Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The Impact of the Legislation in the Field of Tobacco Control for the Effective Management of Health of the Population of Working Age

100%

Łapiński S. , Kopcińska J. , Sęk M. , Niedzin M. , Kaleta D.

Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie

|

2016

|

nr t. 17, z. 10, cz. 3 Zarządzanie w zdrowiu publicznym - aspekty społeczne i ekonomiczne

117-133

EN

Background: Involuntary exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) possess serious health hazards and still occurs in workplaces. In order to provide an insight into factors associated with exposure to ETS of non-smoking indoor employees we utilized data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Materials and Methods: GATS is a representative, cross-sectional survey conducted in Poland between 2009-2010. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the associations of selected variables with ETS exposure. Results: The final sample used in this study consisted of 1733 men and 1460 women who worked in an indoor area outside the home. The prevalence of exposure to ETS was 32.2% among non-smoking male and 20.0% among female employees. Low educational attainment and being a blue collar worker was negatively associated with ETS exposure risk in both genders. In blue collar workers the likelihood of being exposed to ETS was about 50% higher compared to white collar workers. Increased odds for ETS at worksite in men was also associated with low level of support for tobacco control policies. Among women being less aware of negative health effects of smoking and ETS was significantly associated with higher odds of being exposed to passive smoking at worksite. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that many of non-smoking workers in Poland are exposed to ETS during their working day. This should encourage employers to create a completely smoke-free environment and urge policy makers to enforce comprehensive smoke-free laws that prohibit smoking in all indoor areas without exemptions. (original abstract)

2

Quitting Smoking - Implications for the Health Management and Development of a Future Population Strategies

100%

Milcarz M. , Rzeźnicki A. , Łapiński S. , Milcarz K. , Niedzin M. , Szkiela M. , Kaleta D.

Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie

|

2016

|

nr t. 17, z. 10, cz. 3 Zarządzanie w zdrowiu publicznym - aspekty społeczne i ekonomiczne

175-184

EN

Tobacco kills around 6 million people each year. The purpose of our study was to analyze the socio-economic dimensions associated with cessation success among adults in Uruguay. Data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), a cross-sectional, populationbased, nationally representative survey was utilized. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses with results being presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were applied to study differences among those respondents who sustained smoking abstinence and those who continued smoking. GATS study revealed that social gradients in tobacco quitting exist. Younger age, particularly in men, and having lower socio-economic situation were associated with reduced odds for quitting. Factors that are driving differences in smoking cessation between diverse social groups need to be considered when implementing relevant interventions. Further studies are also needed. (original abstract)

3

Drug use, smoking, alcohol abuse and assertiveness of medical students from Poland and Belarus

100%

Kułak-Bejda A. , Waszkiewicz N. , Shpakau A. , Bejda G. , Dróżdż-Kubicka E.

Progress in Health Sciences

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2018

|

tom 8(2)

62-69

EN

Introduction: Human health is largely determined by factors such as human behavior and style of life. Purpose: To evaluate selected patterns of behavior of medical students, such as smoking, alcohol abuse, drug use, and their assertiveness. Materials and methods: The study included 338 students from Bialystok, Poland, and 339 from Grodno, Belarus. The original questionnaire, Fasterström's Nicotine Addiction Test, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, Drug Use Problem Test, and Assertiveness Test according to Grębski were all used. Results: In both groups, the level of cigarette dependence was low, with 10% of the students from Poland and 15% from Belarus being habitual cigarette smokers. No significant differences were found in the frequency of alcohol consumption between Polish (57%) and Belarusian (52%) students. Of the respondents, 3.3% from Poland and 1.5% from Belarus met the criteria of alcohol dependence according to the MAST test. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of drug use between the Polish (1.5%) and Belarusian (1.8%) students. The average level of assertiveness was 16.2 for Polish students and 15.4 for Belarusian students, which was a significant difference. Conclusions: These results indicate similar percentages of Polish and Belarusian students smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, and use drugs. In addition, Polish students were more assertive than Belarusian students.

4

Homocysteinemia, hypertension, and family history of diabetes in a smoking male population in Saudi Arabia

88%

Al-Daghri N. , Al-Attas O.

