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  1. 20 Archives of Acoustics
  2. 14 Materiały Budowlane
  3. 9 Building Physics in Theory and Practice
  4. 9 Fizyka Budowli w Teorii i Praktyce
  5. 4 Architecture Civil Engineering Environment
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  1. 16 Nowoświat A.
  2. 13 Olechowska M.
  3. 11 Mikulski W.
  4. 9 Marchacz M.
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1
Content available The Acoustics of the Catacombs
100%
Iannace G. , Trematerra A. , Qandil A.
Archives of Acoustics
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2014
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tom Vol. 39, No. 4
583--590
EN
The catacombs are underground places. This paper reports the results of acoustic measurements carried out inside the catacombs of “San Gennaro” (Naples) and in those one of “San Callisto” (Rome). Originally the catacombs were also used to perform sacred functions, although we don’t know the type of these functions i.e. if they were spoken, sung or performed as psalms. This paper presents acoustic measurements carried out in catacombs using the impulse response method, and by the analysis of the monaural acoustic parameters, (T30, EDT, C80, D50 and STI), the authors intend to understand the type of religious ceremony performed in the catacombs. If the catacombs had been reverberant places, they could not have been used for prayers because the echoes would have created difficulties in concentration and meditation for the devotees due to the poor speech comprehension.
2
Content available Investigation Studies on the Application of Reverberation Time
100%
Nowoświat A. , Olechowska M.
Archives of Acoustics
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2016
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tom Vol. 41, No. 1
15--26
EN
The paper presents the research studies carried out on the reverberation time of rooms, in terms of theoretical aspects and applicability potentials. Over the last century a very large number of scientists have been attempting to work out models describing the reverberation time in enclosed rooms. They have also been trying to apply these models for the description of various acoustic parameters of the interior, i.e. the intelligibility of speech, clarity, articulation, etc. In fact, all these models are based on the Sabine’s statistical method. The paper presents the work of the scientists working on this problem, together with prospective applicability potentials. Such a review may be helpful for researchers, designers or architects involved in the discussed subject.
3
Content available Wpływ geometrii pomieszczenia na szacowanie czasu pogłosu
100%
Olechowska M. , Nowoświat A. , Dulak L. , Żuchowski R. , Marchacz M.
Fizyka Budowli w Teorii i Praktyce
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2011
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tom T. 6, nr 4
49--52
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy teoretycznej i badań eksperymentalnych, wpływu stosunku długości pomieszczenia do jego wysokości na czas pogłosu. Wyniki wstępnych badań pokazują, że poza wielkością pomieszczenia stosunek tych dwóch długości liniowych może mieć wpływ na szacowanie czasu pogłosu w pomieszczeniu. Analizę teoretyczną przeprowadzono przy pomocy symulacji komputerowych, zmieniając odpowiednio wymiary pomieszczenia prostopadłościennego przy stałym stosunku długości do wysokości. Kolejnym krokiem było zweryfikowanie wyników symulacji za pomocą pomiaru. W tym celu budowano w komorze bezechowej kolejne modele pomieszczeń i mierzono ich czasy pogłosu.
EN
The results of theoretical analysis and experimental studies, the impact of the ratio of length to height of the room reverberation time. Results of preliminary tests show that beside the size of the room, the ratio of these two line lengths can affect the estimation of reverberation time in the room.
4
Content available remote Computational studies of steady-state sound field and reverberant sound decay in a system of two coupled rooms
100%
Meissner M.
Open Physics
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2007
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tom 5
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nr 3
293-312
EN
The acoustical properties of an irregularly shaped room consisting of two connected rectangular subrooms were studied. An eigenmode method supported by a numerical implementation has been used to predict acoustic characteristics of the coupled system, such as the distribution of the sound pressure in steady-state and the reverberation time. In the theoretical model a low-frequency limit was considered. In this case the eigenmodes are lightly damped, thusthey were approximated by normal acoustic modes of a hard-walled room. The eigenfunctions and eigenfrequencies were computed numerically via application of a forced oscillator method with a finite difference algorithm. The influence of coupling between subrooms on acoustic parameters of the enclosure was demonstrated in numerical simulations where different distributions of absorbing materials on the walls of the subrooms and various positions of the sound source were assumed. Calculation results have shown that for large differences in the absorption coefficient in the subrooms the effect of modal localization contributes to peaks of RMS pressure in steady-state and a large increase in the reverberation time.
