Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Internet of Things and biometric data versus employee privacy in the Polish case

100%

Ryś K.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

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2020

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tom 31

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nr 3

79-94

EN

The Internet of Things is a modern technology that affects every area of human life, includ- ing employment relationships. IoT enables the processing of specific personal data categories, including biometric data, and entails the risk of employers interfering with employee privacy. Due to the use of intelligent solutions, the issue of employee privacy, which is, in princi- ple, a personal right subject to protection, becomes significant. The relationship between an employee and an employer includes two subjects of legal protection, the meeting of which may lead to internal contradiction. There is the employee’s dignity and privacy, on the one hand, and protection of reasonable interests of an employer, on the other. A definition of the concept of the Internet of Things and its applications was introduced. Moreover, the author proposed setting a specific legal framework for this and discussed the issue of biometric data. It was also shown how far IoT solutions, which make it possible to analyse and describe the personality of an individual, may interfere with the information autonomy of a person. As a consequence, the employer’s interference with employee privacy cannot be unrestricted, because it should be limited by purpose and lawfulness. This is the purpose of the current legislation.

2

Processing of biometric information of employees in the light of the decision of theSupreme Administrative Court dated December 1, 2009 (I OSK 249/09)

100%

Korga M.

Studia Prawnicze

|

2011

|

nr 1(187)

125-142

EN

The decision of the Supreme Administrative Court (hereinafter referred to as "SAC") dated December 1, 2009 ( I OSK 249/09, LEX 553777) is the first ruling which raises the issue of processing biometric data of an employee by the employer in regard to Polish law. As a result of advancement in new technologies and means of communications over the past few years, as well as progress in the development of practices of work performance, the provisions of law in force applicable to personal data processing in employment relationships (Article 221 of Labour Code, in particular) have been out of touch with the demands of the contemporary world. The decision of the SAC dealt with the relation between the provisions of Labour Code and Personal Data Protection Act, combined with the issue of biometric data and the positions of respective parties in the employment relationship. It seems that SAC assumption that an employee who was asked to give consent for processing his personal data (biometric data in this specific case) was in an inconvenient situation was fundamental to the decision on the case in question. The employee's freedom to give consent or not is questionable in principle. SAC concluded that for the aforementioned reasons, the catalogue of data that employer was allowed to require from the employee was limited in the Labour Code. Furthermore, the SAC stated in the justification for the decision that the practice of invoking the consent given by an employee in order to support extension of the scope of personal data catalogue defined in the Labour Code was in conflict with the principle of appropriateness (proportionality). The Court pointed out that it was the principle of proportionality that represented the essential criterion applicable to biometric data processing. In the presented case the purpose, namely, control over employee working time was deemed inappropriate and failing to justify biometric data processing.

3

Use of biometric data for evaluation of wild boar Sus scrofa individual quality

88%

Czyzowski P. , Karpinski M. , Tajchman K.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio EE: Zootechnica

|

2008

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tom 26

|

nr 1

30-35

4

Biometrické údaje ve zdravotních aplikacích

75%

Fialová E.

Časopis zdravotnického práva a bioetiky (Journal of Medical Law and Bioethics)

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2018

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tom 8

|

nr 3

13-25

EN

This article deals with the processing of personal data by the use of applications that monitor and evaluate human health, both consumer-focused applications, and applications used by doctors to assess the patient's health. By means of algorithms, these applications evaluate biometric data collected from users. Because the health applications evaluate a large amount of personal data, the processing of such data involves a risk to the rights and freedoms of individuals. If a controller or processor violates the law on the processing of personal data, the data subject is entitled to compensation for damages resulting from the breach of the data protection regulation.

CS

Tento článek se zabývá zpracovávání osobních údajů při používání aplikací, které monitorují a vyhodnocují zdravotní stav člověka, a to jak aplikací, které se zaměřují na spotřebitele, tak aplikací, které používají lékaři pro zhodnocení zdravotního stavu pacienta. Tyto aplikace vyhodnocují pomocí algoritmů biometrické údaje shromážděné při používání aplikace uživatelem. Jelikož zdravotní aplikace vyhodnocují velké množství osobních údajů, znamená toto zpracování riziko pro práva a svobody fyzických osob. Pokud správce nebo zpracovatel poruší právní předpisy upravující zpracovávání osobních údajů, má subjekt údajů nárok na náhradu škody, která mu porušením těchto předpisů vznikla.

