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EN
Biomass co-firing has become a significant player on the market of renewable energy in Poland through the last two years. Power producers after a few years of co- firing biomass have already identified some technical barriers limiting the biomass share in the combusted fuel blend. These limitations were mostly caused by the existing coal feeding system properties but also a group of them was a consequence of biomass chemical composition different from coal or lignite. The paper presents the identification of the most common technical barriers due to biomass co- firing reported in Polish power plants. Presented results are mostly based on biomass co-firing trial tests and full-time operational observations carried out by the plants themselves and in some cases evaluated by Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal who was the technical advisor at the co-firing process implementation.
3
Content available remote Dew Point of the Flue Gas of Boilers Co-Firing Biomass with Coal
80%
EN
The paper deals with the impact of co-firing biomass with coal in boilers on the dew point of the flue gas. Co-firing of biomass may have twofold implications on corrosion and fouling, which are the processes that determine the lowest acceptable flue gas outlet temperature and as a result, boiler efficiency. Both phenomena may be reduced by co-firing of usually low sulphur biomasses or enhanced due to increased moisture content of biomass leading to increased water dew point. The present study concerns the problem of low-temperature corrosion in utility boilers. The paper gives (in the form of diagrams and equations) a relationship between water dew point and moisture content of fuel mixture when co-firing coal and various biomasses. The regression analysis shows that despite significant differences in the characteristics of coals and these of additional fuels, which are planned for co-firing in large-scale power boilers, the water dew point can be described by a function given with the accuracy, which shall be satisfactory for engineering purposes. The discussion of the properties of biofuels indicates that the acid dew point surplus over the water dew point (Δtr = tr - twr) is not likely to exceed 10 K when co-firing biomass. The concluding remarks give recommendations for the appropriate operation of boilers in order to reduce risks associated with biomass co-combustion.
4
Content available remote Co-Firing of Biomass with Pulverised Coal in Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere
80%
EN
The aim of the paper is a comparative study of co-firing high shares of wooden and agro-biomass with hard coal under oxy-fuel and air conditions in the laboratory scale reactor for pulverised fuels. The investigations of co-combustion behaviour NOx and SO2 emission and burnout were carried out for selected blends. Detailed investigations were concentrated on determining the effect of dosing oxygen method into the burner on NOx emission. The paper presents the results of co-firing blends with 20 and 50% share of biomass by mass in air and oxy-combustion condition. Biomass oxy-cofiring integrated with CCS (CO2 capture) technology could be a carbon negative technology. The reduction of NOx emissions in the conditions of oxy-co-firing is dependent on the concentration of oxygen in the primary stream of oxidiser. A significant reduction of NOx was achieved in the case of low oxygen concentration in the primary stream for each investigated blends. Co-firing of biomass with coal in an oxygen enriched atmosphere enhances combustion behaviour, lowers fuel burnout and as a result increases of the boiler efficiency.
EN
The main objective of this study is to perform thermogravimetric analysis on sewage sludge and straw co-firing at selected proportions. Sewage sludge is a residue from wastewater consisting of organic matter, toxic contaminants and heavy metals [1]. It is estimated that 10 million tonnes of sewage sludge are produced every year in European states, which represents 4.1% of all waste generated in the EU annually – about 250 million tonnes of dry solids [2]. Landfilling is deemed to be the most expensive way to dispose of sewage sludge, with average total costs ranging from EUR 260 to 350 per tonne of dry matter [3]. Straw is a major biomass solid waste from agriculture; it can be considered CO₂ neutral. The availability is wide in Europe that it is estimated to be 33 million metric tonnes [4]. A suite of thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetric experiments was performed for this study, followed by the determination of the kinetic parameters and characteristic temperatures for these materials and their blends at different proportions. Through this analysis we can obtain information about the thermal behaviour, energy activation and ash content, and the decomposition of gaseous products can be identified the help of thermal decomposition [5].
