Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Modeling of the Gas Steam Cycle Integrated with Biomass Pressurized Gasification

100%

Chmielniak T. , Lepszy S.

Archivum Combustionis

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2008

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tom Vol. 28 nr 1-2

11-20

EN

The decrease of fossil fuels resources and an opportunity of being independent from import of fuels led to a situation where more attention is paid to electricity production from biomass. Additional impulses for development of these technologies are law regulations connected with reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In medium and large scale, combined gas steam cycles integrated with biomass gasification are a very interesting solution. The main advantage of these systems is a relative high energy efficiency. In the paper, model of gas generator and models of gas steam cycles integrated with biomass pressurized gasification are presented. In particular, considered systems consist with gas generator model which use two equilibrium reactors, simple gas turbine, 1-pressure heat recovery steam generator and condensing steam turbine. The simulations include evaluation of the impact of gasification pressure on gasification parameters and the impact of pressure ratio in compressor on efficiency and power of the systems. In the work results of two different configurations of gas cooling are shown.

2

Technical Barriers for Biomass Co-Firing Identified During the First Two Years of Biomass Co-Firing in Poland

100%

Zuwala J.

Archivum Combustionis

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2008

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tom Vol. 28 nr 1-2

129-142

EN

Biomass co-firing has become a significant player on the market of renewable energy in Poland through the last two years. Power producers after a few years of co- firing biomass have already identified some technical barriers limiting the biomass share in the combusted fuel blend. These limitations were mostly caused by the existing coal feeding system properties but also a group of them was a consequence of biomass chemical composition different from coal or lignite. The paper presents the identification of the most common technical barriers due to biomass co- firing reported in Polish power plants. Presented results are mostly based on biomass co-firing trial tests and full-time operational observations carried out by the plants themselves and in some cases evaluated by Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal who was the technical advisor at the co-firing process implementation.

3

Experimental Investigation of Biomass Gasification in a Fixed Bed Gasifier

100%

Wilk R. K. , Plis P.

Archivum Combustionis

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2008

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tom Vol. 28 nr 1-2

45-55

EN

In this paper there are presented results of experimental investigation of biomass gasification process in a fixed bed gasifier. Gasification was carried out with atmospheric pressure and air was used as oxidizer. Parameters taken into consideration were the air flow rate, amounts of biomass supplied into a gasifier, parameters of raw biomass- elemental composition and initial moisture content. Two kinds of biomass were investigated: oats husk pellets and wood pellets. Molar fractions of two combustible species in the syngas (CO and H2) were measured on- line and more detailed composition of the syngas was done for a few experimental points. Sum of molar fractions (dry basis) of main combustible species in the syngas (CO+H2) was 23-35% depending of the kind of biomass and parameters of the process. Experimental results were compared with other researchers' findings.

4

An Analysis of Various Options of Using Biomass in Supercritical Coal Fired Power Plants

100%

Kotowicz J. , Bartela Ł.

Archivum Combustionis

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2008

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tom Vol. 28 nr 1-2

35-43

EN

The paper deals with a conception of replacing high-pressure regeneration in a supercritical coal fired power plant by a water boiler combusting biomass. The technology classified as belonging to the group of methods simultaneously co-firing biomass and coal is an alternative of the actually applied direct methods. Five variants of the configuration of replacing three regenerating exchangers have been analyzed. The reference system was a supercritical coal fired power plant. The fundamental indices have been determined which may be used to assess the newly created system, viz. cycle efficiency and electrical efficiency. Moreover, the share of electrical energy generated by the application of biomass in the entire amount of energy produced in the power plant has been analyzed. The values of the share of all the considered variants are being compared with a 7.5 percentage resulting from those presented in the instruction 2001/77 /WE.

5

Suszenie biomasy parą przegrzaną do celów produkcji brykietowanego paliwa odnawialnego

100%

Pakowski Z. , Krupińska B. , Adamski R.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2003

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tom T. 82, nr 8-9

1143-1145

PL

W ostatnich latach wzrost wykorzystania energii ze źródeł odnawialnych stał się integralnym elementem zrównoważonego rozwoju wielu państw Europy i świata. Wykorzystanie biomasy wiąże się z wytworzeniem energii tanim kosztem oraz obniżeniem ujemnego wpływu na środowisko, wynikającym z małej emisji zanieczyszczeń. Ponadto ditlenek węgla, pochodzący z biomasy, nie zwiększa efektu cieplarnianego. Surowa biomasa charakteryzuje się małą wartością opałową w porównaniu z innymi paliwami, dlatego przed spaleniem należy ją poddać suszeniu i peletyzacji. Stosując metody symulacji komputerowej porównano proces suszenia biomasy gorącym powietrzem i parą przegrzaną w instalacji o wydajności 5 t/h wilgotnej biomasy. Wykazano ekonomiczność suszenia parą przegrzaną i jej przydatność w instalacjach do produkcji brykietowanych (peletyzowanych) biopaliw stałych.

