Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

K některým rysům demografického vývoje v České republice v závěru 20. století

100%

Fialova L.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2005

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tom 6

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nr 1

10-14

EN

The paper examines the demographic situation in contemporary Czech society and its roots in the past. In the late 20th century there are two key development trends. Demographic model originated in 1950s (characterised by high fertility rates, high marriage rates (95%), high divorce rates (40%), low marriage age and so on) was left after the decline of socialism and the revival of original interwar model has occured since early 1990s. The second trend is approximating to the model of reproduction usual in Western Europe. This new ways of reproduction are characterised by postponing the marriage and parenthood, so called informal partnerships or unmarried (consensual) couples are becoming more frequent which also results in a growing number of birth of extra-marital children. The increase of divorce rates occurs and hence both number of incomplete families and of households including just one individual constantly grow. The improved medical care and healthier regime have led to longer life expectancies over the last fifteen years. The infant mortality figures has further improved. The authoress concludes that population development significantly influences current economic, health, legal, environmental and political conditions which create together a social environment where the demographic development occurs. (http://www.genderonline.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2005120402)

2

(IN)VISIBLE WOMEN IN POLITICAL LIFE IN SLOVAKIA

100%

Bitusikova A.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2005

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tom 41

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nr 6

1005-1021

EN

The article deals with the questions of the (in)visibility of women in Slovak political life. The material presents statistical data on women's participation in Slovak national, regional and local politics with the support of qualitative data from interviews with women politicians and activists. The authoress looks at the reasons for the low political representation of women and the unsuccessful attempts to increase it by introducing positive mechanisms such as quotas. The primary focus is put on the representation of women in municipal politics. The authoress analyses the main reasons why women are more successful in local politics than in 'high' politics.

3

SHAME AND HONOR AS MARKS OF PROPER BEHAVIOR

100%

Granada A.

Kultura i Społeczeństwo

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2006

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tom 50

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nr 1-2

199-211

EN

The author looks at the dichotomy between shame and honor through references to traditional societies of the Mediterranean culture. Anthropological studies in the 1950-1980s define both concepts as morally determined social regulators. Emotions related to shame are etymologically feminine, those related to honor are masculine. Consequently, gender seems to determine what is moral. Therefore, one can venture that social expectations with regard to women evolve around notions related to shame: modesty (particularly sexual), passivity and submission. For men they evolve around notions related to honor: activism, courage and usefulness. In contemporary discourse this division translates into attaching women to the household related private sphere and placing men in the public politico-economic sphere. Such a distinction solidifies traditional social order whose role is to assist in proper functioning of the family.

4

Fakta a mýty o sexuálním obtěžování

100%

Sebestova J.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2005

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tom 6

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nr 2

15-18

EN

The article analyses the most current myths regarding the sexual harassment in the Czech Republic. Specifically the authoress examines firstly the myth of non-existence and insignificancy which does not respect its latent nature; secondly she speaks about the myth of subjectivity and selfhood which denies the role of symbolic power and existence of unequal relations between men and women. Thirdly she identifies the myth of irrelevancy and impossibility to define the limits that denies equal moral value of all people; and finally she discusses the myth of malfeasance that denies possible serious harm caused to victims, the most frequently women. These myths are identified on the basis of qualitative analysis of focus groups with representatives of labour union. The authoress aims to confute these mentioned myths that contaminate the representation of the phenomenon of sexual harassment in the public discourse in the Czech Republic. For defence of significance of sexual harassment she elaborates the parallel with domestic violence and highlights common tendency to deny these gender based inequalities and oppression on the basis of the idea of 'natural sex relations'. (www.genderonline.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2006020602)

5

'A JOB IN POLITICS IS NOT FOR WOMEN': ANALYSING BARRIERS TO WOMEN'S POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN CEE 1

100%

Clavero S. , Galligan Y.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2005

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tom 41

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nr 6

979-1004

EN

This article discusses women's political representation in Central and Eastern Europe in the fifteen years after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the adoption of liberal democratic political systems in the region. It highlights the deep-seated gender stereotypes that define women primarily as wives and mothers, with electoral politics seen as an appropriate activity for men, but less so for women. The article explores the ways in which conservative attitudes on gender roles hinders the supply of, and demand for, women in the politics of Central and Eastern Europe. It also discusses the manner in which the internalisation of traditional gender norms affects women's parliamentary behaviour, as few champion women's rights in the legislatures of the region. The article also finds that links between women MPs and women's organisations are weak and fragmented, making coalition-building around agendas for women's rights problematic.

