Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ołów w świetle badań archeologicznych na Rynku Gównym w Krakowie

100%

Garbacz-Klempika A. , Rzadkosz S. , Bonderek Z.

Przegląd Odlewnictwa

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2008

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tom Vol. 58, nr 12

642-647

PL

Metale w średniowieczu miały duże znaczenie dla gospodarki europejskiej, a rozwój ekonomiczny regionów w znacznym stopniu opierał się na pozyskiwaniu i handlu kruszcami. W Małopolsce i na Górnym Śląsku działalność człowieka, o charakterze wydobywczym i produkcyjnym, związana z występowaniem surowców naturalnych, miała miejsce już w czasach prehistorycznych. W średniowieczu największe znaczenie miały bogate w srebro rudy ołowiu eksploatowane głównie na terenie Sławkowa, Olkusza, Trzebini, a także wielu pobliskich miejscowości. Wielkość produkcji metali ze złóż śląsko-krakowskich w tym czasie wynosić mogła kilkaset ton rocznie. Ołów z rodzimych złóż służył miejscowym potrzebom, stając się z czasem przedmiotem handlu o europejskim zasięgu. Prowadzone w latach 2005-2008 badania archeologiczne, we wschodniej części Rynku Głównego w Krakowie, potwierdzają obecność ołowiu (np. w postaci licznych okrawków) w okolicy budynku Wielkiej Wagi, instytucji związanej z handlem metalami, począwszy od XIII wieku. W obszernym materiale archeologicznym wyróżnia się unikatowe znalezisko, którym jest bochen ołowiu z XIV wieku o wadze 693 kg. Zachowany w całości świadczy, iż przeznaczony był do handlu hurtowego. Tak uformowane bochny, ważone i znaczone na Rynku w Krakowie, dzielono na mniejsze części i sprzedawano na miejscu lub wysyłano na Węgry lub do Prus i Flandrii. W okresie XV-XVI wieku Małopolska i Śląsk w produkcji i handlu ołowiem zajmowały czołowe miejsce w Europie, przyczyniając się do rozwoju gospodarczego kraju.

EN

Metals had in Middle Ages a great importance for the european economy, and the economic development of the regions based in essential degree on the mining of ores and on the trade in them. The human activity of the mining and production character and connected with the appearance of the natural raw materials in Little Poland and Silesia already had place at the prehistorical times. In Middle Ages the greatest importance had silver-rich lead ores exploited on the area of Sławków, Olkusz and Trzebinia as well as near to these localities. The yearly size of metal production from the Silesian-Cracovian deposits could at this time amount to some hundreds tons. The lead of the native deposits served to the local needs, but with the run of the time it became the object of european scope. The archeological research being curried out in the years 2002-2008 in the easter part of the Main Market in Cracow confirmed the presence of lead (for instance in the form of trimmings) in the vicinity of the building of Great Scales, i. e. institution connected with the metal trade, beginning from the XIII century. The wide archeological material is distinguished by an unical found, namely a large loaf of lead from XIV century, weighTing 693 kg. Retained as a whole it proves that it was determined for wholesale. The loafs, formed by such a way, weight and marked at the Main Market in Cracow, were divided in smaller parts and sold on the place or send to the Hungary, Prussia or Flanders. In the period of XV-XVI centuries Little Poland and Silesia took a leading position in Europe in the lead production and trade and thus contributed to the economic development of the country.

2

Activated carbons for the removal of heavy metal ions: A systematic review of recent literature focused on lead and arsenic ions

80%

Deliyanni E. A. , Kyzas G. Z. , Triantafyllidis K. S. , Matis K. A.

Open Chemistry

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2015

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tom 13

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nr 1

EN

This work is a systematic review of the literature over the past decade of the application of activated carbon (microporous or mesoporous) as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals, focusing especially on lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) ions from the aqueous phase. Classical examples from our lab are also given. Activated carbon is known to provide a high surface area for adsorption. Generally, surface modification is typically required, such as oxidation, treatment with ammonia or even impregnation with ferric ion, etc. and the adsorbent material may originate from various sources. The pristine materials, after modification and those after batch-wise adsorption, were characterized by available techniques (BET analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analyses, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics of the process are also discussed. Selected studies from the literature are examined in comparison with other adsorbents. The role of chemistry in the metals adsorption/removal was investigated.

