity of his political faction, the individual position and status of the old servant dependent primarily on his personal relationship with the magnate. The status of old servants and their relations with the patron were verified in every phase of their lives, especially when they aged and ceased to be at the patron's disposal in all situations. The Radziwill clientele included both types of old servants: a small group of 'the master's friends' - eminent writers and politicians (Salomon Rysinski, Piotr Kochlewski, Daniel Naborowski, Krzysztof Arciszewski, Samuel Przypkowski) and a large number of lower rank servants and administrators, who were often deprived of their pay when they aged and whose widows were expelled from manors which they leased from the patron. More general conclusions on the situation of old servants in the Radziwill clientele in the 17th c. will be possible if detailed research of the courts of Janusz and Boguslaw Radziwill, undertaken in the 1980s and then abandoned, is resumed.

18

NOVELTY DETECTION AND AGING: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

70%

Czigler I. , Balazs L. , Pato L. , Poszet E. , Weisz J.

Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

|

2006

|

tom 61

|

nr 4

581-595

EN

Stimuli outside the task-set ('novelty stimuli') may initiate the processes of the orientation complex. These processes comprise the activity of neural networks contributing to the emergence of N2b and P3a/P3novelty components of event-related potentials. In the elderly these components have longer latency and smaller amplitude for auditory as well as visual stimuli. Delayed latency corresponds to the slowing of mental processes in the elderly. Amplitude change may be due to compromised inhibitory processes. The age-related change of the efficiency of inhibitory processes is evidenced by the decreased habituation of the orientation-related event-related potential components. In younger participants P3a/P3novelty habituation is evident within an experimental session, within the blocks of the session and even for the repeated presentation of the same stimulus. No such habituation processes were detected in the elderly. According to the results of three studies in the visual modality, N2b is related to the conflict between the processing of the incoming novelty stimuli and the response requirements of the representation of the incoming task.

19

60%

Koprowska M. , Krotewicz M. , Romaniuk A. , Strzelczuk M.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

|

2004

|

tom 64

|

nr 2

131-142

EN

Differences in fear level assessment based on the time of motionless in the illuminated compartment, time spent in light compartment, number of head dipping from dark to the illuminated compartment and number of returns from dark to the illuminated compartment registered in light/dark transitions test and brain monoamines (NA, DA, 5-HT) and their metabolites (MHPG, DOPAC, 5-HIAA) in the hypothalamus, midbrain, amygdala, hippocampus and pons were examined in 3, 12 and 24 months old Wistar rats. The lowest level of fear was registered in 12 months old rats, a slightly higher level in 3 months old rats and the highest in 24 months old rats. Locomotion activity showed a decreasing tendency within age according to a linear dependence in 3, 12 and 24 months old rats. Neurochemical data showed the decreased activity of NA system and increased activity of DA system in most structures already occurred in 12 months old rats. It remained at the same level in aged rats. The correlation analysis between the behavioral markers of fear level and distribution of monoamines in young, mature and aged rats showed diversified data, only some of them being consistent with the 'serotonergic hypothesis' of fear/anxiety. Therefore, we cannot conclude what neurochemical background of fear is.

20

RELATIVE AMOUNT OF MONETARY SAVINGS AS A FACTOR OF PROPOSITION AGING AND ELIMINATION OF THE FRAMING EFFECT

60%

Polunin O.

Studia Psychologica

|

2011

|

tom 53

|

nr 4

327 – 338

EN

The present study deals with the framing effect in topical mental account (Tversky, Kahneman, 1981) and with factors of its elimination. The elimination of the framing effect was described earlier (Polunin, 2009) and explained by the influence of two temporal processes (aging of proposition and past openness). The question raised in this study is whether different velocity of proposition aging can be sufficient to eliminate the framing effect. It was assumed that aging of proposition depends upon two factors: the absolute and the relative level of savings proposition. Two levels of absolute and relative monetary savings were introduced as variables in the experiment. Their influence on aging of proposition and finally on the framing effect was examined. The results confirmed the classical framing effect (Kahneman, Tversky, 1984) for the tasks with the savings proposition beginning in the present time mode. The complete elimination of the framing effect was replicated for tasks with the savings proposition beginning in the past time mode (Polunin, 2009). As a new finding, it was shown that an absolute and a relative amount of monetary savings oppositely influence the aging of proposition. Furthermore, the amount of relative price reduction (monetary savings) causes an essential difference in the velocity of aging, which alone could be sufficient for the explanation of the complete elimination of the framing effect.