5
Content available Acoustics of Classrooms in Primary Schools - Results of the Reverberation Time and the Speech Transmission Index Assessments in Selected Buildings
100%
Mikulski W. , Radosz J.
Archives of Acoustics
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2011
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tom Vol. 36, No. 4
777-793
EN
The article presents results of our own research regarding acoustic properties of 110 classrooms in five typical primary schools in Warsaw. The target of the re- search was to assess the classrooms using established criteria. These criteria include the reverberation time and the speech transmission index. The research has shown a large diversity of acoustic properties of classrooms within each of the schools and between the schools, resulting from the classroom equipment and the school building construction. In addition, the assessment has indicated that classrooms in schools researched do not meet the established acoustic criteria (reverberation time and speech transmission index). Because the classroom equipment is different for younger forms (integrated teaching) and for older forms (subject teaching), the results have been analyzed separately for rooms for younger forms (0–III) and for rooms for older forms (IV–VI). Synthetic results prove the advisability of such di- vision. Correlation analysis has been conducted for the speech transmission index STI and reverberation time Tmf , as well as for the speech transmission index STI and the suggested reverberation time Twf defined in a similar manner as Tmf , but in a wider frequency range. The correlation between the speech transmission index STI and Twf is higher than that between the STI index and Tmf . The reverberation time Twf can therefore be used for a more precise assessment of acoustic properties of interiors with regard to verbal communication than Tmf . In addition, the paper presents estimated analysis results of the influence of selected classroom equipment (carpets) on its acoustic properties.
6
Content available Analysis of Acoustical Characteristics and Some Recommendations for Different Educational Rooms
100%
Escobar V. G. , Morillas J. M. B.
Archives of Acoustics
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2011
|
tom Vol. 36, No. 4
741-759
EN
Acoustic parameters were analysed in nine auditoria and multi-purpose conference rooms in the University of Extremadura. Parameters related to the reverberation time, background noise, and intelligibility (both physical measurements of different parameters [Definition (D-50) and STI] and speech tests used to study the subjective response of listeners) were studied. The measurements were compared with some recommendations from the literature and, considering that speech was the main use of the studied rooms, with the intelligibility results. Some different recommendations for reverberation times taken from the literature were analysed. The intelligibility results obtained from the measurements were also compared with the intelligibility results that were determined by the speech tests.
7
Content available Computing Reverberation Time in a 3D Room Model Using a Finite Difference Method Applied for the Diffusion Equation
100%
Kraszewski J.
Archives of Acoustics
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2012
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tom Vol. 37, No. 2
171-180
EN
The article presents theoretical values of reverberation times calculated on the basis of the diffusion equation for three room models: flat, cubic, and long. The article shows that not only the average absorp- tion coefficient, but also location of the absorbent material, as well as the place where the time is counted have an impact on the reverberation time, calculated on the basis of the diffusion equation. Despite that, the diffusion model is based on statistical assumptions. The primary goal of the article was to show that the model has geometrical features.
8
Content available The Effects of the Noise and Reverberation on the Working Memory Span of Children
100%
Jianxin P. , Peng J.
Archives of Acoustics
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2018
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tom Vol. 43, No. 1
123--128
EN
Three different reverberation time (RT) conditions were obtained by room acoustical simulation. The working memory span of grades 3 (8 to 9 years old) and 6 children (11 to 12 years old) was tested under these reverberation conditions with different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by headphone reproduction in a quiet classroom. The working memory span scores (WMSSs) were obtained under the different RTs and SNRs conditions. The results demonstrated that children’s age, RT and SNR had significant effect on children’s WMSSs. With the increase of SNR and the decrease of RT, the WMSSs increased gradually. Under the same SNR and RT condition, the children’s WMSSs were increased with the increase of their age. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that children’s WMSSs are related to age, RT and SNR, and the correlation coefficient is 0.99.
