Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

K některým rysům demografického vývoje v České republice v závěru 20. století

100%

Fialova L.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2005

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tom 6

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nr 1

10-14

EN

The paper examines the demographic situation in contemporary Czech society and its roots in the past. In the late 20th century there are two key development trends. Demographic model originated in 1950s (characterised by high fertility rates, high marriage rates (95%), high divorce rates (40%), low marriage age and so on) was left after the decline of socialism and the revival of original interwar model has occured since early 1990s. The second trend is approximating to the model of reproduction usual in Western Europe. This new ways of reproduction are characterised by postponing the marriage and parenthood, so called informal partnerships or unmarried (consensual) couples are becoming more frequent which also results in a growing number of birth of extra-marital children. The increase of divorce rates occurs and hence both number of incomplete families and of households including just one individual constantly grow. The improved medical care and healthier regime have led to longer life expectancies over the last fifteen years. The infant mortality figures has further improved. The authoress concludes that population development significantly influences current economic, health, legal, environmental and political conditions which create together a social environment where the demographic development occurs. (http://www.genderonline.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2005120402)

2

(IN)VISIBLE WOMEN IN POLITICAL LIFE IN SLOVAKIA

100%

Bitusikova A.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2005

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tom 41

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nr 6

1005-1021

EN

The article deals with the questions of the (in)visibility of women in Slovak political life. The material presents statistical data on women's participation in Slovak national, regional and local politics with the support of qualitative data from interviews with women politicians and activists. The authoress looks at the reasons for the low political representation of women and the unsuccessful attempts to increase it by introducing positive mechanisms such as quotas. The primary focus is put on the representation of women in municipal politics. The authoress analyses the main reasons why women are more successful in local politics than in 'high' politics.

3

SHAME AND HONOR AS MARKS OF PROPER BEHAVIOR

100%

Granada A.

Kultura i Społeczeństwo

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2006

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tom 50

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nr 1-2

199-211

EN

The author looks at the dichotomy between shame and honor through references to traditional societies of the Mediterranean culture. Anthropological studies in the 1950-1980s define both concepts as morally determined social regulators. Emotions related to shame are etymologically feminine, those related to honor are masculine. Consequently, gender seems to determine what is moral. Therefore, one can venture that social expectations with regard to women evolve around notions related to shame: modesty (particularly sexual), passivity and submission. For men they evolve around notions related to honor: activism, courage and usefulness. In contemporary discourse this division translates into attaching women to the household related private sphere and placing men in the public politico-economic sphere. Such a distinction solidifies traditional social order whose role is to assist in proper functioning of the family.

4

Fakta a mýty o sexuálním obtěžování

100%

Sebestova J.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2005

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tom 6

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nr 2

15-18

EN

The article analyses the most current myths regarding the sexual harassment in the Czech Republic. Specifically the authoress examines firstly the myth of non-existence and insignificancy which does not respect its latent nature; secondly she speaks about the myth of subjectivity and selfhood which denies the role of symbolic power and existence of unequal relations between men and women. Thirdly she identifies the myth of irrelevancy and impossibility to define the limits that denies equal moral value of all people; and finally she discusses the myth of malfeasance that denies possible serious harm caused to victims, the most frequently women. These myths are identified on the basis of qualitative analysis of focus groups with representatives of labour union. The authoress aims to confute these mentioned myths that contaminate the representation of the phenomenon of sexual harassment in the public discourse in the Czech Republic. For defence of significance of sexual harassment she elaborates the parallel with domestic violence and highlights common tendency to deny these gender based inequalities and oppression on the basis of the idea of 'natural sex relations'. (www.genderonline.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2006020602)

5

'A JOB IN POLITICS IS NOT FOR WOMEN': ANALYSING BARRIERS TO WOMEN'S POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN CEE 1

100%

Clavero S. , Galligan Y.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2005

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tom 41

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nr 6

979-1004

EN

This article discusses women's political representation in Central and Eastern Europe in the fifteen years after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the adoption of liberal democratic political systems in the region. It highlights the deep-seated gender stereotypes that define women primarily as wives and mothers, with electoral politics seen as an appropriate activity for men, but less so for women. The article explores the ways in which conservative attitudes on gender roles hinders the supply of, and demand for, women in the politics of Central and Eastern Europe. It also discusses the manner in which the internalisation of traditional gender norms affects women's parliamentary behaviour, as few champion women's rights in the legislatures of the region. The article also finds that links between women MPs and women's organisations are weak and fragmented, making coalition-building around agendas for women's rights problematic.