6

Mají muži a ženy v ČR odlišné postoje k práci?

100%

Vohlidalova M.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2006

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tom 7

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nr 1

26-32

EN

As we can support with objective evidence, the position of men and women on the Czech labour market is not equal: (i) There is an obvious gender pay gap. (ii) Women are overrepresented in lower-paid professions with lower social prestige. Many authors (e.g. Cermáková, Crompton, Bradley) concerned with explanation of the reasons of the gender inequalities on the labour market emphasize the role of structural barriers and gender stereotypes. In this paper the authoress is trying to answer the question whether it is either the existence of structural barriers or different attitudes of men and women towards work that is the cause of the obvious gender inequality on the Czech labour market. The analysis revealed that the differences in attitudes of men and women towards work are marginal and that many gender stereotypes according to which women are less ambitious employees than men are untenable. The structural barriers and gender stereotypes are thus possible to be considered as the principal causes of the gender inequalities on the Czech labour market. The findings are based on a quantitative analysis of data collected in a study of 5 510 respondents in 2005 in the Czech Republic.

7

Životní styl rodin s otci na rodičovské dovolené

80%

Nesporova O.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2006

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tom 7

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nr 1

32-36

EN

The article provides information on parental leave taken by fathers in the Czech Republic in comparison with the situation in other European countries. Above all, a concrete assessment based on the experience of families in which men have already taken advantage of parental leave are described; only briefly are mentioned attitudes of Czech parents generally towards parental leave taken by fathers. It introduces life-style of Czech families with fathers using parental leave on the basis of conducted qualitative research. The main stress is put on the actors' point of view, which is presented in relation with broader social context, especially in the field of gender roles and reconciliation of family and work life. As an example, one case study was presented to point out the trends of new fatherhood and life-style of the families where father is taking parental leave. It has been found that families in which fathers have used parental leave for some period of time appreciate the experience on the whole.

8

Jiné mateřství

80%

Janouskava K. , Sedlacek L.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2005

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tom 6

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nr 1

19-22

EN

The paper deals with the topical issue of families in which mothers do not take parental leave and instead fathers take care of their children. The paper is based on a set of qualitative interviews with five couples. Whereas mothers are perceived routinely as naturally child-rearing person in a couple who give up her labour activity, interviewed women decided to continue working while their partners stay at home and takes care of baby. These women experienced negative reactions of other mothers and society as a whole against them because they prefered their jobs and carriers to the family. Respondents regarded that their role of mother was weakened as well as their feminine identity. However fathers are positively perceived in the society, because they can maintain different social role from traditional breadwinner. As a result, it can cause some difficulties for these women who can experience better opportunities on the labour market but more inequalities in social relations. (http://www.genderonline.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2005122201)

9

GENDER ASPECT OF THE SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT (Gendernyi aspekt rozvytku maloho pidpryiemnytstva)

80%

Lavrinenko N. , Rudik O.

Sotsiolohiia: teoriia, metody, marketyng (Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing)

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2010

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nr 3

111-135

EN

The article is devoted to the gender aspect of development of small business in Ukraine. Although, historically, sex did not have deciding influence on success in business (the capital amount had a greater weight), however the level of women participation in business, in its management, and also among its proprietors was always lower as compared to men. And now there is a gender disbalance in this sphere of employment. Well-educated businesswomen are not engaged enough in this type of activity that is the inefficient strategy of economic development. An analysis of situation in small business from the viewpoint of the level of women representation, efficiency and terms of their labor, as well as the presence/lack of the facts of gender discrimination is the purpose of the article. Research of gender aspect of small business was carried out on the basis of data analysis of statistics, secondary analysis of the data of economic and sociological researches, and also on the basis of information of own research by the method of focus-groups. The gender analysis of the sphere of small business resulted in the following conclusions: the horizontal gender segregation takes place, when women are mainly concentrated in less profitable types of employment (trade, sphere of services, farming). Transport, communication and building are trends of activity of businessmen. The labor conditions in such industries as the market and agriculture trade are extremely hard and unhealthy. Immediate measures should be taken to improve labor conditions of women making a majority at the market. Gender discrimination is seen in the phenomenon which was marked by all polled women: bribes are more frequently and more insolently extorted from business women, than from business men. As evaluated by business women the efficiency of their labor from the viewpoint of incomes does not differ in any way from the labor of men working next to them. A great problem for women working in small business is the receipt of social help after the child delivery. If an expectant mother wants to receive money from the state, she has to close her enterprise. For the hired workers (both men and women) engaged in the field of business the proper registration of labor relations is also a problem. Very often they work without registration of labor agreements and record in a service-record (so-called shadow labor-market). The basic gender problem, that was revealed in a talk with women: they, practically, have no reflections in respect of the gender problems of the society. Thus, in the field of gender relations of the Ukrainian society a conflict between the notions of Ukrainians as to normative gender roles which are mainly understood as traditional, and real types of gender relations in a family and at work, among with prevailing egalitarian gender relations.