EN

Computer simulations were carried out to compare a hotair rotary drier with a superheated-steam drier in drying 5 m.t./h (wet basis) of 12×4×1-mm pine chips (15°C) from 60% to 8% moisture content with steam superheated at 170°C. Up to 80% of the heat delivered can be recovered.

6

General recommendations for biomass use to energy purposes in the Czech Republic

100%

Adamovsky R.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Białostockiej. Budowa i Eksploatacja Maszyn

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2002

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tom Z. 9

7--11

EN

Consumption of fuel wood, or fuels on the wood base, is growing at developed countries, for example, in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Austria. While foreign technological and technical experiences can be received without basic corrections, it is not possible to apply economic assessment for economic conditions of individual states which can differ greatly. Biofuels application is economical on the basis of local conditions only, for example, with source of waste wood or abundance of straw.

7

Zalety i wady współspalania biomasy w kotłach energetycznych na tle doświadczeń eksploatacyjnych pierwszego roku współspalania biomasy na skalę przemysłową

100%

Ściążko M. , Zuwała J. , Pronobis M.

Energetyka

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2006

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tom nr 3

207-220

PL

Omówiono zjawiska towarzyszące procesowi współspalania biomasy i odpadów biodegradowalnych w kotłach energetycznych. Na podstawie analizy wyników badań pracy kilkunastu jednostek wytwórczych współspalających biomasę z paliwami podstawowymi zidentyfikowano podstawowe korzyści i zagrożenia technologiczne wynikające z wdrożenia współspalania. Przedstawiono główne aspekty energetyczne i ekologiczne towarzyszące procesom współspalania biomasy z paliwami konwencjonalnymi. Przedstawiono przykładowe charakterystyki porównawcze zmian poszczególnych elementów bilansu energetycznego badanych kotłów, odnosząc proces współspalania biomasy do spalania tzw. węgla bazowego. Wyznaczono wskaźniki emisji zanieczyszczeń do powietrza i przedstawiono porównawczą ocenę stopnia obniżenia wielkości całkowitej emisji substancji szkodliwych do atmosfery.

EN

Discussed are phenomena accompanying the co-combustion process in power boilers of bio-mass and wastes able to be biodegraded. On the base of the analysis of investigation results of the operation of several power boilers co-combusting the bio-mass together with essential fuels identified are essential advantages and the technological menaces arisen from the co-combustion implementation. The main power and ecological aspects accompanying the co-combustion processes of the bio-mass and conventional fuels are presented. Presented are exemplary comparison characteristics of changes of particular elements of the power balance in the investigated boilers, with reference of the bio-mass co-combustion process to the combustion of so called base coal. Defined are indices of the impurities emission to the air and presented is comparing assessment of a grade of lowering the total emission of harmful substances to the atmosphere.

8

Biomasa - badania w laboratorium w aspekcie przydatności do energetycznego spalania

100%

Wisz J. , Matwiejew A.

Energetyka

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2005

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tom nr 9

631-637

PL

Zaprezentowano doświadczenia z badań i wyniki analiz biomasy prowadzonych w laboratorium Energopomiar Sp. z o.o. Omówiono właściwości fizykochemiczne biomasy różnego pochodzenia i składy chemiczne popiołów z ich spalania pod kątem możliwości wykorzystywania jako paliwo. Przedstawiono specyficzne problemy wykorzystywania takich analiz.

EN

Presented are Energopomiar experiences concerning the bio-mass laboratory tests and results of analyses of the biomass. Discussed are physical and chemical properties of the bio-mass of various origin and the chemical composition of ashes arisen at it combustion from the point of view of it use as a fuel. The specific problems of utilisation of such analyses are presented also.

9

Co-Firing of Biomass with Pulverised Coal in Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere

80%

Pawlak-Kruczek H. , Ostrycharczyk M. , Baranowski M. , Czerep M. , Zgóra J.