5

A Scheme for Template Security at Feature Fusion Level in Multimodal Biometric System

75%

Selwal A. , Gupta S. K. , Kumar S.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2016

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tom Vol. 10, nr 31

23--30

EN

Biometrics is the science of human recognition by means of their biological, chemical or behavioural traits. These systems are used in many real life applications simply from biometric based attendance system to providing security at a very sophisticated level. A biometric system deals with raw data captured using a sensor and feature template extracted from raw image. One of the challenges being faced by designers of these systems is to secure template data extracted from the biometric modalities of the user and protect the raw images. In order to minimize spoof attacks on biometric systems by unauthorised users one of the solutions is to use multi-biometric systems. Multi-modal biometric system works by using fusion technique to merge feature templates generated from different modalities of the human. In this work, a novel scheme is proposed to secure template during feature fusion level. The scheme is based on union operation of fuzzy relations of templates of modalities during fusion process of multimodal biometric systems. This approach serves dual purpose of feature fusion as well as transformation of templates into a single secured non invertible template. The proposed technique is irreversible, diverse and experimentally tested on a bimodal biometric system comprising of fingerprint and hand geometry. The given scheme results into significant improvement in the performance of the system with lower equal error rate and improvement in genuine acceptance rate.

6

Electronic written documents and biometric options of their signing : problem of evidentiary reliability and personal data protection

75%

Matejka J. , Güttler V.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2018

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tom 8

|

nr 1

38-50

EN

The development of information society services presumes an effective, legally permitted and, when it comes to evidence, reliable tool enabling electronic communication and the archiving of electronic records and other written documents, in particular, contracts. Electronic written documents form a dominant part of the standard contracting processes today, both in public and private laws – a typical example of this are consumer contracts. The simplicity, speed, ergonomics, and overall efficiency of these contracting tools lead not only to electronic written documents being used more and more often than paper documents but also, among other things, to electronic written documents being used where other (traditional) forms of legal acting, predicated on tangible (paper) record carriers, were used before. Hence, electronic written documents and their new forms of signing penetrate practically in all legal spheres, even in those where traditional documents have never prevailed due to their ponderousness and various functional limitations. For these reasons, it seems appropriate and useful to analyse the importance of the behavioural and biometric methods inseparably associated with the signing of relevant electronic legal acts, as well as deal with related legal problems ensuing from the nature or the essence of use of these non-traditional electronic tools, including the crucial issue of their evidentiary reliability and actual protection in processing the sensitive personal data so generated.

7

Neuromarketing from a legal perspective

63%

Krausová A.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2017

|

tom 7

|

nr 1

40-49

EN

Neuromarketing utilizes modern techniques of monitoring brain functioning in order to design efficient advertising contents. Due to its capacity to interfere with and to influence decision process of customers, neuromarketing is regarded as highly controversial. The article examines possible manners of protection of individuals from the perspective of personal autonomy and privacy protection. It analyzes possibilities of challenging validity of legal transactions made under influence of neuromarketing based advertising as well as applicability of unfair practices in advertising. The paper also claims that the current personal data protection legislation is not applicable. Privacy of mind is described in terms of privacy of contents and privacy of processes. Mental processes are considered as crucial for creating contents of mind as well as for an individual approach to own privacy. The article concludes that the current regulation of unfair practices as well as the regulation of privacy do not provide an appropriate level of protection and that general clauses should be complemented with specific provision on inadmissible practices in advertising.