6
Content available remote Thermochemical analysis of a flue gas-driven biomass gasification
80%
EN
One of the methods of obtaining energy from renewable sources is the technology of indirect cofiring of biomass. It consists in the gasification of secondary fuel and combustion of the generated gas in the boiler together with its primary fuel. The paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of the use of the boiler flue gases as the converting medium in the process of indirect co-firing - a technology which is being developed at the Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery of the Silesian University of Technology. The basis of the analysis are the data resulting from variant calculations conducted with the use of the Gaseq program. The calculations were made for various compositions of gasified fuel and the converting medium, variable fuel/oxidiser ratios and variable gasification temperatures. As a result, the equilibrium composition and the calorific value of the generated gas were obtained. The main optimisation objective adopted here was the nondimensional efficiency coefficient, which is the ratio of the chemical energy of products to the chemical energy of the process reactants.
Karbo
|
2005
|
tom Nr 2
136-140
EN
Natural gas, oil and coal have been the primary source of energy for industries and these are regarded as primary fuels. Although the share of fossil fuels in the European power industry is dominating utilization of alternative fuels for power generation has recently gained a considerable importance. To assure the proper operation of combustion processes in that case fuels properties should be closely monitored. The basic standard and non-standard methods were described underlying the importance of fuel data base for mathematical modelling.
PL
Gaz ziemny, ropa naftowa i węgiel stanowią bazę surowców podstawowych dla wytwarzania energii elektrycznej w Europie. Mimo, że ich udział w wytwarzaniu energii jest dominujący, to coraz większego znaczenia nabiera spalanie paliw alternatywnych. W celu zabezpieczenia właściwych parametrów spalania tych paliw konieczne jest monitorowanie ich właściwości. W pracy opisano podstawowe standardowe i niestandardowe metody badawcze oraz podkreślono ważność znajomości tych parametrów dla potrzeb modelowania matematycznego.
EN
One of the methods of obtaining energy from renewable sources is the technology of indirect cofiring of biomass. It consists in the gasification of secondary fuel and combustion of the generated gas in the boiler together with its primary fuel. The paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of the use of the boiler flue gases as the converting medium in the process of indirect co-firing - a technology which is being developed at the Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery of the Silesian University of Technology. The basis of the analysis are the data resulting from variant calculations conducted with the use of the Gaseq program. The calculations were made for various compositions of gasified fuel and the converting medium, variable fuel/oxidiser ratios and variable gasification temperatures. As a result, the equilibrium composition and the calorific value of the generated gas were obtained. The main optimisation objective adopted here was the nondimensional efficiency coefficient, which is the ratio of the chemical energy of products to the chemical energy of the process reactants.
PL
Celem przeprowadzonych prac badawczych było sprawdzenie wpływu wymiarów trasera na jakość tworzonych niejednorodnych mieszanin ziarnistych miału węglowego i biomasy. Głównym składnikiem (traserem) była biomasa. Artykuł jest częścią badań nad wykorzystaniem komputerowej analizy obrazu w procesie mieszania miału węglowego z biomasą jako paliwa do współspalania.
EN
The aim of this study was to check the influence of the tracer dimensions in heterogeneous granular mixtures of coal dust with biomass. As a tracer (key component) the biomass were used. The study is a part of investigation about computer analysis usage in the process of mixing coal dust with biomass as fuel for co-firing.
EN
The paper deals with the impact of co-firing biomass with coal in boilers on the dew point of the flue gas. Co-firing of biomass may have twofold implications on corrosion and fouling, which are the processes that determine the lowest acceptable flue gas outlet temperature and as a result, boiler efficiency. Both phenomena may be reduced by co-firing of usually low sulphur biomasses or enhanced due to increased moisture content of biomass leading to increased water dew point. The present study concerns the problem of low-temperature corrosion in utility boilers. The paper gives (in the form of diagrams and equations) a relationship between water dew point and moisture content of fuel mixture when co-firing coal and various biomasses. The regression analysis shows that despite significant differences in the characteristics of coals and these of additional fuels, which are planned for co-firing in large-scale power boilers, the water dew point can be described by a function given with the accuracy, which shall be satisfactory for engineering purposes. The discussion of the properties of biofuels indicates that the acid dew point surplus over the water dew point ([delta]tr = tr -twr) is not likely to exceed 10 K when co-firing biomass. The concluding remarks give recommendations for the appropriate operation of boilers in order to reduce risks associated with biomass co-combustion.