10

Gender v protestu sociálních hnutí proti globalizaci

80%

Kolarova M.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2007

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tom 8

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nr 2

7-14

EN

The paper is a review of literature on gender aspects of social movement's protest against globalization. It divides the movements according to gender of participants to grassroots women's movements against globalization, gender-neutral anti-globalization movement and masculine movements that express anti-globalization stance. It focuses specifically on activism against sweatshop labor and its transnational networks, connections, and its positive and negative effects. It analyses the gender aspects of the anti-globalization movement and its relation to feminism and feminist movement. It deals with the problem why it is difficult to incorporate gender into the critique of globalization and at the same time to add anti-capitalist view to feminist movement. The authoress argues that neoliberal globalization activates on one side efforts to emancipate women from oppressive (working) conditions while it incites masculine, patriarchal reactions on the other side of the globe. The militaristic masculine movements together with the neoliberal global masculinity are threats for women's movements for liberation.

11

K genderovým zdrojům individualizačního habitu

80%

Tomasek M.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2006

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tom 7

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nr 1

11-15

EN

The text links the spread of the 'solo' living with the unequal arrangement of traditional households (either regarding respondents' families of origin or in view of the experience with their partners) which is taken as the essential source of longer term advance of the individualizing habitus. The qualitatively indicated categories highlight the mechanisms of the emergence and social reproduction of individualizing habitus. If the traditional gender split of space - men's public space and field of power versus women's private space of household and reproduction (Bourdieu 2000:85) is taken into account, the logical expression of the emerging individualizing habitus rests in the sphere of the 'solo' living where this habitus may spread irrespective of this given traditional split of space since individualized household represents private sphere and the given public consensus is not violated.

12

EMERGING ADULTHOOD, SOLO LIVING AND CHANGES IN GENDER SUBJECTIVITY

80%

Kvapilová Bartošová M. , Fučík P.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2017

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tom 49

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nr 3

265 - 284

EN

The households of young adults can be viewed as a natural environment where gender role transformation models can be found. After experiencing gender specific socialisation in childhood and adolescence, men and women enter a stage in which this structure more or less reverts to universalising practical requirements. These include financial security, focus on careers, securing a home and providing for household duties. The context outlined above is addressed in the paper via selected theoretical arguments and the review of relevant theoretical and empirical literature. The objective is to theoretically justify the mechanisms or principles resulting from specific elements present in the lives of solo-livers that can logically impact specific elements of gender subjectivity.

13

METHOD OF MEASURING GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE (Metoda pomiaru dyskryminacji plci w miejscu pracy)

80%

Mietlewski Z.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2010

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tom 13

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nr 4(49)

207-214

EN

Professional activity of women is growing exponentially. They find themselves in every profession and discount their education much better than men. They bring to the job not only many new and good, but also new problems. One of them is discrimination and unequal treatment of women in the workplace. Women complain, among others, to the fact that they are paid less than men doing the same job and that they are overlooked for promotion to managerial positions. In other words, they believe that they are discriminated against. The article presents the Author's method of measuring gender discrimination in the workplace based on gender budgeting. The proposed method is the result of research conducted by the Author under the Gender Index Project in the Warmia and Mazury region, over which the Minister of the Government Plenipotentiary for Equal Treatment took the honorary patronage.

14

Ciało kobiece vs. ciało męskie (na podstawie werbalizacji studentów)

80%

Karwatowska M.

Białostockie Archiwum Językowe

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2013

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nr 13

117-130

EN

The author attempts to answer the question how students (altogether 100 respondents have been studied) conceptualize a female body and a male body. The associations with a female body and male body excerpted from the questionnaires prove that while listing their connotations, young people refer very strongly to linguistic-cultural stereotypes connected with gender and the common perception of female and male bodies. Thus, a representative of female sex is perceived, most of all, as a human being taking care only of her physical appearance who, at the same time, is weak, sensitive, submissive and subordinated to a man, whereas a male is seen as being physically and sexually ﬁt, decisive and consistent. Students’ utterances once again conﬁrm the patriarchal system of Polish culture which very strongly creates the axiology of gender.