9
Content available Sound, Noise and Speech at the 9000-Seat Holy Trinity Church in Fatima, Portugal
100%
Carvalho A. P. O. , Silva P. M. A.
Archives of Acoustics
|
2010
|
tom Vol. 35, No. 2
145-156
EN
This paper presents the interior acoustical characterization of the 9,000-seat church of the Holy Trinity in the Sanctuary of Fátima, Portugal, inaugurated in 2007. In situ measurements were held regarding interior sound pressure levels (with and without the HVAC equipment working), NC curves, RASTI (with and without the installed sound system) and reverberation time. The results are presented and commented according to the design values. A comparison is made with other churches in the world, also with a very large volume (for instance the Basilica Mariacka in Gdansk). The measured data are also used to calculate a global index of this church acoustic quality using Engel’s and Kosała's Index Method.
10
Content available Logatome and Sentence Recognition Related to Acoustic Parameters of Enclosures
100%
Kociński J. , Ozimek E.
Archives of Acoustics
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2017
|
tom Vol. 42, No. 3
385--394
EN
The paper deals with relationship between speech recognition and objective parameters of enclosures. Six enclosures were chosen: a church, an assembly hall of a music school, two courtrooms of different volumes, a typical auditorium and a university concert hall. Dirac 4.1 software was used to record impulse responses (IRs) in the chosen measurement points of each enclosure. On this base, the following objective parameters of the enclosure were determined: Reverberation Time (RT), Early Decay Time (EDT), Weighted Clarity (C50) and Speech Transmission Index (STI). A convolution of the IRs with logatome tests and the Polish Sentence Test (PST) was made. Logatome recognition and speech reception threshold (SRT – i.e., SNR yielding 50% speech recognition) were evaluated and their dependence on the objective parameters were determined. Generally a linear relationship between logatome or SRT and RT or EDT was found. However, speech recognition was nonlinearly related (according to psychometric function) to STI values. The most sensitive range of the logatome and sentence recognition relative to STI changes corresponded to the middle range of STI values. Below and above this range, logatome and sentence recognition were much less dependent of STI changes.
11
Content available Facilities for Music Education and Their Acoustical Design
88%
Koskinen H. , Toppila E. , Olkinuora P.
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
|
2010
|
tom Vol. 16, No. 1
93--104
EN
Good rehearsal facilities for musicians are essential. Directive 2003/10/EC necessitates that musicians are protected from noise exposure. A code of conduct gives the guidelines how this should be done. This study examines room acoustics recommendations provided by the Finnish code of conduct, and discusses whether they are adequate. Small teaching facilities were measured after renovation and compared to earlier measurements. Teachers’ opinions were inquired about the facilities before and after. The renovation did not decrease the noise exposure of the teachers. However, the majority preferred the facilities after the renovation. The Finnish code of conduct is not sufficient for facilities where loud instruments are played, or band practise. Good facilities can be designed but they must be specified at the designing stage for their intended use.
12
Content available Chinese Syllable and Phoneme Identification in Noise and Reverberation
88%
Peng J.
Archives of Acoustics
|
2014
|
tom Vol. 39, No. 4
483--488
EN
Chinese is a tonal language, which differentiates it from non-tonal languages in the Western countries. A Chinese character consists of an initial, a final, and a tone. In the present study, the effects of noise and reverberation on the Chinese syllable, initial, final, and tone identification in rooms were investigated by using simulated binaural impulse responses through auralization method. The results show that the syllable identification score is the lowest, the tone identification score is the highest, and the initial iden- tification scores are lower than those of the final identification under the same reverberation time and signal-to-noise ratio condition. The Chinese syllable, initial, and final identification scores increase with the increase of signal-to-noise ratio and decrease of the reverberation time. The noise and reverberation have insignificant effects on the Chinese tone identification scores under most room acoustical environ- ments. The statistical relationship between the Chinese syllable articulation and phoneme articulation had been experimentally proved under different noise and reverberation conditions in simulated rooms.
13
Content available Analysis of Sound Field Distribution in Architecturally Diverse Temples
88%
Błaszczak P. , Berdowska S. , Berdowski J.