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10

Kogeneracja energii z udziałem biomasy na terenie wsi

80%

Kotowski W.

Karbo

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2002

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tom Nr 5

156-160

PL

Omówiono sposoby pozyskiwania biomasy oraz jej znaczenie jako źródła energii. Opisano wielokierunkowe procesy przetwarzania biomasy, pochodzącej głównie z rolnictwa. Przedstawiono bilanse masowo-eko-nomiczne związane z produkcją energii elektrycznej i ciepła na potrzeby mieszkańców typowej wsi.

EN

The ways of biomass retrieval have been discussed and its role as an energy carrier. Multi-direction biomass transformation processes coming mainly from agriculture have been described. Mass -economic balances have been presented connected with production of electric energy and heat for the needs of an inhabitant of a typical village.

11

Long-term changes of phytoplankton in Lake Niegocin, in the Masurian Lake Region, Poland

80%

Napiórkowska-Krzebietke A. , Hutorowicz A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2006

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tom Vol. 35, No.3

209-226

EN

The objective of this study was to determine the change in phytoplankton biomass in Lake Niegocin following modernization of the sewage treatment plant in Giżycko, Poland in 1994. Phytoplankton samples were taken from March to November 1991 – 2001, and chlorophyll levels were determined from 1986 through 2001. High levels of total phytoplankton biomass (max. 8.2 mg l-1) and chlorophyll concentrations (max. 93.9 ?g l-1) were recorded in Lake Niegocin up to 1994. Filamentous cyanoprokaryotes (90%), mainly Planktothrix agardhii and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, were the most abundant taxa in summer. After modernization of the wastewater treatment plant (1995 to 1999), there was a change in the composition of the phytoplankton, biomass decreased threefold and chlorophyll concentrations fourfold, with dinoflagellates (Peridinium sp. div., Ceratium hirundinella) becoming dominant in the summer. However, increased biomass (max. 6.3 mg l-1) and concentrations of photosynthetic pigments (max. 46.5 ?g l-1) occurred in 2000 and 2001, with the summer phytoplankton dominated by cyanoprokaryotes (e.g. Microcystis aeruginosa, Leptolyngbya thermalis).

12

Experimental Installation for Biomass Gasification with the Use of the Process Gas in Gas Engine

80%

Kotowicz J. , Sobolewski A. , Iluk T. , Matuszek K.

Archivum Combustionis

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2010

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tom Vol. 30 nr 3

261-267

EN

The paper presents the main assumptions of the Directive 2009/28/WE of the European Parliament concerning renewable fuels. One of the possibilities of the use of biomass for electricity and heat production, thus in so-called cogeneration systems is presented. Experimental installation of the Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal for biomass gasification with fixed-bed reactor is described. The obtained results concerning composition of producer gas together with its impurities are shown. The method and degree of gas purification is characterized. The main parameters of the gasification process in GazEla reactor are presented. The first results of cooperation of gas engine with automatic ignition with biomass gasification installation and the influence of the process gas on the engine operation were described.

13

Conversion of Biomass Thermal Energy to Mechanical Energy in Double Stroke Engine

80%

Huzvar J. , Jandacka J.

Archivum Combustionis

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2010

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tom Vol. 30 nr 3

269-274

EN

This article describe problem of microcogeneration conversion way of chemically fixed energy of solid biomass on electric power and low – potential heat and optimal heat exchange between boiler and work space of double stroke engine. The aim of this project is research of converse way and device development on its realization. The experimental device consists of the boiler for dendromass, the double stroke engine and two heat exchangers.

14

Heat Flux Investifation in the Operation Conditions of the Horizontal Deposition Probe in the Boilers

80%

Dyjakon A. , Cieplik M.