3

Sweat lead and copper concentrations during exercise training

80%

Tomasz Saran T. , Magdalena Zawadka M. , Stanisław Chmiel S. , Anna Mazur A.

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nr 1

14-19

EN

Introduction. Skin is the largest organ of the human body. It plays an important role in protection against harmful substances found in the surrounding environment and takes part in the elimination of heavy metals from the body by sweating. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in the concentration of lead and copper in the sweat collected on the first and the fourteenth day of endurance training. Materials and methods. The research included 43 patients undergoing a supervised, two-week endurance training on a cycle ergometer and cross-trainer. The lead and copper contents were presented in relation to the sodium content as an indicator of the amount of excreted sweat. Results. The lead concentration in relation to the sodium content in the samples of sweat taken with the use of swabs is statistically significantly higher on day 1 (Me = 1.64-E-4) than the 14th day (Me = 0.37-E-4) p = 0.027. In the sweat samples collected with a plaster, the lead concentration on day 14 of rehabilitation (Me = 0.08-E-4) is statistically significantly lower than before the beginning of the training cycle (Me = 1.19-E-4) p = 0.044. The concentration of copper in sweat samples collected with swabs and patches on day 1 of the rehabilitation cycle does not significantly differ from the content of samples collected on day 14. Conclusions. Endurance training with submaximal heart rate results in reduced excretion of lead in the sweat and does not significantly affect the level of copper. Further research into the impact of physical effort on the excretion of metals from the body can help explain the results13

4

Warsaw ING PAN Isotope Laboratory research reports. 5. Lead isotopic composition in natural environment

80%

Stefańska A.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Earth Sciences

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2000

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tom Vol. 48, nr 2

185-198

EN

Analyses of lead isotopic composition in industrial materials (tetraethyl lead, coal, ash and slag from coal combustion, and fragment of lead battery cell and lead foil) were undertaken. It has been found that there are significant differences among isotopic signatures of their constituent lead and, consequently, the substances are isotopically distinguishable. Studies of isotopic composition of lead in soils from Park-Mausoleum of Soviet Soldiers in Warsaw proved usefulness of the isotopic methods in environmental researches and have shown that gasoline combustion is responsible for lead pollution of soil. Isotopic analyses of lead indicate that the influence of road on lead contamination of soils depends on the distance and that relocation of lead in a soil profile is limited.

5

Bismuth and lead based metal organic frameworks: morphological, luminescence and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) studies

80%

Iram S. , Imran M. , Kanwal F. , Latif S. , Iqbal Z.

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tom Vol. 38, No. 1

132--137

EN

Biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (H2BDA) was used as an organic linker to synthesize bismuth and lead based organic frameworks (1 and 2). The structural/morphological studies of these metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were done using UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H NMR, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and powder X-ray diffraction method. Surface area as determined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) studies revealed better N2 gas adsorption for MOF (1) compared to MOF (2). Both these MOFs exhibited good luminescence activity which was attributed to ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions (LMCT).

6

The effect of lead on photosynthetic apparatus of maize cultivated in aquacultures

80%

Jasiewicz C. , Zemanek M. , Antonkiewicz J.

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tom 01

7

Genotoxicity of lead in lupin root cells as evaluated by the comet assay

80%

Rucinska R. , Sobkowiak R. , Gwozdz E. A.

