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1
Content available remote Stan bezwładności sztywnego ciała materialnego
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PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono ogólną teorię tensorów II rzędu oraz ich zastosowanie przy definiowaniu wektorów bezwładności i tensora bezwładności, a więc stanu bezwładności dla sztywnego ciała materialnego. Ze stanem bezwładności ciała mamy do czynienia w wielu problemach inżynierskich, między innymi w inżynierii lądowej i wodnej, geomechanice czy geotechnice.
EN
This paper deals with the analysis of the state of inertia of the rigid body. The inertia vectors are defined, and it.s shown, that the state of inertia is uniquely determined by the inertia tensor.
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Content available remote Stan odkształcenia ciała sprężystego
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PL
W artykule zdefiniowano stan odkształcenia w punktach ciała sprężystego poprzez nieskończony zbiór wektorów odkształcenia i podano ich interpretację fizyczną. Zbiór ten jest jednoznacznie określony przez tensor odkształcenia. Ze stanem odkształcenia mamy do czynienia prawie we wszystkich zagadnieniach, jakimi zajmuje się mechanika ośrodków ciągłych, w tym mechanika ciał odkształcalnych, cieczy i płynów. Prace z tego zakresu mają zastosowanie w inżynierii lądowej i wodnej, geomechanice czy geotechnice.
EN
This paper deals with the state of strain of the elasticity body, basing of the stress analysis in the theory of elasticity. The strain vectors are defined, and it is shown, that the state of strain is iniquity determined by the strain tensor.
PL
Kierując się dewizą Johna Zimana: "Celem nauki jest zrozumienie, nie zaś gromadzenie danych i wzorów" pokazano jak ważną rolę odgrywa w Mechanice Ogólnej zasada prac wirtualnych. Prezentowane w pracy przykłady dowodzą, że zasada ta może być także stosowana w zagadnieniach górnictwa.
EN
Following John Ziman's motto: "The goal of science is to understand, not to collect data and formulas", it has been presented how important role the principle of virtual work plays in general mechanics. On the base of some examples it has been proved that this principle can be also applied to the problems occur in mining practice.
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Content available Cienkie ciekłe czarne filmy
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EN
The purpose of his paper is to show the development of investigations on thin liquid films in particular black films: common and Newton black films. The special attention was drawn to structure and forces acting in thin liquid black films. The thickness and stability of common black films can be described by DLVO theory. This theory cannot predict the short – range repulsive force appears in Newton black films. It is probably caused by the unique properties of water molecule in this films.
PL
Kratownice płaskie stosowane są zarówno w budownictwie naziemnym, jak i podziemnym. Projektant takich konstrukcji przy doborze przekrojów poprzecznych prętów musi znać siły osiowe w nich działające, przemieszczenia węzłów i siły reakcji podpór. W pracy omówiono metodę, która jest bardzo wygodna do obliczeń i może być całkowicie zautomatyzowana. Jest konkurencyjna w stosunku do metody elementów skończonych.
EN
Flat trusses are used in surface building as well as underground building industry. The designer of such constructions has to know the axial forces, displacement of connecting joints and bearing reaction forces in order to choose the appropriate bar sections. This work presents a very convenient method for calculating forces in a bar of a truss. The method could be entirely automated and is considered as competitive with the finite-element method.
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Content available remote ABOUT TECHNICAL REPRODUCTION
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The author deals with the technical aspects of a creation which make use of the technical possibilities of a picture transformation by a camera lens. He is stating that by entering these technical media, upheaval in the history of human communication and culture has been caused. It is perpetrated by a change of a communication policy, by an irruption of the new visual codes and media into the spheres of social life. New visual codes result in dehumanization of the society and in origin of a crowd due to their ability to spread the simply understandable ideas. A comparable shift of culture towards diachronically outliving the history was caused in the past by distributing of a written cultural code via Guttenberg's invention of the letterpress. The communication leaves a confidential and intimate sphere of the interior, represented by a language and utterance, and treads through the form of an effigy, an icon represented by the iconic codes of a vision built up on grasping the things, affairs and events via the sphere of the exterior iconic features of the things and the subjects, which - changed into a two-dimensional symbol-picture - produce a new, conditioned by culture, meaning. At the same time a traditional understanding of the notions such as memory, history, experience is changing, too.