8

K otázkám některých základních lidských práv a svobod v souvislosti s právní ochranou biometrických údajů

63%

Güttler V. , Matejka J.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2016

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tom 155

|

nr 12

1033-1056

EN

Biometric data refers to a specific and highly privileged category of sensitive personal data. Its use is strongly limited by law for a number of reasons.Typical reason is a possible conflict between public or individual interests in processing biometric data on one hand and fundamental rights, especially the right to private life, on the other hand. A possible method for solving the problem is the test of proportionality. Compared to other personal data, biometric data possesses specific risks as it represents the only category of personal data that (with exceptions) cannot be changed during the lifetime of an individual. This data is, thus, vulnerable and exploitable in many ways; moreover, such exploitation can often happen in an irreversible manner. In the domain of public law, the only instrument for limitation of risks is represented by the Act No. 101/2000 of the Collection of Laws, on the protection of personal data. Although there are some ambiguities about legal qualification and the very legal regime of biometric data, it is obvious that a solution can be found – in respect of interpretation – especially on the levels of constitutional law and the law of the European Union. It is necessary to make a better use of the principle of proportionality, to strengthen safeguards against the misuse of biometric data, to develop preventive measures and to further analyze the current issues regarding public law titles for processing this data, as well as related security, technological and legal aspects of the issues involved. The question which remains is whether a time has come to prepare a set of principles and legal rules for processing and protection of biometric data, including the popularization and cataloguing of their potential vulnerability. The basis should refer to the legal framework of the relevant fundamental rights, while the right to human dignity should stand on the first place.

CS

Biometrické údaje představují zvláštní a vysoce privilegovanou kategorii citlivých osobních údajů. Jejich použití je tak silně limitováno zákonem, a to z celé řady důvodů. Typickým důvodem je zde možný konflikt mezi veřejným zájmem (či i zájmem jednotlivců) na práci s biometrickými údaji na straně jedné a základním právem, zejména na ochranu soukromého života, na straně druhé. Zde je možnou metodou řešení test proporcionality. Biometrické údaje mají ve srovnání s jinými osobními údaji svá rizika, představují totiž jedinou kategorii osobních údajů, jež (až na výjimky) nelze po dobu života člověka jakkoliv změnit, jsou tedy zranitelné a v mnoha ohledech zneužitelné, nezřídka pak zcela nevratně; veřejnoprávním instrumentem k omezení rizik je zde však pouze rámcová úprava zákonem č. 101/2000 Sb., o ochraně osobních údajů. Jakkoliv kolem právní kvalifikace a samotného režimu biometrických údajů panují některé pochybnosti, je zřejmé, že řešení lze nalézt – co do interpretace – zejména v rovině ústavněprávní, případně na úrovni práva Evropské unie. Je nutno lépe využívat princip proporcionality, posílit záruky proti zneužití biometrických údajů, rozvíjet opatření preventivní a důsledněji analyzovat aktuální otázky veřejnoprávních titulů k nakládání s těmito údaji, jakož i souvisejících bezpečnostních, technologických a právních aspektů předmětné problematiky. Zůstává tak otázkou, zda nenastal čas na vypracování zásad právních pravidel užívání a ochrany biometrických údajů, včetně popularizace či katalogizace jejich potenciální zranitelnosti. Základem by měl být právní rámec souvisejících základních práv, v němž by mělo stát na prvním místě základní právo na lidskou důstojnost.

9

Definition of the taxonomic structure of native to Poland species of Crataegus L. based on the analysis of leaf and fruit biometrical data

63%

Zaras-Januszkiewicz E.

Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University. Horticulture (Landscape Architecture)

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2004

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tom 25

10

Rozwój systemów automatycznej identyfikacji obiektów

63%

Mazur Z. , Mazur H.

Studia Informatica

|

2012

|

tom Vol. 33, nr 2B

457-468

PL

Zainteresowanie systemami automatycznej identyfikacji obiektów z wykorzystaniem kodów kreskowych, technologii radiowej RFID i metod biometrycznych jest obecnie bardzo duże i systematycznie rośnie. Wdrażanie ich przynosi wymierne korzyści - obniża koszty pracy, przyspiesza i ułatwia obsługę klientów, zapobiega fałszerstwom i kradzieżom, umożliwia identyfikację obiektów przemieszczających się oraz w miejscach niedostępnych. Niezbędne jest jednak opracowanie odpowiednich standardów i przepisów prawnych. Wykorzystywanie technologii identyfikacyjnych i uwierzytelniających nie byłoby możliwe, gdyby jednocześnie nie po-wstawały odpowiednie systemy informatyczne (bazy danych wraz z ich oprogramowaniem). W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z rozwojem systemów automatycznej identyfikacji w aspekcie nowych zastosowań, przetwarzania oraz bezpieczeństwa gromadzonych danych.