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nr 3

EN

This paper presents the results of a study on the influence of lead (Pb2+) on DNA integrity on plant cells. The study was performed on the root tips of lupin (Lupinus luteus cv. Juno) seedlings treated with two selected concentrations of Pb(NO3)2: 150 and 350 mg l-1, which were found to inhibit root growth by 50% and 70%, respectively [Ruciłska et al. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 37 (1999) 37187-37194]. Roots exposed to those external lead concentrations took up about 50 and 70 mg l-1 Pb2+ g-1 fresh weight (FW) over 48 h of incubation. A dose-dependent increase in the degree of root injury was observed in the presence of both tested concentrations. The genotoxicity of lead in lupin root cells was analysed using a mild alkaline comet assay at pH 12.3, which allows the detection of single strand breaks. The quantity of the DNA fragments migrating away from the nuclear remnant (tail area) increased proportionally to the lead content inside the roots, and was positively correlated with the degree of root injury. At 150 mg l-1 Pb2+, a high frequency distribution of nuclei having large values of tail lengths and moments was observed. By contrast, the number of nuclei with minimum values of these parameters increased at 350 mg l-1 Pb2+. This data suggests that lead at low concentrations induces the formation of short, rapidly migrating DNA fragments, whereas at higher concentrations, lead probably causes other changes to DNA that result in slower DNA migration in the electric field.

8

„Growing Up” and the Environment

70%

Malina R. M. , Little B. B.

Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine

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2012

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tom 15

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nr 2

7-20

EN

Many factors in the natural, man-made and social environments can influence the physical growth and maturation and behavioral development of children and adolescents. Improved environmental conditions over the past century or so have contributed to positive secular changes in growth and maturation. More recently, however, technological advances have increased opportunities for sedentary behaviors and contributed to reductions in physical activity, both of which have potentially negative implications for the health of youth. Pollutants associa-ted with some industries also have implications for health. Children with elevated lead levels are at increased risk for impaired growth and maturation and for impairments in fine motor coordination. The impact of elevated lead on gross motor coordination in several tests of physical fitness is mediated through the influence of lead on growth in body size. Similarly, emissions from coal-fired power plants and other industries are associated with asthma, which has implications for the physical activity and fitness of youth.

PL

Wiele czynników środowiskowych naturalnych, wytworzonych przez człowieka oraz społecznych może wpływać na na rozwój fizyczny, dojrzewanie i rozwój behawioralny, tj. zachowania się dzieci i młodzieży. Polepszenie warunków środowiskowych w ostatnim stuleciu przyczyniło się do pozytywnych sekularnych zmian we wzroście i dojrzewaniu. Ostatnio jednak postęp technologiczny wzmógł łatwość zachowań sedentarnych i przyczynił się do zmniejszenia aktywności fizycznej, co potencjalnie niesie negatywne skutki dla zdrowia młodzieży. Zanieczyszczenia przemysłowe mają również wpływ na zdrowie. Dzieci z podwyższonym poziomem ołowiu w krwi mają podwyższone ryzyko zaburzenia wzrostu i dojrzewania, a także uszkodzenia koordynacji motorycznej. Wpływ podwyższonego poziomu ołowiu we krwi na powstawanie zaburzeń motorycznych jest badany za pomocą wielu testów sprawności fizycznej, jest wyrażony przez wpływ ołowiu na wzrost i wielkość ciała. Podobnie emisje zanieczyszczeń z elektrowni węglowych i innych zakładów przemysłowych są związane z astmą, co ma również wpływ na aktywność fizyczną i sprawność młodzieży.

9

Chloride leaching of silver and lead from a solid residue after atmospheric leaching of flotation copper concentrates

70%

Chmielewski T. , Gibas K. , Borowski K. , Adamski Z. , Wozniak B. , Muszer A.

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2017

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tom Vol. 53, iss. 2

893--907

EN

Recovery of silver and lead by means of chloride leaching of solid residue after atmospheric leaching of the copper concentrate from Lubin Concentrator (KGHM) was investigated. The effect of leaching temperature, chloride concentration, Fe(III) and oxygen presence, solid-to-liquid ratio and feed preleaching with NaOH on the silver and lead recovery was analyzed. Chloride leaching appeared to be very effective for recovery of lead, whereas satisfactory recovery of silver was observed after chemical pretreatment of the leaching feed with alkali solution of NaOH in order to liberate Ag entrapped in the jarosite structure. It was found that to achieve the satisfactory recovery of Ag and Pb leaching had to be performed in acidified 4 M chloride concentration at temperature of 90 oC. The presence of oxidants, that is O2 and iron(III) ions, was beneficial in the initial stage of the process. The maximum recovery of Ag and Pb was found for the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:10 after 10 hours leaching.