Archives of Acoustics
|
2021
|
tom Vol. 46, No. 1
121--133
EN
The results of the research, which aimed to analyze the acoustic properties of selected sacred buildings located in the city of Częstochowa, Poland are presented in the paper. Three architecturally unusual and completely different from each other churches were selected for the study. The churches differed in shape of their buildings, cubic volume, years of construction, interior furnishings, etc. Nine different objective parameters were used to describe the physical properties of acoustical field in the studied churches. Various factors characterizing the acoustic properties of each building were determined, such as the distribution of sound pressure level (SPL), reverberation time T30, definition D50. Next, they were thoroughly analyzed, so as to ultimately obtain distributions of individual acoustic parameters in the space of the tested building. It allowed to evaluate the quality of the received verbal or musical message depending on the place where the listener was. Further research on speech intelligibility and the musical quality of churches was performed by determining the averaged values of next four objective acoustic parameters: centre time Ts, speech clarity C50, music clarity C80, and speech transmission index (STI). A new approach to analyzing the objective physical parameters describing the sound field was presented in Sec. 4. Mean free path length and critical distance were determined for the investigated acoustic fields in each church and they were associated with a general geometric factor characterizing the complexity of the room shape. The final part of the work presents a comparative analysis of the obtained results of acoustic quality tests of the temples, and thus their usefulness in terms achieving a maximum intelligibility of speech and music. The interesting similarities were found in the spatial distribution of individual acoustic parameters characterizing the distribution of the acoustic field in temples with completely different architecture.
14
Content available Analysis of Acoustical Characteristics and Some Recommendations for Different Educational Rooms
88%
Escobar V. , Morillas J.
Archives of Acoustics
|
2011
|
tom 36
|
nr 4
15
Content available Chinese Word Identification and Sentence Intelligibility in Primary School Classrooms
75%
Peng J. , Peng J.
Archives of Acoustics
|
2016
|
tom Vol. 41, No. 2
213--219
EN
The Chinese word identification and sentence intelligibility are evaluated by grades 3 and 5 students in the classrooms with different reverberation times (RTs) from three primary school under different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The relationships between subjective word identification and sentence intelligibility scores and speech transmission index (STI) are analyzed. The results show that both Chinese word identification and sentence intelligibility scores for grades 3 and 5 students in the classroom increased with the increase of SNR (and STI), increased with the increase of the age of students, and decreased with the increase of RT. To achieve a 99% sentence intelligibility score, the STIs required for grades 3, grade 5 students, and adults are 0.71, 0.61, and 0.51, respectively. The required objective acoustical index determined by a certain threshold of the word identification test might be underestimated for younger children (grade 3 students) in classroom but overestimated for adults. A method based on the sentence test is more useful for speech intelligibility evaluation in classrooms than that based on the word test for different age groups. Younger children need more favorable classroom acoustical environment with a higher STI than older children and adults to achieve the optimum speech communication in the classroom.
16
Content available remote Statistical verification of the reverberation time models in small box rooms
75%
Nowoświat A. , Olechowska M.
Architecture Civil Engineering Environment
|
2016
|
tom Vol. 9, no. 1
85--94
EN
The paper presents the results of measurements and theoretical calculations for little room models. Five room models have been prepared for analysis and they were placed in a chamber adopted as reverberationless. Measurements of reverberation time in these rooms were made in two variants; first in isotropic sound field, the second in the field disturbed by elements made of mineral wool. Then for all models in both variants theoretical calculations were made by means of three models: Neubeauer’s, Sabine’s, Eyring’s. All the results have been analysed by means of STATISTICA software and based on them statistical inference of theoretical models was made against the measurements for little box rooms.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów i obliczeń teoretycznych dla małych pomieszczeń pudełkowych, które umieszczone były w komorze bezpogłosowej. Pomiary czasu pogłosu wykonane były w dwóch wariantach; najpierw w polu akustycznym izotropowym a następnie w polu zaburzonym. Pole zaburzono płytą z wełny mineralnej umieszczoną na przegrodach ograniczajacych pomieszczenie. Obliczenia teoretyczne wykonano za pomocą Modelu Neubauera, Sabine’a i Euringa. Otrzymane wyniki poddano analizie w programie STATISTICA.