6

Mají muži a ženy v ČR odlišné postoje k práci?

100%

Vohlidalova M.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2006

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tom 7

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nr 1

26-32

EN

As we can support with objective evidence, the position of men and women on the Czech labour market is not equal: (i) There is an obvious gender pay gap. (ii) Women are overrepresented in lower-paid professions with lower social prestige. Many authors (e.g. Cermáková, Crompton, Bradley) concerned with explanation of the reasons of the gender inequalities on the labour market emphasize the role of structural barriers and gender stereotypes. In this paper the authoress is trying to answer the question whether it is either the existence of structural barriers or different attitudes of men and women towards work that is the cause of the obvious gender inequality on the Czech labour market. The analysis revealed that the differences in attitudes of men and women towards work are marginal and that many gender stereotypes according to which women are less ambitious employees than men are untenable. The structural barriers and gender stereotypes are thus possible to be considered as the principal causes of the gender inequalities on the Czech labour market. The findings are based on a quantitative analysis of data collected in a study of 5 510 respondents in 2005 in the Czech Republic.

7

Jiné mateřství

80%

Janouskava K. , Sedlacek L.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2005

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tom 6

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nr 1

19-22

EN

The paper deals with the topical issue of families in which mothers do not take parental leave and instead fathers take care of their children. The paper is based on a set of qualitative interviews with five couples. Whereas mothers are perceived routinely as naturally child-rearing person in a couple who give up her labour activity, interviewed women decided to continue working while their partners stay at home and takes care of baby. These women experienced negative reactions of other mothers and society as a whole against them because they prefered their jobs and carriers to the family. Respondents regarded that their role of mother was weakened as well as their feminine identity. However fathers are positively perceived in the society, because they can maintain different social role from traditional breadwinner. As a result, it can cause some difficulties for these women who can experience better opportunities on the labour market but more inequalities in social relations. (http://www.genderonline.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2005122201)

8

Životní styl rodin s otci na rodičovské dovolené

80%

Nesporova O.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2006

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tom 7

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nr 1

32-36

EN

The article provides information on parental leave taken by fathers in the Czech Republic in comparison with the situation in other European countries. Above all, a concrete assessment based on the experience of families in which men have already taken advantage of parental leave are described; only briefly are mentioned attitudes of Czech parents generally towards parental leave taken by fathers. It introduces life-style of Czech families with fathers using parental leave on the basis of conducted qualitative research. The main stress is put on the actors' point of view, which is presented in relation with broader social context, especially in the field of gender roles and reconciliation of family and work life. As an example, one case study was presented to point out the trends of new fatherhood and life-style of the families where father is taking parental leave. It has been found that families in which fathers have used parental leave for some period of time appreciate the experience on the whole.

9

IMPACT OF SOME RISK FACTORS ON THE AMOUNT OF PENSION FROM THE THIRD PILLAR PENSION

80%

Špirková J. , Spišiaková M.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

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2014

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tom 62

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nr 1

71 – 82

EN

This paper brings an analysis of the impact of banning the use of gender in insurance, with special focus on supplementary pension saving called also third pillar pension, according to the requirements of the European Court of Justice. By means of actuarial formulas of monthly paid annuities and also mortality tables, it models and analyses the amounts of pension annuities in the designed products of the third pillar pension.

10

GENDER-RELATED LANGUAGE LEARNING BELIEFS IN POLISH ADOLESCENTS

80%

Piechurska-Kuciel E. , Bernat E.

Linguistica Silesiana

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2009

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tom 30

223-238

EN

The aim of the paper is to investigate language-learning beliefs of 488 (164 males and 324 females) Polish high school students in relation to their gender. Their responses to the Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory by Horwitz (1988) were explored by means of the U Mann-Whitney test. The main results show that for females English is a language of medium difficulty, but they believe they have a talent for language learning. They are also strongly motivated to learn English and ready to work hard in spite of feeling self-conscious when speaking in front of others. Males believe English is an easy language, and they are not keen to practice.

11

Różnice międzypłciowe a wzorce korzystania z Internetu i przystosowanie społeczne dzieci i młodzieży

80%

Juza S. , Nogas B.