10

An assessment of urban habitat contamination with selected heavy metals within the city of Katowice using the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinaleWeb.) as a bioindicator

70%

Degórska A.

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nr 4

29-40

EN

The common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.) is considered to be a good indicator species due to its wide spread and high tolerance to harsh environmental conditions. It was used in this study to assess contamination with selected heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) within urban habitats of the city of Katowice (southern Poland). Samples were collected from outside the forest regions. Content of heavy metals was determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (F-AAS). The soil mineralization was conducted using 50,0 cm3 10% HNO3. Determination of elemental concentrations in the plant material was carried out with the “wet” method using heating blocks for a period of 7-10 days. The following concentration ranges for individual elements in soil were found: 14,03–2049,50 mg kg−1 (Pb), 17,91–4118,00 mg kg−1 (Zn), 0,25–52,93 mg kg−1 (Cd). Concentrations within the leaves of common dandelion were: 5,52–93,04 μg g−1 (Pb), 71,71–807,15 μg g−1 (Zn), 0,10–15,69 μg g−1 (Cd). Plants from the most heavily contaminated soils were characterised by the lowest bioaccumulation coefficient. The most contaminated areas were the districts: Szopienice-Burowiec and Wełnowiec-Józefowiec, while the least contaminated were the southern districts of Katowice (i.e. Zarzecze, Podlesie). There is also a clear link between the content of heavy metals in soils examined in this study and the land use.

11

Monte Carlo modelling of Th-Pb fuel assembly with californium neutron source

70%

Oettingen M. , Stanisz S.

Nukleonika

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2018

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tom Vol. 63, No. 3

87--91

EN

This paper describes the methodology developed for the numerical reconstruction and modelling of the thorium-lead (Th-Pb) assembly available at the Department of Nuclear Energy, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University, Krakow, Poland. This numerical study is the first step towards integral irradiation experiments in the Th-Pb environment. The continuous-energy Monte Carlo burnup (MCB) code available on supercomputer Prometheus of ACK Cyfronet AGH was applied for numerical modelling. The assembly consists of a hexagonal array of ThO2 fuel rods and metallic Pb rods. The design allows for different arrangements of the rods for various types of irradiations and experimental measurements. The intensity of the fresh neutron source intended for integral experiments is about 108 n/s, which corresponds to the mass of about 43 μg 252Cf. The source was modelled in the form of Cf2O3-Pd cermet wire embedded in two stainless steel capsules.

12

Adsorption of Lead Ions from Aqueous Solutions onto Rice Husks, Continuous System

70%

Hawal L. H. , Al-Sulttani A. O. , Kariem N. O.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 22, nr 10

269--274

EN

The continuous system of lead adsorption on rice husks was investigated in this paper. A fixed bed study was performed in many tests to investigate the influence of pH, the adsorbent height, the initial concentration of lead, the flow rate and processing time on the lead adsorption process. The results demonstrated that the lead removal capacity decreased when the pH value of the solution and the flow rate increased. The lead removal capacity increased due to the decreased initial concentration of lead. The results showed that the removal capacity increases along with the processing time and the adsorbent height in column. The largest removal was (81%) at pH of 4, the adsorbent height (50 cm), the initial concentration of lead (10 mg/l), the processing time (90 min.) and the flow rate (10 ml/min.). As a result, rice husks can be used to remove the lead instead of expensive commercial adsorbents, due to its availability, inexpensive and perfect adsorption property.

13

Potential of Two Vegetable Plants in Reducing Lead Contamination in Soil

70%

Lestari M. W. , Rosyidah A.