EN
The aim of the paper is a comparative study of co-firing high shares of wooden and agro-biomass with hard coal under oxy-fuel and air conditions in the laboratory scale reactor for pulverised fuels. The investigations of co-combustion behaviour NOx and SO2 emission and burnout were carried out for selected blends. Detailed investigations were concentrated on determining the effect of dosing oxygen method into the burner on NOx emission. The paper presents the results of co-firing blends with 20 and 50% share of biomass by mass in air and oxy-combustion condition. Biomass oxy-co-firing integrated with CCS (CO2 capture) technology could be a carbon negative technology. The reduction of NOx emissions in the conditions of oxy-co-firing is dependent on the concentration of oxygen in the primary stream of oxidiser. A significant reduction of NOx was achieved in the case of low oxygen concentration in the primary stream for each investigated blends. Co-firing of biomass with coal in an oxygen enriched atmosphere enhances combustion behaviour, lowers fuel burnout and as a result increases of the boiler efficiency.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono energetyczne wykorzystanie biomasy jako alternatywy dla paliwa pierwotnego. Szczególną uwagę poświecono rodzajom, właściwościom i sposobom przygotowania biomasy do procesu spalania. Spalanie stanowi najstarszy sposób pozyskiwania energii z biomasy, jednak ze względu na technologiczno - ekonomiczne aspekty częściej wykorzystywany jest proces wspólspalania. Wzrost proekologicznej świadomości i rozwój lokalnego środowiska stymulują przyrost krajowych obiektów wykorzystujących biomasę do wytwarzania energii. Podejmowane coraz liczniej zabiegi przystosowujące istniejące obiekty do wspołspalania poprzez instalowanie układów do przygotowywania biomasy czy współpracy z instalacją kotłową to tyko niektóre zabiegi dzięki którym z roku na rok obserwuje się wzrost produkcji i sprzedaży zielonej energii.
EN
In the paper the use of biomass in power sector as an alternative to primary fuel is presented. Special attention was paid to the types, properties and means of extraction of biomass to combustion. Combustion is the oldest option to extract energy from biomass. However, due to technical and economical issues, co - firing is used more frequently. The increasing pro - ecological mentality and local environment development stimulates the growth of plant to produce energy from biomass.
13
Content available remote Co-firing of coal with natural gas - computational simulations
60%
EN
The paper includes the results of computational tests conducted to compare coal combustion to the natural gas co-firing with coal in the combustion chamber of the conventional OP230 boiler with low-emission front burners and open-fire air (OFA) nozzles. It was shown that co-firing coal with the co-fuel with high content of methane can result in the reduction of NOx emissions about 40% compared with the coal combustion. The results obtained can be used as a benchmark for comparative computer tests of indirect co-firing of coal with syngas derived from wood- and agriculturally-based biomass and waste products.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki symulacji obliczeniowych przeprowadzonych w celu porównania spalania węgla ze współspalaniem gazu ziemnego i węgla w komorze paleniskowej konwencjonalnego kotła pyłowego OP230 wyposażonego w niskoemisyjne palniki. Wykazano, że współspalanie węgla z paliwem o wysokiej zawartości metanu może skutkować 40% redukcją związków NOx w porównaniu ze spalaniem tylko węgla. Prezentowane wyniki celu mogą być wykorzystane w celu określenia punktu odniesienia dla porównawczych wariantów badań komputerowych, w których dodatkowym współspalanym paliwem będzie gaz syntezowy pochodzenia rolniczego i pozyskany z biomasy drzewnej oraz odpadów.