Energetyka
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2013
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tom nr 7
567--570
PL
Od 2001 roku sukcesywnie wprowadzane są kluczowe zmiany w przepisach prawnych dotyczących ochrony środowiska, w tym gospodarowania odpadami. Podczas każdego procesu chemicznego czyszczenia czy trawienia urządzeń energetycznych powstają roztwory poprocesowe, które w świetle przepisów należy traktować jako odpady. W zależności od typu, stopnia rozbudowania procesu oraz wielkości obiektu powstają odpady o różnym stopniu uciążliwości, zarówno pod względem ilościowym, jak i jakościowym. Wraz z upływem czasu stopniowo wprowadzane są coraz bardziej rygorystyczne przepisy dotyczące gospodarki odpadami, wobec czego problem odpadów powstających w procesach chemicznego czyszczenia i trawienia stał się znaczący. Uznanie roztworów z procesu chemicznego czyszczenia lub trawienia za produkt uboczny powoduje utratę statusu odpadu. Upraszcza to w znaczący sposób postępowanie z takimi substancjami, gdyż ich ewidencjonowanie nie jest wtedy wymagane. Najlepszym pomysłem na zagospodarowanie i tym samym zmniejszenie ilości powstałych odpadów jest ich przekwalifikowanie na półprodukty, które z powodzeniem można wykorzystać do innych procesów technologicznych.
EN
Beginning from the year 2001, key changes are successively introduced in legal regulations concerning environmental protection, including waste management. After every process of chemical cleaning or pickling of power equipment, we deal with post process chemical solutions which must be treated as wastes. Depending on the type, process complexity level and the size of an object, we receive wastes of various grades of both qualitative and quantitative noxiousness. More and more strict regulations concerning waste management are introduced, that is why the problem of wastes origination during the processes of chemical cleaning and pickling became so important. But if we consider the chemical solutions coming from the process of chemical cleaning and pickling to be by-products, they will automatically lose the status of a waste. It makes dealing with such substances significantly easier as their registering is no longer needed. The best idea of management and, at the same time, reduction of waste quantity is to re-qualify them as by-products, that in turn can be successfully used in some other technological processes.
9
Content available remote FOUR VIEWS ON THE ORIGINAL SLOVAK DOCUMENT
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EN
The study occupies by analysis four documentary movies, which have been created in the last three years.'Other worlds' of Marko Skop, 'Angles cries' of Zuzana Piussi, 'The city of flying words' of Tina Diosi and 'Sightless loves' of Juraj Lehotsky are taking place for selection of production young Slovak authors, mostly graduated in Department of Documentaries of 'Vysoka skola muzickych umeni' (Academy of Performing Art) in Bratislava. The study analyzes four original authorial projects. Marko Skop devotes the problems of identification population from the East - Slovak region called Saris. Their identity follows in particular regional context and worldwide connections. He concretely pays attention to wholesale influence commercial TV production on destiny of six protagonists. The document criticizes superficial messages television production. 'Angels cries' of Zuzana Piussi set the target on point out of the position of homosexual minority on catholically Slovakia. The poetic document of Tina Diosi 'The city of flying words' is opening theme of meaning of writing poetry for creativeness. It is critical stand up to consume views. 'Sightless loves' of Juraj Lehotsky are showing the portraits of four blind protagonists. The movie aptly points out especially on handicaps relate with blindness of sighted.
