The paper contains the author’s attempt to review the history of Polish political science from World War II to the present day, its condition and characteristics. The progress political science has made in Poland has been crowned by its achieving the status of a rightful science, recognized by the representatives of numerous renowned fields of study. However, the factors that have contributed to the present status quo have also been administrative, even political. Yet these have neither determined the place of political science nor are they decisive in terms of its status in academia now. The stage of demonstrating its scientific status is already behind political science which, firstly, has demonstrated a clearly defined range of research issues, secondly, has undertaken significant research and arrived at valuable conclusions, and thirdly, has attracted competent, increasingly more versatile and thoroughly educated professionals. At present, political science is facing the challenges reminiscent of those faced by the remaining social sciences. In these terms, political science has not reached the limits of its transformation or capacity.
The quality of intellectual resources becomes increasingly important, especially in the process of shaping the economy based on knowledge and overcoming the effects of the economic crisis. The quality of intellectual resources depends on the quality of functioning of higher education. In the process of improving the quality of intellectual resources not only the level of education of the society is essential but also the direction of graduate studies, which affects job opportunities. The aim of this article was to determine the changes in the functioning of higher education in Poland and changes of the structure of academic education in years 1990–2008, with particular emphasis on the recent years’ changes. The changes were shown on the background of the European Union.
The article analyzes the benefits and costs of establishing the Transatlantic Partnership in the field of trade and investment for the United States, the European Union and third countries, in the context of theory of economic integration and WTO regulations. The following factors that increase the strength of the beneficial trade creation effect were analyzed: the place of the United States and the European Union in world trade, the importance of intra-regional trade in total trade, the share of sectors in the integration process, the level of customs duties before integration. The negative impact of TTIP for third countries was also examined. A The TIPP and WTO agreements were compared, particularly the attempts to regulate investor-state disputes in TTIP.
Artykuł przedstawia dorobek kartografii geograficznej w drugiej połowie lat osiemdziesiątych i w latach dziewięćdziesiątych w kontekście zmian politycznych i gospodarczych, postępu technologicznego oraz nowych kierunków w teorii i metodologii kartografii. Na tym tle scharakteryzowano dzisiejszy stan polskiej kartografii oraz stojące przed nią zadania.
EN
The present state and development of Polish cartography during the past decade was chiefly influenced by the political changes after 1989, which resulted in, among others, the suppression of censorship and development of market economy. Thanks to these changes, the general access to large- and medium scale topographic and thematic maps has been granted, as well as the supply of maps and atlases elaborated by newly created firms grew extensively. Another important factor of the development of Polish cartography, also connected with the development of market economy, was the wider application of modern digital techniques. The computer aided graphics has been applied to produce maps more and more often (in encyclopedias, atlases, tourist and city maps as well as multi-sheet topographic and thematic maps). Despite the delay, compared with the developed countries, digital cartography (GIS-aided map elaboration) has been developing faster and faster. In the field of topographic mapping, the new concept of 1:10,000 and 1:50,000 scale maps is worth mentioning. The elaboration and publication, according to this new concept, of around 1,000 sheets of the 1:10,000 map (covering 6% of the country) as well as around 350 sheets of the 1:50,000 map (33% of the country). The 1:50,000 scale map is also used as a base map to produce a series of thematic maps prepared by the state institutions (i.e.hydrographic, geoecological and geologic maps). Within the Corine-Land Cover program a nationwide land cover database based on the satellite imagery has been created. In the field of atlas cartography the publication of the "Atlas Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" (Atlas of the Republic of Poland - national atlas) and "Atlas Śląska Dolnego i Opolskiego" (Atlas of the Lower and Opole Silesia - regional atlas) are considered the most important achievements. On the threshold of a new century the Polish cartography is to face the following important goals: - introduction of a uniform nationwide system of gathering and distributing digital spatial data - adoption of an uniform, national map datum for all state topographic and thematic maps, as well as the elaboration of digital version of these maps - constant modernization of the process of cartographic education - elaboration of a series of new school atlases corresponding with the new school curricula.
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Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Wiesław Jamrożek, Studia z dziejów edukacji kobiet na ziemiach polskich, Agencja Wydawniczo-Poligraficzna „Bajt”, Poznań 2001, ss. 152
W programie treści kształcenia w nowym przedmiocie wkraczającym do systemuedukacyjnego podstawy przedsiębiorczości” bardzo ważnym zagadnieniem jest problematyka rynku pracy i bezrobocia...
Przedstawiono rys historyczny melioracji wykonanych w Polsce, ich stan i znaczenie dla rolnictwa. Na tym tle omówiono dalsze potrzeby wykonania melioracji, sposób i terminy ich realizacji.
EN
The historical overview of land reclamation works, in particular their development and importance to agriculture, were presented. These served as the basis for the discussion on present needs of land reclamation works, methods and schedules for their development.
Year 2004 will go down in Polish history. In May, Poland became a full member of the European Union which posed an immediate requirement for our legal system to comply with EU standards. Unfortunately, we are not well prepared both in terms of thinking and organisation. This is true particularly of the land use and water management. No comprehensive implementation plan of farming and environmental projects and the project Natura 2000, aimed at preserving the biodiversity. There are no organisational structures for managing the Oder and Vistula aquifers that are so badly needed. New legal regulations and organisational structures are required.
PL
Rok 2004 zapisze się trwale w historii Polski. W maju nasz kraj został członkiem Unii Europejskiej. Tym samym nasze struktury prawne i organizacyjne muszą odpowiadać standardom unijnym. Do regulacji europejskich jesteśmy jednak słabo przygotowani i mentalnie, i organizacyjnie. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza gospodarki przestrzennej i wodnej. Brak programu pełnego wykorzystania programów rolno- środowiskowych i programu Natura 2000, mających powstrzymać utratę bioróżnorodności biologicznej do r. 2010. Brak struktur organizacyjnych dla zarządzania zlewniami Odry i Wisły. Konieczne są nowe regulacje prawne i struktury organizacyjne.
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