17
Content available remote An attempt to determine impact of a room shape on the reverberation time
75%
Nowoświat A. , Olechowska M.
Architecture Civil Engineering Environment
|
2010
|
tom Vol. 3, no. 4
73-80
EN
One on the most important parameters defining acoustics of the interior is time of reverberation which determines all other parameters defining e.g. quality of speech, articulation, clarity of music, basses ratio, warmth of sound, etc. The authors of the paper made an attempt to determine impact of a room shape, length to height ratio on the reverberation time. After first simulations and studies it seams that not only room acoustic absorption and capacity influences reverberation time but also a room shape.
PL
Jednym z najważniejszych parametrów określających akustykę wnętrza jest czas pogłosu, który to determinuje wszystkie inne parametry określające choćby: zrozumiałość mowy, wyrazistość, klarowność muzyki, stosunek basów, ciepło brzmienia itp. Autorzy niniejszego opracowania podjęli próbę określenia wpływu kształtu pomieszczenia, stosunku długości do wysokości na czas pogłosu. Po pierwszych symulacjach i badaniach wydaje się, że czas pogłosu zależy nie tylko od chłonności akustycznej pomieszczenia i jego wielkości, ale również kształtu pomieszczenia.
18
Content available Modele teoretyczne czasu pogłosu w analizie pomieszczeń audytoryjnych
75%
Olechowska M. , Nowoświat A.
Fizyka Budowli w Teorii i Praktyce
|
2016
|
tom T. 8, nr 1
33--38
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analiz teoretycznych czasu pogłosu w wybranych trzech aulach. Na podstawie tych analiz wyznaczono różnice pomiędzy stosowanymi modelami a pomiarem w warunkach rzeczywistych. Wyznaczone różnice posłużą do opracowania nowej metody szacowania czasu pogłosu.
EN
The paper presents the results of theoretical analysis of the reverberation time in three selected auditoriums. Based on the analysis the differences between the models used and measurements in real conditions were determined. Designated differences will be used to develop new methods for estimating the reverberation time.
19
Content available Estimation of Reverberation Time in Classrooms Using the Residual Minimization Method
75%
Nowoświat A. , Olechowska M.
Archives of Acoustics
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2017
|
tom Vol. 42, No. 4
609--617
EN
The objective of the residual minimization method is to determine a coefficient correcting the Sabine’s model. The Sabine’s equation is the most commonly applied formula in the designing process of room acoustics with the use of analytical methods. The correction of this model is indispensable for its application in rooms having non-diffusive acoustic field. The authors of the present paper will be using the residual minimization method to work out a suitable correction to be applied for classrooms. For this purpose, five different poorly dampened classrooms were selected, in which the measurements of reverberation time were carried out, and for which reverberation time was calculated with the use of theoretical methods. Three of the selected classrooms had the cubic volume of 258.5 m3 and the remaining two had the cubic volume of 190.8 m3. It was sufficient to estimate the correction for the Sabine’s equation. To verify the results, three other classrooms were selected, in which also the measurements of reverberation time were carried out. The results were verified by means of real measurements of reverberation time and by means of computer simulations in the program ODEON.
20
Content available Relationship Between Chinese Speech Intelligibility of Elderly and Speech Transmission Index
75%
Peng J. , Zeng J. , Zhao Y.
Archives of Acoustics
|
2021
|
tom Vol. 46, No. 2
229--235
EN
In this paper, the relationship between Chinese speech intelligibility (CSI) scores of the elderly aged 60-69 and over 70 years old, and speech transmission index (STI) were investigated through the auralization method under different reverberation time and background noise levels (BNL, 40 dBA and 55 dBA). The results show that the CSI scores of the elderly are significantly worse than those of young adults. For the elderly over 70, the CSI scores become much lower than those of young adults. To be able to achieve the same CSI, the elderly, especially those over 70, need much higher STI and greater SNR than the young. The elderly aged 60-69 and over 70 need to improve their STI by 0.419 and 0.058 respectively under BNL 40 dBA, as well as 0.282 and 0.072 respectively under BNL 55 dBA, so as to obtain the same CSI scores as the young adults.
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