Open Medicine

|

2008

|

tom 3

|

nr 2

167-172

EN

Arabs have a lower incidence of atherosclerosis than other ethnicities, but few studies have examined homocysteine (HCYS) as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in this population. Here, we investigated the association between serum HYCS levels and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (smoking, hypertension, and family history of diabetes) in Saudi males. A total of 50 smokers and 72 nonsmokers completed a general health questionnaire. In addition, their lipid profiles were measured using routine methods and HCYS levels by high-performance liquid chromatograph with electrochemical detection. Regression analysis showed negative associations between HCYS and glucose (r = −0.22; P < 0.05) as well as family history of diabetes (r = −0.21; P < 0.05). HCYS levels were similar between hypertensive and nonhypertensive smokers, but they were significantly elevated in hypertensive nonsmokers (P = 0.027) and lower in smokers with family history of diabetes (P = 0.01). Levels of HCYS among nonsmokers inversely correlated with history of diabetes and elevated glucose. Nonsmokers’ HCYS levels were significantly elevated in the presence of hypertension and correlated with diastolic blood pressure. Thus, HCYS may be a predictor of hypertension among nonsmokers. Until further trials are conducted, we recommend vitamin B6/folic acid supplementation for the Saudi hypertensive population as an adjuvant therapy.

5

Analyzing selected risk factors for the development of kidney cancer

88%

Kollárová H. , Azeem-Skřejpková K. , Tomášková H. , Horáková D. , Magnusková S. , Janout V.

Open Medicine

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2012

|

tom 7

|

nr 1

78-84

EN

The aim of this study was to determine influence of selected lifestyle factors on kidney cancer. The study brings data from two centres of international multicentric hospital-based analytical observational case-control studies. Data were obtained from a group of 300 patients newly diagnosed with kidney cancer (ICD-O-2 code C64) and 335 controls from two centres in the Czech Republic. Results showed that smoking increased OR to 1.09 (95% CI 0.77–1.55) and 1.06 (95% CI 0.73–1.52), but the results were not statistically significant. Obesity (BMI⩾30) created adjusted OR 1.71 (95% CI 1.11–2.66) and 1.44 (95% CI 0.91–2.28), showing a minor, statistically insignificant, effect of obesity on the development of kidney cancer. For hypertension, adjusted OR was 1.73 (95% CI 1.25–2.40), suggesting a minor to moderate effect of hypertension on kidney cancer. The analysis results showed a positive association between hereditary predisposition and the development of kidney cancer with an OR of 1.97 (95% CI 1.41–2.76) and 1.97 (95% CI 1.40–2.77) depending on the model of adjustment. The reasons for the high incidence of kidney cancer are not fully understood. Genetic polymorphisms, together with other lifestyle and environmental factors, are likely to contribute to various rates of kidney cancer incidence throughout the world.

6

Determination of 210Po content of vietnamese tobacco samples

88%

Kovács T. , Horváth M. , Sas Z. , Dung B. , Minh T.

Open Chemistry

|

2014

|

tom 12

|

nr 11

1127-1132

EN

Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death. In recent years, numerous countries have initiated the prohibition of smoking in restaurants, workplaces and public spaces. The Vietnamese government intends to follow the precautions against public smoking as well. Over and above the number of some hazardous chemical components found in tobacco, 210Po isotope content could enhance the probability of the development of lung cancer. In this study 14 Vietnamese tobacco products (commercial cigarettes and pipe tobacco) 210Po activity concentration were determined using PIPS semiconductor alpha spectrometry. The results showed that the 210Po activity concentration of the investigated samples varied between 7.40 ± 1.09–128.64 ± 11.22 mBq g−1. The average 210Po content of commercial cigarettes was 15.5 mBq g−1, whilst the average of pipe tobacco was 20.4 mBq g−1. To estimate the risk of inhalation of 210Po isotopes originating as a result of smoking, dose estimations were carried out.

7

Nurses’ knowledge on the assessment of alcohol consumption and smoking and its effect on blood pressure

88%

Grabowska H. , Narkiewicz K.