EN

The interest in automatic object identification with the use of bar codes, RFID technology and biometric methods is now quite significant and keeps growing. Deployment of these technologies and methods brings numerous advantages: lower costs of running a business, quicker and easier customer service, theft and forgery prevention, possibility for identification of moving objects and objects in inaccessible areas. This, however, requires development of relevant standards, legal regulations, and IT systems (databases with software). This paper presents issues related to the development of automatic object identification systems in the context of new applications, data processing and security of stored data.

11

Proposal of a new method for e-banking authentication based on fingerprint reader

63%

Hłobaż A. , Owsiński K.

Information Systems in Management

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2013

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tom Vol. 2, No. 2

136--145

EN

The paper presents a novel method/mechanism for electronic banking transactions authentication based on biometrics, using fingerprint reader. The method allows to identify the client not only by something that he has or knows, but who he is. Therefore, the proposed solution enhances security of transactions authentication by an additional factor of client identification - this kind of solution hasn't been currently used by banks in Poland so far. The article also presents that the application of an additional level of security is not associated with an increase of costs for banks but allows them to reduce them, especially for long-term relationships with customers.

12

The analysis of taxonomical relationships between Crataegus L. taxa occurring in their natural habitats in Poland

63%

Zaras-Januszkiewicz E.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Horticulture and Landscape Architecture

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2008

|

tom 29

13

Wpływ Brexitu na podatki graniczne w Polsce

63%

Gorgol A.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

|

2019

|

tom 11

|

nr 2

204-224

EN

This article aims to cover the issue of the processing of biometric data in the context of Regulation 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC and the provisions of the relevant Polish law intended to ensure effective application of the regulation in question. The paper is to familiarize the readers with the notion and the fundamental principles of the processing of the biometric data of natural persons, taking into account the problematic issue of voluntary consent given by employees to their biometric data being processed by their employers.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie problematyki przetwarzania danych biometrycznych na tle rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2016/679 w sprawie ochrony osób fizycznych w związku z przetwarzaniem danych osobowych i w sprawie swobodnego przepływu takich danych oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 95/46/WE oraz przepisów prawa krajowego mających na celu zapewnienie skuteczności stosowania tego rozporządzenia. Artykuł przybliża pojęcie i podstawowe zasady przetwarzania danych biometrycznych osób fizycznych, z uwzględnieniem problematycznej kwestii dobrowolności zgody pracownika na przetwarzanie jego danych biometrycznych przez pracodawcę.

14

Przetwarzanie danych biometrycznych w polskim porządku prawnym

63%

Echaust-Przybytniak D.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

|

2019

|

tom 11

|

nr 2

204-224

EN

This article aims to cover the issue of the processing of biometric data in the context of Regulation 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC and the provisions of the relevant Polish law intended to ensure effective application of the regulation in question. The paper is to familiarize the readers with the notion and the fundamental principles of the processing of the biometric data of natural persons, taking into account the problematic issue of voluntary consent given by employees to their biometric data being processed by their employers.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie problematyki przetwarzania danych biometrycznych na tle rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2016/679 w sprawie ochrony osób fizycznych w związku z przetwarzaniem danych osobowych i w sprawie swobodnego przepływu takich danych oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 95/46/WE oraz przepisów prawa krajowego mających na celu zapewnienie skuteczności stosowania tego rozporządzenia. Artykuł przybliża pojęcie i podstawowe zasady przetwarzania danych biometrycznych osób fizycznych, z uwzględnieniem problematycznej kwestii dobrowolności zgody pracownika na przetwarzanie jego danych biometrycznych przez pracodawcę.