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2022

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tom Vol. 23, nr 8

320--326

EN

Phytoremediation is the technique of using green plants to remove toxic pollutants from heavy metal contaminated soil through degradation and detoxification mechanisms. Therefore, this research examines the potential of two types of vegetable crops, namely Crassocephalum crepidioides and Amaranthus sp., in reducing Pb contamination in polluted soil. The treatments tested were planting media in polybags dosed with 0.3 and 6 g/polybag of Pb 1 week before planting. The method used was a randomized block design, with each treatment being repeated three times. Furthermore, each treatment consists of three sample plants. The growth evaluation started 6 days after planting and was performed every 6 days. The evaluation was conducted on plant height, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, Pb levels in roots and shoots, and Translocation Factor (TF). The results showed that the higher the Pb in the media, the lower the rate of change in plant height, leaf area, biomass, and chlorophyll content. Additionally, C. crepidioides and Amaranthussp. absorb Pb in the soil with a phytoextraction mechanism, thereby remediating heavy metal contaminated soil, as indicated by the TF value > 1. In conclusion,soil remediation should be performed using C. crepidioides, considering that it is less popular as a vegetable in Indonesia.

14

Cadmium and lead levels in selected goat and sheep tissues from areas under different antropogenic pressure

70%

Mundała P. , Szwalec A. , Baran A. , Kędzior R.

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tom nr IV/2

1337--1346

EN

The aim of the study was to compare the levels of cadmium and lead in livers, kidneys and wool / hair / of sheep and goats reared in the vicinity of the steelworks in Nowa Huta in Kraków and in the control field, Rożniatów, in which there was no emitters of heavy metals. Samples were collected post mortem from one-year old animals of one breed (within a species) and one sex, who had lived from birth in the studied areas. Both species were fed with the same fodder and have remained in the same places. Wet mineralization was applied (mixture of nitric acid (V) and chloric (VII) (3: 1)) metal determination was done by a FASA method. The levels of the metals depend on the species, on the test areas and on the collected part of the animal. Tissues from sheep contained more cadmium and lead than the tissue of goats. The highest cadmium content was found in the kidney, lower in the liver, the lowest in the hair / wool of tested animals. Goat kidneys from both areas of research and sheep kidneys from Rożniatów meet consumer standards for cadmium. However, 20% of sheep kidneys sampled from Nowa Huta district exceeded the standards for cadmium. The lead content of both species exceeded the limit in all of the kidneys and livers from Nowa Huta district. In Rożniatów the standards were not fulfilled for all kidneys and livers of goats, and all kidneys and 70% of the livers of sheep.

15

Concentration of Copper and Lead in Market Milk and Milk Products of Bangladesh

70%

Shahriar S. M. S. , Akther S. , Akter F. , Morshed S. , Alam M. K. , Saha I. , Halim M. A. , Hassan M. M.

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tom Vol. 8

56--63

EN

The aim of this work is to detect and estimate the level of selected heavy metals (copper and lead) in milk and milk products in Chittagong City Corporation Areas of Bangladesh. The most important milk and milk products that are likely to be an important contributor to heavy metal exposure was selected. Total 30 samples of milk and milk products were analyzed among these 20 raw milk samples was collected from 20 dairy farms around industrial area in Chittagong City and 10 milk product samples were collected from market in Chittagong City. Detection and estimation of the level of copper and lead were carried out by using “Analytikjena Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, model: ZEEnit700P, Germany”. It was found that, most of all milk samples contain copper and lead copper and lead. The content of copper in most of all raw milk and milk products were in the range from 0.02 mg/kg to 0.25 mg/kg. The highest level of copper was found 0.244 mg/kg in milk products. The concentration of lead in milk and milk products were in the range from 0.007 mg/kg to 0.02 mg/kg. The highest concentration of lead was found 0.019 mg/kg in raw milk. These values were compared with standard allowable limit and also with the corresponding values of different countries available in literature.

16

Influence of cadmium and lead partitioning in water and sediment on their deposition in the sediment of a eutrophic dam reservoir

70%

Szarek-Gwiazda E. , Mazurkiewicz-Boroń G.

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2006

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tom Vol. 35, No.2

141-157

EN

This study was conducted in the submontane and eutrophic Dobczyce Reservoir (southern Poland). Cadmium and lead concentrations in the water and sediment were relatively low. The partitioning coefficient (Kd) indicated that dissolved Cd and Pb dominated in the water column at depths of 1 and 15 m, and that they were present in the particulate phase in near-bottom water. The relation of dissolved Cd and Pb with physical and chemical parameters of the water is discussed. Binding forms of Cd and Pb in the sediment showed that Cd was potentially a more “mobile’ element than Pb; therefore, Cd had probably accumulated in the sediment in considerably lower amounts than Pb (K=8400 and K=33000, respectively).