Progress in Health Sciences

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2013

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tom 3

|

nr 2

130-136

EN

Introduction: Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking increase the risk of hypertension and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Nurses have a unique opportunity to help patients who smoke and consume alcohol at a risky level, not requiring a specialist, which may contribute to a reduction in blood pressure (BP), as well as providing more health benefits. The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge of nurses on how to assess the consumption of alcohol and smoking and their effect on BP. Material and methods: The study included 1,108 participants (W-1,089, M-19, aged 21-60, 0-37 years of work experience). The study was conducted in 2007-2009 using the diagnostic survey method and achievement tests. Results: Alcohol assessment methods were correctly indicated by 13.4% of respondents, while the correct interpretation of a standard unit of alcohol was made by 35.8% of respondents. The Fagerström Test was known only to 13.2% of respondents. The effects of alcohol and smoking on BP values were known to most subjects. The youngest participants, nursing graduates, were significantly more likely to have made the correct indication. Conclusions: Overall, knowledge of how to assess alcohol consumption and smoking allowing minimal intervention to take place in the group of nurses studied was relatively low. Significantly more correct indications were made by the youngest respondents, those who were not married and nursing graduates. It seems reasonable to popularize methods for identifying the risk of hypertension associated with alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking in postgraduate nursing education.

8

Estimation of Life Tables Parameters for Smokers Based on Relative Risk

75%

Mielecka-Kubień Z.

Prace Naukowe Akademii Ekonomicznej we Wrocławiu

|

2007

|

nr nr 1189 Zastosowania metod ilościowych

36-46

XX

Do najważniejszych negatywnych skutków palenia tytoniu zaliczyć można przedwczesną umieralność palaczy. W artykule zaprezentowano propozycję autorki szacowania parametrów tablic trwania życia dla palaczy z wykorzystaniem współczynników ryzyka względnego (relative risk), obliczanego jako stosunek prawdopodobieństwa zgonu palacza do prawdopodobieństwa zgonu niepalacza. To podejście pozwala uniknąć przy oszacowaniu parametrów tablic trwania życia, a także prawdopodobieństw zgonu palaczy i niepalaczy w badanej populacji, trudnej i kontrowersyjnej oceny znaczenia palenia tytoniu dla określonej przyczyny zgonu palacza. (abstrakt oryginalny)

9

Zróżnicowanie spożycia papierosów w zależności od klasy miejscowości zamieszkiwania w Polsce w latach 1999-2006

75%

Jałowiecka E. , Jałowiecki P. , Orłowski A.

Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu

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2009

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tom 11

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nr z. 3

136-141

XX

Przedstawiono rezultaty badania zróżnicowania poziomu spożycia papierosów w 6 kategoriach miejscowości w polskich województwach. Najwyższa liczba papierosów jest wypalana na polskich wsiach, a najniższa w miastach od 100 do 200 tysięcy mieszkańców. Średni poziom spożycia papierosów w przeliczeniu na osobę w wieku powyżej 15 lat jest najwyższy w miastach powyżej 500 tysięcy mieszkańców, najniższy na wsiach. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

Poland is one of the most attractive tobacco markets in Europe. The main reason is population of 9 million of smokers which comprises more than 40% mature men and more than 24% mature men in Poland. Polish tobacco industry generates a significant budget incomes. Smoking is also a reason of very serious level of prematurely mortality of inhabitants and generates significant costs of prevention and elimination of negative health effects. In the paper the results of smoking level diversity in 6 class of towns in polish voivodeships studies are presented. Studies were provided with using of polish household budgets data from Central Statistical Office. They consists of32 000 single households data in every year. The highest absolute amount of cigarettes is smoked in polish villages, the lowest is smoked in towns with 100 to 200 thousands of inhabitants. Mean level of cigarettes consumption by person at the age of 15 year is the highest in the cities with more than 500 thousands of inhabitants, the lowest in the villages. The results of studies presented in the paper is an identification of areas of the highest and the lowest smoking level. (original abstract)

10

Terytorialne zróżnicowanie spożycia papierosów w Polsce w latach 1999-2006

75%

Jałowiecka E. , Jałowiecki P. , Orłowski A.

Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu

|

2009

|

tom 11

|

nr z. 3

130-135

XX

Poziom konsumpcji papierosów w Polsce jest znacząco wyższy niż w sąsiednich krajach. Papierosy pali ponad 9 milionów dorosłych obywateli (40% mężczyzn, 24%kobiet). Jest ono główną przyczyną przedwczesnej śmiertelności. Wiąże się to z koniecznością ponoszenia znaczących wydatków na prewencję i eliminację negatywnych skutków zdrowotnych palenia. Z drugiej strony przemysł tytoniowy i branże z nim powiązane generują ponad 10% rocznych dochodów budżetu państwa. W pracy przedstawiono zróżnicowanie terytorialne spożycia papierosów w polskich województwach w latach 1999-2006. Badania były prowadzone w oparciu o dane na temat ok. 32 000 gospodarstw domowych w każdym roku udostępniane pochodzące z Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego. W badanym okresie średnie spożycie papierosów było najwyższe w grupie 8 województw centralnej zachodniej Polski. Najniższe średnie spożycie było w 3 województwach Polski południowo-wschodniej: małopolskim, podkarpackim i świętokrzyskim. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

Cigarettes consumption level in Poland is considerably higher than in the developed countries. More than 9 millions mature inhabitants (40% of men, 24% of woman) smoke cigarettes. Smoking is a main reason of a prematurely mortality of citizens. The government must spend significant resources to prevention and eliminate negative health effects. On the other hand, the tobacco industry and connected branches are a sources of more than 10% of budget incomes every year. In this paper results of studies of territorial smoking diversity in polish voivodeships in 1999-2006 years are presented. Investigations were provided with using of polish household budgets data from Central Statistical Office. They consists of 32 000 single households data in every year. In the studied years, the higher absolute amounts of cigarettes are consumed in Mazowieckie and Śląskie voivodeships. The lower amount is smoked in Świętokrzyskie voivodeship. Mean cigarettes consumption level in studied years is the highest in group of 8 voivodeships placed in western and central Poland. The lowest smoking level is in 3 south-eastern voivodeships: Małopolskie, Podkarpackie and Świętokrzystkie. In this paper two classifications of voivodeships according to mean smoking level are also presented. (original abstract)

11

Attitude Toward Smoking : the Effect of Negative Smoking-Related Pictures

75%

Grigaliunaite V. , Pileliene L.

Oeconomia Copernicana

|

2017

|

tom 8

|

nr nr 2

317-328

EN

Research background: Endeavouring to develop healthy societies is a primary goal in many countries. As smoking is a major problem of public health, lowering the extent of smoking is one of the conditions for developing a healthy society. Based on the research revealing that the pairing of the product with negative stimuli enhances the possibility of negative reaction to the product as negative stimulus transfers it's meaning to the product, tobacco packaging was labelled with negative smoking-related pictures illustrating the danger of smoking. Nevertheless, the extent of smoking is still large in many countries. Hence, the effect of negative smoking-related pictures has been the subject of intense debate within the scientific community.Purpose of the article: The aim of this research is to determine the effect of negative smoking-related pictures on the both implicit and explicit attitude toward smoking.Methods: For the purpose of determining the effect of negative smoking-related pictures on the both implicit and explicit attitude toward smoking, Implicit Association Test and questionnaire survey were provided. The questionnaire was elaborated based on the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature.Findings & Value added: The theoretical analysis substantiated the influence of attitude toward the product on consumer purchase decisions. Nevertheless, people do not always want to reveal their opinion, hence traditional marketing research methods for measuring explicit attitude are not sufficient as they are often not objective. Therefore, neuromarketing research methods complement traditional marketing research methods by providing more objectivity. Consequently, the Implicit Association Test and traditional questionnaire research are applied for the empirical research, revealing the effect of negative smokingrelated pictures on the both implicit and explicit attitude toward smoking. The recommendations for the usage of negative smoking-related pictures on purpose to influence attitude toward smoking and consumer purchase behaviour are substantiated. (original abstract)

12

The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Smoking-Related Indicators in Selected OECD Countries

75%

Rigelsky M. , Ivankova V. , Gavurova B. , Mudrik M.