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Content available remote PAPER HEADS
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EN
The last film by the Slovak director Dusan Hanák named 'Paper Heads' (1995) represents a singular and particularly courageous penetration into the historical period marked by the communist totality in former Czechoslovakia. A multinational co-production project depicts the problem of freedom and restriction or compulsion, relation between a national a totalitarian regime. The film was produced for several years and Hanák concentrated on the emotional author's testimony constructed on the basis of an edited document. The final form of the documentary film is composed of declassified archive materials and produced parts, which are overlapping into the post-socialist presence. Hanák is working with the archive material using the principle of its transformation into author's testimony. He is focusing on an audiovisual counterpoint, on a contradicting effect of picture and sound. He is using the principles of a dialectic assembly, when two consequent pictures create a new independent picture. It originates mainly from the contrast between propagandistic archive material and authentic testimony of communist regime victims.
11
Content available remote PERCEPTION OF MACHINE AND TECHNO - IMAGINATION
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EN
AThe study deals with a technical perception of a device (a camera) in whose center is as an end product a technical picture and its analogical codes. We indicate them analogical in that sense, since they can develop an ancient experience of humanity with a mirror. A photography and film substitute properties of the mirror and establish a new relationship between 'mirror' as a supercode and its reporter. They create codes, which record the reporter in the status where 'here and now' (reality) the reporter 'was' (photographic and film picturing). We distinguish two-dimensional flat codes in case of photograph, and three-dimensional flat codes in case of film. We speak first of all about the flat configurations. The influence of techno - perception on our natural perception can be shown on the various manipulation forms, and on the arranging of pre-aparatus reality (for a camera or film camera) for the purpose of its shooting, since only in the status of a technical picture, the reality reaches an intentional meaning, or on the contrary, the omnipresence of technical pictures retroactively determines our behaviour in the natural reality.
12
Content available remote PHOTOGRAPHY AND 'CADEM' VERSUS FILM AND 'EDEM'
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A filmologist Jan Bernard is distinguishing a camera shot (cadem), a shot edited by a cutting/clipping (edem) and a shot specified by its semantic function and a building boundary (semem). A method of handling the gadget (camera, film camera) decides upon a character of the resulting technical - iconic code. Camera shots (cadems) closely follow creative procedures related to photographic technique. Into this group belong films which consider photographic properties of camera shots determining for the method of creation of non-fiction films based on authenticity of the moment. Into this category are included films marked as found footage. There are singular cases of one- shot films in a staged production which prove this rule, for example the film by Alexander Sokurov 'Russian Ark'. The principle of photographicity of a camera shot is not possible to generalize and apply on the whole area of non- fiction creation. A specific film value is reached by shots only after having overcome a higher instance of organization. Shots are cut into the resulting shape of cut shots (edem) which are a specific material of a film 'language' on a higher level of organization. Edem changes traditional traits of cadem and leaves identity of a photography, because it is forcefully cut off from the machine and its direct functionary. The institute of an editor or clipper was originated alongside with film and a decisive revolution occured in the era of silent film. All three stages of shot (cadem, edem , semem) diffuse similarly like three kinds of iconic signs (icons, indexes, symbols) declared by Ch. S. Pierce. In digital worlds the problematization of the third type of shot is happening. The loss of 'ontological' reporter takes place, camera, editor as well as a horizon are disappearing. Shape similarities lose traditionally by senses recognizable form, and consciousness is confronted with a virtual world functioning by a real impression based on a numerical calculation of a computer.
13
Content available remote 90 Years of AGH-UST: 1919-2009 Learning vs. teaching in the age of computers
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EN
The article defines the concepts of learning and teaching. John Ziman's motto is referred to and chosen examples demonstrate how important it is, nowadays, in the computer age, to employ logical thinking in teaching.
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W artykule zdefiniowano słowa: uczyć oraz nauczać. Przytoczono dewizę Johna Zimana i pokazano na wybranych przykładach, jak ważne jest dzisiaj, w dobie komputerów - nauczanie, które wykorzystuje logiczne myślenie.