15

Różnice międzypłciowe a wzorce korzystania z Internetu i przystosowanie społeczne dzieci i młodzieży

80%

Juza S. , Nogas B.

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2011

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nr 11/1

81-97

EN

The main goal of our research is to show how boys and girls differ in using the Internet. We raise this problem in the context of Internet Addiction Syndrome and face it with social adaptation at school. This question gains a practical character, because answering it allows us to form guidelines for all who cope with psycho-prophylactics of the young generation. Main conclusion of our research shows a characteristic way of Internet usage by each gender which is reflected in the way one is addicted to the Internet. These dependences are not so clear at 11-13, but get really visible at 14-16 years. Generally, there are no differences in the level of Internet addiction between genders. High level of that syndrome and specific models of using the Internet coexist with some dimensions of social maladjustment. Please see the main text for a more detailed analysis.

16

IMPACT OF SOME RISK FACTORS ON THE AMOUNT OF PENSION FROM THE THIRD PILLAR PENSION

80%

Špirková J. , Spišiaková M.

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2014

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tom 62

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nr 1

71 – 82

EN

This paper brings an analysis of the impact of banning the use of gender in insurance, with special focus on supplementary pension saving called also third pillar pension, according to the requirements of the European Court of Justice. By means of actuarial formulas of monthly paid annuities and also mortality tables, it models and analyses the amounts of pension annuities in the designed products of the third pillar pension.

17

GENDER-RELATED LANGUAGE LEARNING BELIEFS IN POLISH ADOLESCENTS

80%

Piechurska-Kuciel E. , Bernat E.

Linguistica Silesiana

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2009

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tom 30

223-238

EN

The aim of the paper is to investigate language-learning beliefs of 488 (164 males and 324 females) Polish high school students in relation to their gender. Their responses to the Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory by Horwitz (1988) were explored by means of the U Mann-Whitney test. The main results show that for females English is a language of medium difficulty, but they believe they have a talent for language learning. They are also strongly motivated to learn English and ready to work hard in spite of feeling self-conscious when speaking in front of others. Males believe English is an easy language, and they are not keen to practice.

18

„Płeć matematyki”. Zróżnicowania osiągnięć ze względu na płeć wśród uzdolnionych uczniów

80%

Zawistowska A.

Studia Socjologiczne

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2013

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nr 3(210)

75–95

EN

Research on performance in mathematics shows that an average achievement of men and women is only slightly different. A much bigger difference exists among students at high achievement levels; in this group, there are more boys than girls. This paper addresses the question how mathematical subdisciplines and types of tests shape gender proportion at higher percentiles of achievement distribution. An analysis of a wide range of data including the results of PISA, exams taken at the end of lower secondary school and high school as well as so-called “mathematical Olympics” brings out three conclusions: (1) there is a gender gap in all subscales of PISA scales, (2) the largest differences exist in scales related to spatial abilities, (3) gender gap widens together with an increase in the level of difficulty as well as with the transition to higher educational levels.

19

KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SIZE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE AND SPORT TYPE

80%

Parzelski D. , Szczerbak E. W. , Poczwardowski A.

Polish Journal of Applied Psychology

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2012

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tom 10

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nr 2

157-173

EN

Psychological distance (PD) measures individual responses to an intruder entering one`s personal space. PD is based on four theories of human spatial behaviors - proxemics (Hall, 1990), personal space (Hayduk, 1981a, 1981b), interpersonal distance (Aiello, 1987) and privacy (Westin, 1967). The present study examined whether gender and type of sport influence the emotional attitudes towards the respective sport and the size of PD in pair dancers (n = 41) and combat athletes (n = 42). Dancers and females expressed a more positive attitude towards their respective sport. Moreover, combat athletes were characterized by smaller psychological distance than dancers. The results questioned the hypothesized positive relationship between positive emotions and smaller distance.

20

THE RELATION BETWEEN PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND DEMANDING PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

80%

Vaculik M. , Prochazka J. , Kveton P.

Studia Psychologica

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2007

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tom 49

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nr 2

157-165

EN

The research is focused on prosocial behavior. The authors are trying to answer this question: will a prosocially acting person demand more prosocial behavior than a person with smaller tendency to prosocial behavior ?. The authors also concentrated on the relation between these tendencies and gender. The research group consisted of 340 respondents each of whom completed a questionnaire identifying tendencies to act prosocially and to demand prosocial behavior. According to the results there is a positive relation between the tendency to prosocial behavior and the tendency to demand prosocial behavior. Gender has no effect on the tendency to prosocial behavior but influences the tendency to demand prosocial behavior - women have stronger tendency to demand prosocial behavior than men.