17

The Morphological and Physiological Appearance of Two Vegetable Plants Due to Lead Exposure

70%

Lestari M. W. , Rosyidah A.

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tom Vol. 23, nr 6

213--222

EN

This research aimed to determine the effect of different concentrations of Lead (Pb) on the morphology of kale and spinach plants. The process involved planting kale and spinach seeds in tubs and transferring them to polybags with planting media in the form of soil and sand at a ratio of 4:1 after strong roots were developed. It is important to note that the media were analyzed to ensure the Pb content in the soil was below the threshold before planting. Pb was later provided 1 week before planting in the form of PbNO3 in the media at a dose of 1 and 2 g/polybag and mixed effectively to ensure even distribution, while the sample used as the control was not given any Pb. The transplanting process was conducted after the plants were 18 days old in the nursery and the initial observations at 9 DAT showed that the kale leaves were darker with a score of 3 than spinach with a score of 1, but the spinach leaves became darker in color with score 3 as the age of the plants increased. Moreover, the kale changed to a lighter color with a score of 2 from the 9th day of observation after transplanting, while spinach requires 15 DAT to become score 2 until the end of the observation. It should be pointed out that both plants showed morphological changes due to the existence of the Pb but their base leaves did not reflect any effect. The kale leaf tip became blunt, while the spinach leaf tip was not affected and both plants were discovered to have longer roots and more root hairs in the control compared to the treatments. Furthermore, the total chlorophyll of spinach in the control was higher than kale but observed to reduce as the concentration of Pb increased in the treatments. The morphology and physiology of spinach and kale plants changed due to the Pb exposure with the spinach was discovered to be more sensitive as indicated by more visible morphological damage to its leaves at the end of the observation. It is possible to use the morphology of spinach and kale to detect Pb-contaminated land.

18

MgAl-LDH-biochar composites as a green sorbent for lead removal from water

70%

Idan I. J. , Al-Rifaie J. K. , Ewadh H. M.

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tom 30

|

nr 2[92]

19

Biosorption lead(II) and nikel(II) from an aqueous solution by bacterial biomass

70%

Wierzba S. , Latała A.

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tom 12

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nr 3

72-78

EN

The optimum conditions for biosorption of Pb(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution were investigated, by using living and nonliving Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus pumilus isolated from wastewater treatment plant. It was found that the optimum pH for Pb(II) removal by living and nonliving cells was 6.0, while 7.0 for Ni(II) removal. At the optimal conditions, metal ion biosorption was increased as the initial metal concentration increased. The binding capacity by living cells is significantly higher than that of nonliving cells at tested conditions. The maximum biosorption capacities for lead and nickel by using Ps. fluo-rescens and B. pumilus were 77.6, 91.4 and 65.1, 73.9 mg/g, respectively. The results of bio-sorption time and desorption experiments suggested that Pb(II) and Ni(II) uptake by the living bacterial biomass might be enhanced by intracellular accumulation.

20

Physiological reaction of common osier (salix viminialis l.) Var. Jorr to the presence of lead in the subsoil

70%

Malinowska K. , Malinowski R. , Stera A.

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tom Vol. 16, nr 2

110--115

EN

The effect of lead ions of the concentrations within the range of 15–1000 m dm-3 on the physiological reaction of common osier var. Jorr was examined. The content of assimilation pigments, the rate the CO2Water assimilation, transpiration, the indices of relative water content and the deficit of water saturation and the content of lead in the nutrient solution. The studied physiological parameters in common osier var. Jorr were differentiated by the rate of lead ions in the nutrient solution. The Jorr variety of common osier was characterised by good values of the determined physiological parameters under stressful conditions at a large accumulation of lead. This suggests that it shows quite a high tolerance to the stress caused by contamination of the subsoil with lead.