15
Content available Biomasa jako paliwo w energetyce
51%
EN
Depletion of conventional fuels and the requirements of the European Union energy policy make the Polish power industry must use more and more renewable energy. The current Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (Text with EEA relevance), recommend establishing mandatory national targets, according to which the in 2020. 20% of energy will come from renewable sources in the Community. This is primarily acquired energy from biomass. The professional power plants can be used in co-firing biomass direct, indirect and parallel. For co-firing of biomass can be used pulverized or fluidized boilers. However, as in the case of each fuel, biomass burning causes pollution and waste generation. Currently in the power industry there are produced only two types of co-incineration of waste: fly ash from peat and untreated wood (10 01 03), bottom ash and fly ash from co-incineration other than those mentioned in 10 01 16 (10 01 17). Wastes from the combustion of biomass, particularly in the form of fly ash can be used in many industries. Using fly ash from biomass in the industry, as in the case of all energetic wastes, may pose a problem related to their variable properties, depending mainly on the type of biomass, as well as in the case of the primary fuel and the type of cofiring boiler. Fly ash from the combustion of biomass is mainly spherical glassy particles of different dimensions, and their basic chemical components are SiO2, CaO and K2O. These ashes contain less vitreous phase consisting mainly of SiO2 and Al2O3. The article presents the amount of biomass used in the power industry. Consumption of biomass growing in both the heat and power plants using coal and lignite in 2012, the power plants and biomass power plants, biomass consumption was – 10 748 339 GJ. Also shows the emissions from the combustion of biomass in the power industry, number and a brief description of the waste generated from the combustion of biomass. The main directions of using the wastes from the biomass combustion biomass are being presented – the building materials industry, agriculture, waste water treatment.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań, których celem była analiza i ocena potencjalnych zagrożeń pożarowych wynikających z wydzielania się gazów palnych podczas procesu współmielenia węgla i biomasy. Ocenę zagrożeń pożarowych przeprowadzono na podstawie badań w jednej z krajowych elektrociepłowni. Podczas testów współspalania węgla i biomasy przeprowadzono analizę jakościową oraz ilościową atmosfery gazowej panującej wewnątrz młyna kulowego i w jednym z pyłoprzewodów.
EN
In the paper are presented research results, the objective of which was an analysis and evaluation of the potential fire hazards resulting from emission of combustible gases during co-combustion processes of coal and biomass. The evaluation of the fire hazards was conducted based on the tests at the one of the country's CHP (Combined Heat and Power) plant. During tests of co-firing of coal and biomass the qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted of the gas atmosphere inside of one of the ball pulverizes and in one coal dust piping.
PL
Branża energetyczna dąży do zwiększania mocy swoich jednostek celem sprostania zapotrzebowania na rosnący popyt na energię elektryczną. Jednoczesne starania o ograniczenie emisji szkodliwych produktów procesu spalania skutkują między innymi poszukiwaniem alternatywnych paliw. W związku z powyższym wiele elektrowni w Polsce wykorzystuje technologie współspalania węgla i biomasy, co często prowadzi do awarii z racji przyspieszonej degradacji elementów ogrzewalnych kotła. W pracy przedstawiono wpływ współspalania biomasy na stal kotłową 16Mo3.
EN
The power industry tends to increase the power of units order to capable to demand for the growing demand for electricity. Simultaneous efforts to reduce emissions of harmful products of combustion process to effect, among others, searching for alternative fuels. Therefore, many power plants in Poland use the technology of co-firing coal and biomass which often leads to accelerated failure. The paper presents influence co-firing biomass on boiler steel 16Mo3.
EN
In the article there have been presented the current state and perspectives in the scope of using rapeseed biomass, with particular consideration of solid biodegradable by-products of the technology of obtaining oils-expellers and rapeseed meal. Rapeseed biomass has been characterised with respect to its technological properties essential in combustion processes, both after conversion into bio-char and bio-oil and with respect to its raw, unprocessed form. The reasonableness of applying this kind of agrobiomass in co-combustion with minable fuels has been shown, resulting from conditions of agricultural production, increasing rapeseed production and by-products, with their incomplete use in the land, in view of the obligatory increased participation of biomass in the structure of fuels applied for producing electric and heat energy. The current state of agrobiomass supply logistics to the boiler plant has been analysed, pointing out its significance in shaping demand satisfaction for biomass using rapeseed waste products.