Studia Psychologica

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2011

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nr 11/1

81-97

EN

The main goal of our research is to show how boys and girls differ in using the Internet. We raise this problem in the context of Internet Addiction Syndrome and face it with social adaptation at school. This question gains a practical character, because answering it allows us to form guidelines for all who cope with psycho-prophylactics of the young generation. Main conclusion of our research shows a characteristic way of Internet usage by each gender which is reflected in the way one is addicted to the Internet. These dependences are not so clear at 11-13, but get really visible at 14-16 years. Generally, there are no differences in the level of Internet addiction between genders. High level of that syndrome and specific models of using the Internet coexist with some dimensions of social maladjustment. Please see the main text for a more detailed analysis.

12

THE RELATION BETWEEN PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND DEMANDING PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

80%

Vaculik M. , Prochazka J. , Kveton P.

Studia Psychologica

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2007

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tom 49

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nr 2

157-165

EN

The research is focused on prosocial behavior. The authors are trying to answer this question: will a prosocially acting person demand more prosocial behavior than a person with smaller tendency to prosocial behavior ?. The authors also concentrated on the relation between these tendencies and gender. The research group consisted of 340 respondents each of whom completed a questionnaire identifying tendencies to act prosocially and to demand prosocial behavior. According to the results there is a positive relation between the tendency to prosocial behavior and the tendency to demand prosocial behavior. Gender has no effect on the tendency to prosocial behavior but influences the tendency to demand prosocial behavior - women have stronger tendency to demand prosocial behavior than men.

13

KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SIZE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE AND SPORT TYPE

80%

Parzelski D. , Szczerbak E. W. , Poczwardowski A.

Polish Journal of Applied Psychology

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2012

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tom 10

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nr 2

157-173

EN

Psychological distance (PD) measures individual responses to an intruder entering one`s personal space. PD is based on four theories of human spatial behaviors - proxemics (Hall, 1990), personal space (Hayduk, 1981a, 1981b), interpersonal distance (Aiello, 1987) and privacy (Westin, 1967). The present study examined whether gender and type of sport influence the emotional attitudes towards the respective sport and the size of PD in pair dancers (n = 41) and combat athletes (n = 42). Dancers and females expressed a more positive attitude towards their respective sport. Moreover, combat athletes were characterized by smaller psychological distance than dancers. The results questioned the hypothesized positive relationship between positive emotions and smaller distance.

14

Identyfikowanie płci i ocenianie szefów na podstawie ich autoprezentacji, dokonywane przez osoby z rożnym doświadczeniem zawodowym

80%

Elżbieta S.

Psychologia Społeczna

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2008

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tom 3

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nr 2(7)

151-166

EN

Candidates for jobs usually present themselves by writing their CVs and by emphasizing their strong sides. This study investigated the extent to which modest or boastful, stereotype-consistent or stereotype-inconsistent self-presentations of male and female candidates for the role of managers are effective and create a favorable impression upon employees. Participants were males and females, differing in their professional experience: students vs. persons employed in stereotype-consistent i.e. feminine or masculine, or gender neutral jobs. Participants were asked to identify gender of potential employers and judge attractiveness and usefulness for a position of a manager of male and female candidates who presented themselves either in the boastful or in the modest way and who emphasized either their competences or interpersonal skills. Both age and gender of participants affected their judgments. students showed a stronger tendency than employed persons to judge the prospective managers on the basis of stereotypical traits, and women judged a female who boasted in the instrumental area as less suitable for the role of manager than men did. Candidates who were boastful in the interpersonal area were selected for the role of manager more often than those who were boastful in the instrumental area, and this was independent of the sex and age of participants.

15

Kdo podává žádost o rozvod a jaké jsou příčiny rozpadu partnerských vztahů?

80%

Vohlídalová M.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2010

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tom 11

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nr 2

48-56

EN

The paper focus on two main questions: (i) Who initiated divorce and what are the socio-demographic and life cycle characteristics that determine whether man or women file a divorce petition? And (ii) what are the individual reasons and motives leading to break-up of marriages and unmarried cohabitations and what socio-demographic characteristics (e.g. education, number of children, age etc.) influence people’s perception of these reasons? The analysis is based on two data sources: the database of divorces for the year 2008 registered by the Czech Statistical Office and quantitative survey "Partnership" conducted in 2009, which included a representative sample of 1086 respondents. I conclude that the fact of who initiated the divorce is closely related to the potential chances or risks for the individual associated with divorce. Regarding the subjective reasons of partnership breakup, data showed a clear tendency for younger people, childless couples and unmarried cohabitation to mention reasons closely related to the quality of relationship and emotional satisfaction arising from the relationship. In contrast, long-term partnerships, marriages or partnerships with children break up much often because of infidelity, alcoholism or violence.