Equilibrium

|

2020

|

tom 15

|

nr nr 3

439-461

EN

Research background: The amount of the minimum wage is, in some sense, an indicator of the economic level of a country. There are considerable differences in this indicator between the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). At the same time, the minimum wage is also an instrument that largely regulates people's behaviour and affects different areas of life.Purpose of the article: The objective of this study is to determine the relations between the minimum wage and individual smoking-related indicators in a sample of selected OECD countries (16 countries). The study answers the question of whether people in countries with lower minimum wages (lower development) smoke more than in countries with higher minimum wages.Methods: Four variables entered into the analytical processing, the minimum wage, daily smokers (age 15+), daily smokers (age 15-24) and tobacco consumption in grams per capita (age 15+). The data were collected between 2011 and 2017. The analysis was carried out in three steps - descriptive analysis, cluster analysis and regression analysis.Findings & Value added: It has been found that the minimum wage negatively affects smoking and tobacco consumption, i.e. in developed countries, where the minimum wage is higher, people smoke less. Regarding the evaluation of minimum wage and tobacco consumption, countries such as Austria, New Zealand or the United States can be considered positive. On the other hand, opportunities for improvement can be seen in countries such as the Czech Republic, Spain, Estonia and Israel. The study highlights the importance of the effect of the minimum wage on selected smoking-related indicators in selected OECD countries. In all three cases, there was a negative relation; therefore, smoking can be expected to decrease, if the minimum wage is increased. (original abstract)

13

Produkcja wyrobów tytoniowych

75%

Kapusta F.

Prace Naukowe Akademii Ekonomicznej we Wrocławiu. Technologia

|

2007

|

tom 12

|

nr nr 1172

20-27

XX

Zwyczaj palenia tytoniu sięga odległych czasów, a do Europy został przywieziony w XVI w. przez odkrywców Ameryki. Rozpowszechnianie się zażywania tytoniu powodowało podejmowanie różnorodnych środków mających przeciwdziałać tej tendencji. Przewlekłe palenie lub żucie tytoniu, a także zażywanie tabaki powodują jeden z najszkodliwszych dla zdrowia nałogów - nikotynizm. Tytoń w XVII w. dotarł również do Polskie, a w XVIII w. powstały pierwsze plantacje i manufaktury tytoniowe. W 1786 r. wprowadzono pełny monopol produkcji i sprzedaży tytoniu, odtworzony w 1922 r. Produkcja tytoniu w Polsce zmieniała się; największa powierzchnia upraw i największy zbiór zanotowano w 1980 r. Później z różnych przyczyn produkcja zaczęła się zmniejszać. Podobna tendencja zmniejszania produkcji tytoniu, ale nie tak silna jak w Polsce, występuje na świecie. Stosownie do popytu zmieniają się rozmiary produkcji wyrobów tytoniowych oraz ich struktura. (fragment tekstu)

EN

The habit of chewing or smoking tobacco has long history. It came to Europe in the 16th century after the discovery of America. The spreading use of tobacco caused many counter-actions. Prolonged smoking of tobacco causes nicotine addiction. In the 17th century tobacco came to Poland and in the 18th century first plantations and production plants were created. In 1786 monopoly of production and sales was imposed and renewed in 1922. Production of tobacco in Poland has been changing. The largest area and crops were in 1980. Later, due to various reasons, the production decreased. Similar tendency, but not so strong as in Poland, is present in the world. According to demand, the production of tobacco as well as its structure are changing. (original abstract)

14

Skutki ekonomiczno-społeczne wprowadzonych stawek akcyzowych na wyroby przemysłu tytoniowego w Polsce w latach 2000-2010 : wnioski z badań własnych

75%

Jagiełło A.

Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna

|

2011

|

nr nr 4 (35)