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono stan obecny oraz perspektywy w zakresie wykorzystania biomasy rzepakowej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stałych biodegradowalnych produktów ubocznych technologii otrzymywania olejów - wytłoków oraz śruty rzepakowej. Scharakteryzowano biomasę rzepakową pod kątem jej właściwości technologicznych istotnych w procesach spalania, zarówno po konwersji do biowęgla i bioleju, jak również w odniesieniu do jej postaci surowej, nieprzetworzonej. Wykazano racjonalność stosowania tego rodzaju agrobiomasy w procesach współspalania z paliwami kopalnymi, wynikającą z uwarunkowań produkcji rolniczej, wzrastającej produkcji rzepaku oraz produktów pochodnych, przy ich niepełnym wykorzystaniu w kraju, wobec obligatoryjnego zwiększania udziału biomasy w strukturze paliw stosowanych do wytwarzania energii elektrycznej i cieplnej. Przeanalizowano aktualny stan logistyki dostaw agrobiomasy do kotłowni, wskazując na jej znaczenie w kształtowaniu stopnia zaspokojenia popytu na biomasę z wykorzystaniem odpadowych produktów rzepakowych
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the possibility of compensating the loss of efficiency for pulverized coal-fired boiler co-firing large thermal shares of low-calorific gas from gasification of biomass. Such co-firing always leads to a substantial loss of efficiency. In the case of pulverized coal boiler with a capacity of 230 t/h, co-firing of low-calorific gas (2000 kJ/m3n) at 40% of the boiler load, caused a decrease in efficiency of over 10% compared to coal-fired boiler. The study indicated the possibility of compensating the loss of efficiency through the modernization of the economizer and implementation of the developed heating surfaces, such as longitudinally finned and transverse finned tube banks. The analyzed modernization leads to permanent gain of efficiency by about 5%. In addition, an impact of a simple operating changes, such as reduction of tempering air flow before milling unit, to compensate for the loss of boiler efficiency is also described. Such control of tempering air may lead to the gain of efficiency at the level of 0.5%.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono analizę możliwości kompensacji utraty sprawności kotła pyłowego opalanego węglem spowodowanej współspalaniem dużych udziałów termicznych gazów niskokalorycznych pocho-dzących ze zgazowania biomasy. Współspalanie takie zawsze prowadzi do znacznego ubytku sprawności. W analizowanym przypadku kotła pyłowego o wydajności parowej 230 t/h, współspalanie gazu niskokalorycznego (2000 kJ/m3n) z udziałem termicznym na poziomie 40 % mocy kotła, spowodowało spadek sprawności o ponad 10 p.% w stosunku do przypadku opalania kotła węglem. W pracy wskazano możliwości kompensacji utraty sprawności poprzez modernizację podgrzewacza wody (ECO) i zastosowanie powierzchni rozwiniętych, takich jak pęczki opłetwowane wzdłużnie lub poprzecznie. Modernizacja taka prowadzi do trwałej kompensacji utraty sprawności o ok. 5 %. Przedstawiono także wpływ prostych zmian o charakterze eksploatacyjnym na kompensację utraty sprawności kotła. Zmiany te, na przykład minimalizacja dossania powietrza do układu młynowego, mogą dla analizowanego kotła prowadzić do kompensacji utraty sprawności na poziomie 0,5 p.%.
Energetyka
|
2021
|
tom nr 8
583--589
PL
W artykule omówiono problem emisji pyłów drobnych (PM2,5 i PM10) pochodzącej z wypalania pozostałości słomy poryżowej (ang. „paddy straw”) na polach wybranych indyjskich prowincji rejonu Delhi oraz NCR. Rozważono skierowanie części odpadowej słomy poryżowej do współspalania z węglem kamiennym w istniejących elektrowniach prowincji Haryjana i zaproponowano technologię, która została już zweryfikowana w warunkach przemysłowych, a także model logistyczny do wdrożenia na etapie jednostek pilotażowych. Analiza efektów emisyjnych zaproponowanego podejścia wykazała, iż możliwe jest znaczące obniżenie emisji substancji szkodliwych do powietrza, w tym całkowita eliminacja emisji pyłów drobnych generowanych w stanie Haryjana w wariancie odniesienia, w którym pozostałości słomy wypalane są na polach.
EN
The paper discusses the problem of fine dust emissions (PM2.5 and PM10) from the burning of paddy straw residues in the fields of selected Indian provinces of the Delhi region and NCR. It was considered to direct the use the part of the residue paddy straw for co-combustion with hard coal in the existing coal-fired units of the Haryjana province. The proposed technology has already been verified in industrial scale. Step-wise logistics model was proposed to be implemented at the first stage of paddy straw co-firing implementation. The analysis of the emission effects of the proposed approach showed that it is possible to significantly reduce the emission of airborne harmful substances, including the complete elimination of fine dust emissions from the Haryjana state in the reference variant (stubble burning).
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