15

Biometric data vulnerabilities : privacy implications

44%

Krausová A. , Hazan H. , Matejka J.

The Lawyer Quarterly

|

2018

|

tom 8

|

nr 3

295-306

EN

Biometric data are typically used for the purposes of unique identification of a person. However, recent research suggests that biometric data gathered for the purpose of identification can be analysed for extraction of additional information. This augments indicative value of biometric data. This paper illustrates the range of augmented indicative values of the data as well as identifies crucial factors that contribute to increased vulnerability of data subjects.

16

Odpovědnost poskytovatelů hostingových služeb se zřetelem k povaze a druhu přenášeného obsahu

44%

Matejka J. , Krausová A.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

|

2017

|

tom 156

|

nr 9

751-769

EN

The currently ongoing process of globalization is closely intertwined, inter alia, with the development of information society services. These services represent one of significantly emerging economic sectors on the market.Development of individual economic sectors is, however, dependent also on clear and comprehensible legislation which ensures predictability and certainty in legal relationships. Information society services are regulated both at the European and national level which often leads to the situation when fundamental legal institutes are interpreted purposefully an repeatedly also erroneously. In the context of the global nature of Internet services, this, unfortunately, does not result in commencing judicial proceedings (therefore, also in not searching for legal arguments) not only because of the lengthiness of such proceedings but also because of the overall absence of legal certainty as well as a lack of clarity of the whole portfolio of this protection. Therefore, the aim of this article is to interpret in detail the provisions of the Act on certain information society services that regulate the so called globally provided services, namely services providing hosting to users’ contents. The interpretation of the relevant provisions will take into account the territorial, material and personal scope of the relevant national legislation, European directives and relevant case law, as well as some published opinions and statements of central administrative authorities. At the same time, special consideration will be given to the issue of processing and retention of personal data by a hosting service provider and to the relationship between the Act on certain information society services and the right to the protection of personal data.

CS

V současnosti probíhající proces globalizace je úzce propojen mimo jiné s rozvojem služeb informační společnosti, které představují jeden z významně se rozvíjejících ekonomických sektorů a hodnot v tržním prostředí. K rozvoji jednotlivých ekonomických sektorů totiž výraznou měrou přispívá i jasná a srozumitelná právní regulace, která zajišťuje předvídatelnost a jistotu v právních vztazích. Oblast služeb informační společnosti je regulována jak na evropské, tak i na národní úrovni, což nezřídka vede k tomu, že zásadní právní instituty jsou vykládány účelově a nezřídka i chybně, což v kontextu globálního prostředí služeb internetu bohužel mnohdy nevede ani k zahájení soudního řízení (a tedy ve své výsledné podobě ani k hledání argumentů), a to nejenom z důvodů jeho zdlouhavosti, ale především celkové absence právní jistoty a nepřehlednosti celého portfolia této ochrany. Cílem tohoto článku je tak provést podrobnou interpretaci těch ustanovení zákona o některých službách informační společnosti upravujících tzv. globálně poskytované služby, tj. zejména služby ukládání obsahu informací poskytovaných uživatelem (hosting). Při interpretaci příslušných ustanovení bude brán zřetel zejména na teritoriální, věcnou i osobní působnost příslušných národních právních předpisů, včetně evropských směrnic a relevantní judikatury, jakož i na některé publikované názory a stanoviska ústředních správních orgánů. Zároveň bude brán zvláštní zřetel na problematiku zpracovávání a uchovávání osobních údajů poskytovateli hostingu a vztah mezi zákonem o některých službách informační společnosti a ochranou osobních údajů.

17

Human rights and biometric data. Social credit system

44%

Bazina O. O.