16

Ciało kobiece vs. ciało męskie (na podstawie werbalizacji studentów)

80%

Karwatowska M.

Białostockie Archiwum Językowe

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2013

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nr 13

117-130

EN

The author attempts to answer the question how students (altogether 100 respondents have been studied) conceptualize a female body and a male body. The associations with a female body and male body excerpted from the questionnaires prove that while listing their connotations, young people refer very strongly to linguistic-cultural stereotypes connected with gender and the common perception of female and male bodies. Thus, a representative of female sex is perceived, most of all, as a human being taking care only of her physical appearance who, at the same time, is weak, sensitive, submissive and subordinated to a man, whereas a male is seen as being physically and sexually ﬁt, decisive and consistent. Students’ utterances once again conﬁrm the patriarchal system of Polish culture which very strongly creates the axiology of gender.

17

Sports, gender and media. The media representation of male and female athletes

80%

Gal A. , Kovacs A. , Velenczei A.

Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)

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2008

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tom 18

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nr 3

32-60

EN

Analysis on the media representation of male and female athletes has been a popular field of study among sport sociologists. In gender studies, the issue of sports and gender appeared on the agenda relatively late, however, the complete intertwining of mass communication and competitive sports have opened a new dimension on this field, more and more professionals have made attempts to demonstrate the differences in quality and quantity, regarding the representation of male and female sports, with the help of analyzing the content of electronic and written media products. Research results clearly indicate that here, similarly to other fields of social life, women are at a disadvantage Their representation falls behind that of men not only in quality, but in quantity as well, which can have great influence on the public opinion about the sport of the two genders The article presents the results of the author's PhD research, which used content analysis of the sports press based on gender, and furthermore, to explore the attitudes of top female athletes, readers and sports journalists. According to the conclusions of the study, the charactenstics of gender representation are parallel with intenational trends: female sports are significantly under-represented in the press. Both in the case of female athletes and the readers it is true that they judge the representation of the two genders to be fairly proportionate. However, according to sports joumalists, in a sports media based on financial interests, women have no opportunity for equality.

18

HOW DOES A SINGLE-MAN DIFFER FROM A SINGLE-WOMAN? GENDER AS AN ELEMENT IN THE IDENTITY OF SINGLES

80%

Sobolczyk A.

Kultura i Społeczeństwo

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2008

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tom 52

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nr 3

179-194

EN

Identity is an awareness of being the same 'me' in the past, despite changes over time, as well as being clause to similar social categories in the present. One of the most important for self-identification categories of others are people of the same gender. Gender is a collection of roles recognised as being typical for representatives of a given sex, particular behaviour and personality traits. We describe them respectively as structural, symbolic and emotional dimensions of masculinity and femininity. The aim of the article is to provide an answer to the question of how gender affects the identity of singles - those who are neither parents or partners. Considered are independently: work, family, home and free time on the basis of information obtained from interviews and the European Social Survey. This leads to the conclusion that work and home are areas where sex has less impact on the life of a single than on that of other members of the society. Singles' femininity and masculinity manifest themselves mainly symbolically during their free time. Typical for people living alone is that they consciously shape their behaviour as feminine, masculine or neutral.

19

Individual differences in the functional asymmetry of the human brain

80%

Grabowska A. , Herman A. , Nowicka A. , Szatkowska I. , Szelag E.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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1994

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tom 54

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nr 2

155-162

20

IMMIGRANTS IN WESTERN SOCIETIES: EMANCIPATION AND INTEGRATION

80%

Pasamonik B.

Kultura i Społeczeństwo

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2008

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tom 52

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nr 2

57-78

EN

Gender plays a central role in the decision to migrate and the composition of the migration flows. Emigration is the process experienced differently by women and men. The experience of immigration profoundly impacts on the public and private lives of women - their participation in the labour force, their religiousness, their marital roles and satisfaction, and their autonomy and self-esteem. One of the possible effects of migration is the emancipation of women. There is a direct connection between emancipation and integration. In contrast to integrated western societies emancipated immigrant women, immigrants from traditional cultures are not interested in the integration. They risk not only the loss of cultural identity, but also their own identity.