49-66

XX

Przedmiotem rozważań i analiz zawartych w artykule jest kwestia wpływu kolejnych podwyżek akcyzy na wyroby tytoniowe w latach 2000-2010 na poziom dochodów budżetowych, kondycję ekonomiczną polskich producentów wyrobów tytoniowych oraz zmiany w poziomie i strukturze konsumpcji wyrobów tytoniowych w Polsce. Oprócz danych statystycznych ilustrujących dynamikę rozwoju w/w zjawisk pod wpływem zmian w wysokości akcyzy, autor przedstawia część swoich badań ankietowych, jakie przeprowadził w grupie kilkuset konsumentów oraz na podstawie danych i opinii otrzymanych od czterech spośród sześciu głównych producentów artykułów tytoniowych w Polsce. Dane te oraz przeprowadzone i przedstawione analizy danych otrzymanych z badań ankietowych wpłynęły na krytyczny osąd autora pod adresem instytucji odpowiedzialnych za politykę rządu. Może nie tyle w kwestii realizowanych celów odnośnie wpływów budżetowych, bo tu rząd niewiele się pomylił, ile ze względu na negatywne skutki, jakie przyniosła ta polityka w odniesieniu do branży tytoniowej, przyczyniając się tym samym do rozwoju szarej strefy, rozrostu skali przemytu i pogorszenia struktury konsumpcji, czyli jakości asortymentu konsumowanych papierosów z oczywistymi konsekwencjami dla stanu zdrowotności tychże konsumentów, którzy w wyniku wyższych cen przeszli na konsumpcje wyrobów niższej jakości. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

The article presents a discussion and an analysis of how the successive rises in the excise rate on tobacco products in the years 2000-2010 influenced the level of the budget income, the economic condition of Polish producers of tobacco products and changes in the level and structure of tobacco products consumption in Poland. Apart from statistical data illustrating the development dynamics of the above-mentioned phenomena under the influence of changes in the level of excise, the author presents some results of his survey carried out in a group of several hundred consumers and data and opinions received from four of the six major tobacco producers in Poland. These data and the presented analyses of the data obtained as the survey results had an impact on the author's critical opinion on the institutions responsible for the governmental policy. Probably not in the field of the budget income tasks fulfillment, because here the government did not make a big mistake, but because of the negative results from the policy towards the tobacco industry that resulted in the development of grey market, increase in the scale of smuggling, deterioration of the consumption structure, i.e. the quality of the tobacco products with the evident consequences for the state of health of the consumers who because of higher prices moved towards the consumption of lower quality products. (original abstract)

15

Praktyka korzystania przez rady gminy z kompetencji do wprowadzania stref wolnych od dymu tytoniowego

75%

Balwicka-Szczyrba M. , Balwicki Ł.

Samorząd Terytorialny

|

2010

|

nr nr 9

59-65

XX

Zgodnie z art. 5 ust. 4 ustawy z 9.11.1995 r. o ochronie zdrowia przed następstwami używania tytoniu i wyrobów tytoniowych rady gminy mogą ustalić, w drodze uchwały, miejsca przeznaczone do użytku publicznego jako strefy wolne od dymu tytoniowego. Przeprowadzona w artykule analiza ma na celu ustalenie, czy w okresie od 1.05.1996 r. do 1.07.2009 r. rady gminy często i w odpowiedni sposób korzystały z przyznanych im narzędzi prawnych do działania na rzecz ochrony zdrowia przed szkodliwym wpływem używania tytoniu i wyrobów tytoniowych. Autorzy jednoznacznie stwierdzają, że aktywność rad gmin w zakresie wyznaczania miejsc wolnych od dymu tytoniowego we wskazanym okresie była niska. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

According to Article 5(4) of the Act on the Protection of Health against the Consequences of using Tobacco and Tobacco Products of 9 November 1995, municipal councils are able to specify the places assigned for public use as tobacco smoke free zones, by way of a resolution. The analysis contained in the article has the objective of establishing whether municipalities frequently and correctly took advantage of the legal tools awarded to them in the years 1996–2009 in order to take steps to protect health against the damaging influence of tobacco and tobacco products. The authors unambiguously state that the level of activity of municipal councils in specifying tobacco smoke free zones during this period was low. (original abstract)

16

Individual and Institutional Implications of Building a Smoke-Free Society

75%

Król G.