Archivum Combustionis

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2010

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tom Vol. 30 nr 3

275-284

EN

The variety of biomass fuels and their constantly increasing content in the coal/biomass co-combustion requires further and more sophisticated on-line diagnostic methods, which can help in the properties characterization and fuels selection in terms of the impact on slagging and fouling of the heat exchange surfaces phenomena. One of the possibilities for such characterization is application of a deposition probe equipped with special thermal resistance sensors. The main aim of such a deposition probe is collecting deposits formed during combustion and co-combustion of solid fuels (coal, biomass, sludges, wastes etc.) in the Pulverized Fuel (PF) or Fluidized Bed (FB) boilers while also measuring the heat flux from the flue gas through the surface of the probe, to the simulated steam. As a result, the extend of the slagging and fouling processes as well as their influence on heat exchange can be determined, which is very important from operational, economic and environmental point of view of the power plant. The deposition probe can be used both in the main combustion chamber (radiant heat exchange zone) and in the convective ducts (convective heat exchange zone). However, the application of the deposition probe in such wide range of the operating conditions requires a very careful calibration of the sensor sensitivity as well as estimation and determination of the requirements for its proper operation. Unfortunately, many parameters can influence the sensor sensitivity and, as a result, the quantitative and qualitative measurements. In the paper, the influence of the deposition probe temperature, cooling medium temperature and cooling medium flow on the sensor sensitivity is shown and discussed. The said data have been obtained from measurements performed using a dedicated experimental test set up, covering the full applicable range of operating conditions. The said tests revealed that the sensor sensitivity varies broadly and the factors of primary importance are the mass flow of the cooling air and the deposition probe temperature.

15

Bioethanol - Production and Utilization

80%

Zabochnicka-Świątek M. , Sławik L.

Archivum Combustionis

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2010

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tom Vol. 30 nr 3

237-246

EN

Bioethanol was an alternative liquid fuel produced from biomass that contained large amount of sugar (e.g. sugar cane, grain or biomass of lignocellulosic). An interesting idea was to use algae to produce bioethanol. Production of bioethanol from starch was a process of 3 stages: hydrolysis of starch, fermentation of glucose and separation/purification of ethanol. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass was a process of 4 stages: lignocelluloses pretreatment, cellulose hydrolysis, fermentation of sugars and separation/purification of ethanol. Bioethanol was more friendly for environment than convectional fuel because it was renewable energy source. Bioethanol could be used as clean or as blend (gasohol, diesohol). According to the literature, still extend research on production and use of bioethanol was observed.

16

Mineral phase transformation of wood and cereal pellets – electrical test and factsagetm calculations

80%

Gonzalez Valdes L. , Nowak-Woźny D.

Technical Issues

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2016

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tom nr 3

126--134

EN

The fusion behaviour of biomass ash-forming materials is an important factor in assessing the propensity to form undesirable slag and fouling deposits in the boiler. The characteristics of the fuel used affect the extent and severity of the problem, thus growing efforts are put on finding reliable methods for its characterization. Combustion and co-combustion of biomass have gained popularity in combating climate change and reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, biomass encompasses a wide range of different types and its use increases operational risks due to the diversity of the chemical composition. This study is based on characterising the mineral phase transformations of two kinds of biomass (wood pellets and cereal pellets) using various laboratory-based methods on fuel ashes. Measurements of changes in the electrical properties of the ash during the sintering process (dielectric loss factor) were performed using a QuadTech Plus 7600 bridge in the frequency range 500Hz - 1MHz. Thermodynamic analyses were performed by means of FactSage™ modelling. The results were compared with those of standard tests, AFT and oxide index calculations, which were employed to predict slagging and fouling propensities. The observed changes in dielectric loss depend on the frequency and temperature of sintering. FactSageTM thermodynamic equilibrium calculations proved very useful in predicting the ash melting behaviour and the chemical changes occurring in the ash. The existence of a melt phase, occurring at even lower temperatures of those given by the AFT, is in accordance with the high slagging and fouling hazards predicted by empirical indices.

17

Experimental investigations and numerical modelling of ignition process of the micronized cereal straw

80%

Bocian P. , Chmiel E. , Świątkowski B.

Archivum Combustionis

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2018

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tom Vol. 38 nr 1

29--40

EN

Biomass is the most important source of renewable energy in the Polish energy system. The most common technologies of energetic utilization of biomass in smali and middle scalę boilers is combustion of pellets and briauettes. This article is focused mainly on micronized biomass a special form of the pulverized fuel. This type of biomass can be utilized as fuel at middle and smali scalę boilers. Experimental investigations of the ignition process of such finely milled biomass is necessary for elaboration of guidelines for development of pulverized burners. Tests of the micronized cereal straw were performed at the pulverized fuel test stand. Different particie fractions were investigated in the rangę of 0-0.315 mm. Temperature range of the drop tube reactor was 600 - 1000°C. The tests showed that the micronized cereal straw has relatively Iow autoignition temperature (T = 410°C), comparing to other conventionally pulverized types of biomass with comparable sizes of particles. Moreover, combustion process of the micronized dust was characterized by the stand-off distance of the flame - ignition point. The experimental results were used for verification of numerical models of combustion of the micronized biomass fuel. The 2D and 3D calculations were performed using the ANSYS FLUENT code with the developed and modified at the Institute of Power Engineering model of combustion of the micronized fuel. Comparison of the numerical and experimental results was rewarding.