Przegląd Europejski

|

2020

|

nr 4(58)

39-50

EN

Biometrics, as a field of science, analyzes the physical and behavioral characteristics of people in order to identify their personality. A huge amount of technology in the field of biometric data collection is developed by IT giants like Google, Facebook, or Alibaba. The European Union (EU) took an important step towards biometric data confidentiality by developing a unified law on the protection of personal data (General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR). The main goal of this action is to return control over personal data to European citizens and at the same time simplify the regulatory legal basis for companies. While European countries and organisations are introducing the GDPR into force, China since 2016 has launched a social credit system as a pilot project. The Social Credit Score (SCS) is based on collecting the maximum amount of data about citizens and assessing the reliability of residents based on their financial, social and online behavior. Only critical opinions can be read about the social credit system in European literature, although the opinions of persons being under this system – Chinese citizens – are quite positive. In this context, we should not forget about the big difference in the mentality of Asians and Europeans. The aim of this article is to compare EU law and the legislation of the People's Republic of China regarding the use and storage of biometric data. On the basis of statistical data and materials analysed, key conclusions will be formulated, that will allow to indicate differences in the positions of state institutions and the attitude of citizens to the issue of personal data protection in China and the European Union.

PL

Biometria, jako dziedzina nauki, analizuje fizyczne i behawioralne cechy ludzi w celu określenia ich osobowości. Znaczącą ilość technologii w zakresie gromadzenia danych biometrycznych tworzą giganci IT, tacy jak Google, Facebook czy też Alibaba. Unia Europejska (UE) zrobiła ważny krok w kierunku poufności informacji biometrycznych poprzez uchwalenie ujednoliconych przepisów dotyczących ochrony danych osobowych (znanych jako RODO). Głównym celem jest przywrócenie kontroli nad danymi osobowymi obywatelom Europy przy jednoczesnym uproszczeniu regulacji prawnych dla przedsiębiorstw. Podczas, gdy kraje i organizacje europejskie wprowadzają w życie RODO, od 2016 roku w Chinach uruchomiono system kredytu społecznego jako projekt pilotażowy. System kredytu społecznego opiera się na gromadzeniu maksymalnej ilości danych o obywatelach i ocenie wiarygodności mieszkańców na podstawie ich zachowań finansowych, społecznych i internetowych. Celem artykułu jest porównanie prawa UE i ustawodawstwa Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej w zakresie wykorzystywania i przechowywania danych biometrycznych. Na podstawie danych statystycznych i przeanalizowanych materiałów zostaną sformułowane kluczowe wnioski, które pozwolą określić różnice w stanowiskach instytucji państwowych i stosunku obywateli do kwestii ochrony danych osobowych w Chinach i w Unii Europejskiej.

18

Human rights and biometric data. Social credit system

44%

Bazina O. O.

Przegląd Europejski

|

2020

|

tom 2020(4)

39-50

EN

Biometria, jako dziedzina nauki, analizuje fizyczne i behawioralne cechy ludzi w celu określenia ich osobowości. Znaczącą ilość technologii w zakresie gromadzenia danych biometrycznych tworzą giganci IT, tacy jak Google, Facebook, czy też Alibaba. Unia Europejska (UE) zrobiła ważny krok w kierunku poufności informacji biometrycznych poprzez uchwalenie ujednoliconych przepisów dotyczących ochrony danych osobowych (znanych jako RODO). Głównym celem jest przywrócenie kontroli nad danymi osobowymi obywatelom Europy przy jednoczesnym uproszczeniu regulacji prawnych dla przedsiębiorstw. Podczas, gdy kraje i organizacje europejskie wprowadzają w życie RODO, od 2016 roku w Chinach uruchomiono system kredytu społecznego jako projekt pilotażowy. System kredytu społecznego opiera się na gromadzeniu maksymalnej ilości danych o obywatelach i ocenie wiarygodności mieszkańców na podstawie ich zachowań finansowych, społecznych i internetowych. Celem artykułu jest porównanie prawa UE i ustawodawstwa Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej w zakresie wykorzystywania i przechowywania danych biometrycznych. Na podstawie danych statystycznych i przeanalizowanych materiałów zostaną sformułowane kluczowe wnioski, które pozwolą określić różnice w stanowiskach instytucji państwowych i stosunku obywateli do kwestii ochrony danych osobowych w Chinach i w Unii Europejskiej.