PL
W pracy zdefiniowano stan odkształcenia w punktach ciała sprężystego poprzez nieskończony zbiór wektorów odkształcenia i podano ich interpretację fizyczną. Zbiór ten jest jednoznacznie określony przez tensor odkształcenia. Ze stanem odkształcenia mamy do czynienia prawie we wszystkich zagadnieniach jakimi zajmuje się geomechanika.
EN
This paper deals with the state of strain of the elasticity body, basing of the stress analysis in the theory of elasticity. The strain vectors are defined, and it's shown, that the state of strain is uniquely determined by the strain tensor.
15
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EN
The purpose of this paper is to show how interesting is free surface of water and how many problems connected with its properties were investigated. Some of them were studied in twenty century, another are quite new. The special attention was drawn to orientation of water molecules at water/air interface and connected with this orientation electric surface potential drop existing at the free surface. To date, there is no consensus both as to its value and sign. This is due to the impossibility of direct measurement of the surface potential, which caused that many scientists have attempted to estimate the value and sign of this potential indirectly by measuring other physical parameters or using simulation methods. The paper present also such properties of water/air interface as: surface density, surface viscosity, dielectric permittivity, surface conductivity ,surface tension and their changes as a result of adsorption process. As we can see from the review outlined in the paper the free surface of water in spite of long and different of studies is still fascinating for many scientists.
PL
W pracy wyprowadzono dla płyty sprężystej równania ruchu a następnie dla obciążenia dynamicznego jakim jest fala uderzeniowa wyznaczono analitycznie tensor uogólnionych sił na jednostkę długości płyty. Rozwiązania podano w formie analitycznej i na wykresach.
EN
This paper deals with the dynamic bending analysis of plates. Plate motion equation, bending moments, twisting moment and the shearing forces were determined. Results were shown on diagrams.
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Kierując się dewizą Johna Zimana: "Celem nauki jest zrozumienie, nie zaś gromadzenie danych i wzorów", pokazano jak ważną rolę odgrywa w mechanice ogólnej zasada prac wirtualnych. Prezentowane w niniejszym artykule przykłady dowodzą, że zasada ta może być także stosowana wzagadnieniach górnictwa.
EN
Following John Ziman s motto: "The goal of science is to understand, not to collect data and formulas", it has been presented how important role the principle of virtual work plays in mechanics. On the base of some examples it has been proved that this principle can be also applied to the problems occur in mining and geotechnical practice.
18
Content available remote TYPOLOGICAL IMAGE MEDIA
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EN
The study called Typology of Technical Image Media is dedicated to type analysis of technical images. From the point of view of subject ontogeny it is explaining in detail three development phases which affect the semiotic process in creation and reception of three image types. It deals with the phase of a mirror and mirror pictures, the phase of a photography and photographic pictures, and the phase of a film and film pictures. Subsequently and based on the mentioned three development phases, the study defines three spectator categories - author's , actor's and a general one. The study is focused on revealing the principles affecting the subject identification in conjunction with contents of various types of technical images. The chapter called Notes on Reality Show describes present trends in the area of television production and their impact on cinematography. The final chapter called Assembly -Mechanism, Language and Symbol analyses the project film code constitution, and the possibility of creation and reception of its symbols. At the same time the author introduces his conviction that technical - iconic codes of technical images based on analogy are not capable of creating a language system as they do not contain a definite articulation unit. The complexity of technical iconic codes opens up a way for further sciences.
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W niniejszym artykule wyprowadzono dla płyty sprężystej równania ruchu, a następnie dla obciążenia dynamicznego, jakim jest fala uderzeniowa, wyznaczono analitycznie tensor uogólnionych sił na jednostkę długości płyty. Rozwiązania podano w formie analitycznej.
EN
This paper deals with the dynamic bending analysis of plates. Plate motion equation, bending moments, twisting moment and the shearing forces were determined.
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