18

Properties of fly ash from agro-forestry biomass combustion in the aspect of their use in mining technology

80%

Pawluk A. , Kasprzyk P. , Terpák D.

Mining Science

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2015

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tom Vol. 22, Special Issue 2

23--30

EN

Production of electricity / heat through the use of biomass is one of the possible ways to increase energy production from renewable energy sources and promote sustainable development by reducing direct greenhouse gas emissions chich is associated with the energy sector (Moraisi et al., 2011). In the coming years, biomass will have important role as a natural source of renewable energy, due to the rising cost of fossil fuels, highly questionable safety of nuclear energy and the need of carbon dioxide emissions reduction. (Callejón-Ferre et al., 2014). According to 2009/28/EC Directive about the promotion of use of energy from renewable sources, Biomass is defined as the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from the agricultural industry (including also substances coming from plant and animals), forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste. Increasingly frequent use of alternative fuels, including biomass, in different areas of the industry cause a large production of new waste materials. Economic and environmental considerations are the cause of increased interest in the use of the economic potential of ash generated in these processes. In the article possibility of using new waste materials, which are fly ash from the combustion of mixed agricultural and forest biomass as hydraulic backfill material, solidifying and gobs caulking was analyzed.

19

Periphyton dry mass, ash content, and chlorophyll content on natural substrata in three water bodies of different trophy

80%

Romanów M. , Witek Z.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2011

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tom Vol. 40, No.4

64-70

EN

Periphyton communities were studied on several dominating macrophytes, Phragmites australis, Potamogeton lucens, and Nuphar lutea, in three different types of lakes. In soft-water mesotrophic Lake Mały Borek and in shallow, eutrophic Lake Gardno samples were collected about once every two months from April to November 2009. In eutrophic Szczecin Lagoon (the estuary of the Oder River), samples were only collected once in July. The aim of this paper was to determine the dry mass, the ash content, and the chlorophyll-a content of periphyton on a natural substratum, in order to determine the mass, the inorganicorganic status of periphyton, and the auto-heterotrophic character of this complex. The analyzed periphytic communities exhibited low dry mass at the beginning of the growth season, which increased with colonization period on the aquatic vegetation. The highest (but still low) values were achieved in autumn, which persisted, with small loss, until spring of the subsequent year. The differences in dry mass between each type of lake were small, but in the strongly eutrophic Szczecin Lagoon this index was slightly higher than in the other two water bodies. The highest dry mass was noted for periphyton dominated by Cordylophora caspia colonies overgrowing common reeds and for periphyton on Potamogeton lucens in Szczecin Lagoon. In shallow water bodies, such as Lake Gardno and Szczecin Lagoon, wind causes strong resuspension of sediments. This can explain the relatively high level of inorganic matter in dry mass of the periphyton in both water bodies. However, the small ash content in periphyton in Mały Borek may result from the soft-water character of this lake. The hetero-autotrophic status of the periphytic community prevailed throughout the study period in Gardno and Mały Borek lakes. The auto-heterotrophic status of periphyton was noted only in short periods of time in each lake.

20

Kogeneracja z wykorzystaniem biomasy

80%

Nowak W.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Cieplne Maszyny Przepływowe - Turbomachinery / Politechnika Łódzka

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2007

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tom nr 132

179-192

PL

Wybór najbardziej odpowiedniej technologii dla utylizacji biomasy zależy głównie od rodzaju i zasobów biomasy, która ma być wykorzystana w danym procesie, dostępności technologii oraz względów ekonomicznych. W niniejszej pracy omówiono technologie produkcji energii elektrycznej i ciepła z biomasy w wyniku bezpośredniego spalania, współspalania z węglem, zgazowania, a także kogenerację rozproszoną.

EN

Selection of the best available technology for biomass utilizations depends mainly on type and availability of biomass which is to be used in the process, availability of technology and economy. Biomass CHP technologies including direct combustion, co-combustion, gasification and distributed CHP are discussed.