Problemy Zarządzania

|

2018

|

tom 16

|

nr nr 5 (78) Public and Private Sectors in Health Care

62-76

XX

Palenie papierosów jest przyczyną większej liczby przedwczesnych zgonów niż, łącznie licząc, wypadki komunikacyjne, AIDS, pozostałe narkotyki, alkohol, zabójstwa oraz samobójstwa. Wyeliminowanie palenia wiązałoby się z redukcją kosztów zmniejszonej produktywności pracowników, leczeniem palaczy oraz ich przedwczesną umieralnością. Wydawałoby się więc, że w interesie społeczeństwa, pracodawców oraz dotkniętych uzależnieniem jednostek jest całkowite uwolnienie świata od palenia. Równocześnie Polska należy do europejskiej czołówki producentów tytoniu, a sprzedaż wyrobów tytoniowych jest źródłem znaczących dochodów do budżetu państwa. Straty zdrowotne, społeczne i gospodarcze wynikające ze szkodliwości palenia przeciwstawione są potencjalnym stratom gospodarczym, budżetowym i nieuchronności powstania szarej strefy w przypadku delegalizacji produktów tytoniowych. Obecnie stosowane oddziaływania społeczne, medyczne oraz prawne w zakresie redukcji używania tytoniu nie odnoszą oczekiwanego skutku i wymagają radykalnej zmiany podejścia. Palaczy nie zabija nikotyna, ale dym powstający w procesie spalania tytoniu. Zastąpienie wysoce szkodliwego palenia tytoniu bezpieczniejszymi o rząd wielkości produktami dostarczającymi nikotynę jest obecnie najbardziej realnym sposobem poprawy zdrowia publicznego i jakości życia osób uzależnionych od nikotyny. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

Cigarette smoking is the cause of more premature deaths than traffic accidents, AIDS, other drugs, alcohol, homicide and suicide taken jointly. Eliminating smoking would curb the cost of reduced employee productivity, smokers' treatment and premature mortality. It would seem, therefore, that it is in the interest of the society, employers and addicted individuals to free the world from smoking. At the same time, Poland is among the largest tobacco producers in Europe, and the sale of tobacco products is a source of significant state budget revenues. Health, social and economic losses resulting from the harms of smoking are contrasted with the potential economic and budgetary losses, and the inevitability of the emergence of a shadow economy if tobacco products were to be delegalized. Current social, medical and legal measures aimed at the reduction of tobacco consumption do not have the desired effect and require a radical change in approach. It is not nicotine that kills smokers, but tar created in the process of burning tobacco leaves. Replacing highly harmful tobacco smoking with nicotine delivery products, which are safer by an order of magnitude, is presently the most viable way to improve public health and the quality of life of people addicted to nicotine. (original abstract)

17

An Assessment of Smoking and Non-Smoking Student Preferences for the Thai Smoking Warning Signs

75%

Tangtammaruk P.

Business and Economic Horizons

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2017

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nr vol. 13, iss. 5

591-603

EN

The standard no smoking sign or prohibition sign which has a red circle with a red diagonal line through a cigarette picture has been used in schools, universities, as well as public places as a smoking prevention tool in Thailand since 1992. Nevertheless, statistical data indicates that the number of new smokers since 2001 to 2014 has not significantly changed and most of the smokers start this habit between the ages of 15-19 years old. This paper thereby aims to test smoker and non-smoker preference in relation to the standard, current smoking signs as well as other types of signs associated with various behavioral economic principles and psychological ideas. The basic reveal preference approach (RP) and state preference approach (SP) were used in order to test their preference, and the economic binary choices model with the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation was used to measure factors affecting the prevalence of smoking. This paper found that the majority of both smokers and non-smokers preferred Pictorial Health Warning (PHWs) signs which relates to the principle of loss aversion to other types of smoking warning sign. Basically, PHWs is used on the cigarette package which is not often seen by the non-smokers, even the smokers can prevent these PHWs by replacing cigarette packs with cigarette holder cases after buying cigarette packs. However, applying PWHs as a sign posted on school, university, and public places can, to a certain extent, make individuals more concerned about their future losses from smoking. Additionally, this paper found that males, and having friends smoking were two significant factors affecting individual smoking behavior. Finally, we hope that an application of PHWs on the smoking signs grounded on the idea of loss aversion could be further developed as another strategy preventing smoking especially for youths in schools and universities.(original abstract)

18

Ocena narażenia na dym tytoniowy wśród studentów pielęgniarstwa i ratownictwa medycznego Gdańskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego

75%

Żuralska R. , Foerster J. , Pankiewicz P.

Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie

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2012

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tom 13

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nr z. 11 Pielęgniarstwo w systemie zarządzania opieką zdrowotną. Nowe wyzwania, nowe możliwości

41-48

XX

Celem poniższej pracy była ocena stopnia narażenia na dym tytoniowy studentów Wydziału Nauk o Zdrowiu Gdańskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego. Badanie przeprowadzono w 2011 roku. Do analizy zakwalifikowano studentów pielęgniarstwa i ratownictwa medycznego studiów I stopnia, stacjonarnych (144 osób) i niestacjonarnych tzw. pomostowych (219 osób) razem 363 osoby. Do badań zgłosiły się 184 osoby. W podgrupie tej znalazło się 139 kobiet (75,5%) oraz 45 mężczyzn (24,5%), o średniej wieku 21,9 lat. (fragment tekstu)

EN

The health-related consequences concern not only active smoker but also passive smoker, who is forced to breathe sidestream smoke and mainstream smoke which is exhaled by the active smoker. The aim of the research was to assess exposure to cigarette smoking among the students of nursing and paramedic of Medical University of Gdansk. There were 184 students included in the Scale Fagerstrom and a monitor for measuring of the carbon oxide level in the exhaled air. The result of the examination of the carbon oxide level in the exhaled air in the second part indicates that 44,5% of them are addicted to nicotine. High level of nicotine addiction was more predictor of cigarettes. (original abstract)

19

Wpływ palenia tytoniu na wysokość składki w ubezpieczeniach na życie w Polsce

75%

Sadurska D.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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2008

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tom 222 Ubezpieczenia majątkowo-osobowe

87-99

XX

Zwrócono uwagę na wzajemne zależności pomiędzy nałogiem palenia tytoniu a wysokością składki w ubezpieczeniach na życie. Scharakteryzowano społeczno-demograficzne uwarunkowania palenia i samego nałogu. Szczegółowej analizie poddano relację pomiędzy umieralnością zależną i niezależną od palenia tytoniu. W kontekście przeprowadzonej analizy omówiono wyniki dotyczące porównania rocznych składek na życie dla osób palących i niepalących.

EN

The analysis of death causes plays a significant role in the field of life insurance as it enables more accurate premium calculation. Tobacco is full of harmful and addictive substances. Scientific evidence has shown that smoking tobacco causes health problems throughout life, frequently resulting in death or disability. Consequently, it is considered to be a high risk factor. Tobacco consumption can be described by socio-demographic characteristics such as sex, age, living in urban or rural areas and the level of education. Tobacco addiction is characterised by average amount of cigarettes consumed per day, the duration of this addiction, the moment daily smoking begun and the type of tobacco used. Apart from that the analysis of mortality attributed and not attributed to smoking is relevant. Assessment of the yearly net premium value for the whole life insurance and term life insurance implies that smokers should pay more than non-smokers for their insurance protection. (original abstract)

20

Kompetencja rady gminy do ustalania stref wolnych od dymu tytoniowego

75%

Ostapski A.

Samorząd Terytorialny

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2009

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nr nr 6

63-69

XX

Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie zakresu swobody regulacyjnej rady gminy w ustalaniu stref wolnych od dymu tytoniowego. Analizowana kompetencja jest przykładem działalności policyjnej administracji publicznej, jako że służy wprowadzeniu zakazu zachowania się - formułowanego w interesie publicznym - ze względu na ochronę zdrowia oraz zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa zbiorowego. Autor podjął próbę określenia charakteru prawnego przedmiotowej uchwały oraz skutków bezczynności prawodawczej rady gminy w tym zakresie. Zajął się także kwestią zakazu regulowania tej materii w drodze aktu prawa miejscowego statutowego. W artykule zawarto postulat większego zaangażowania się gmin w ochronę mieszkańców przed biernym paleniem, wskazując jednocześnie, że docelowym rozwiązaniem tej kwestii powinno być poszerzenie katalogu obiektów, miejsc czy obszarów objętych zakazem palenia wyrobów tytoniowych zawartego w ustawie o ochronie zdrowia przed następstwami używania tytoniu i wyrobów tytoniowych. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

The article has the objective of presenting the municipal council's scope of regulatory freedom for defining tobacco smoke free zones. This competence is an example of the policing activities of public administration, since it serves the purpose of introducing a prohibition to behave - which is formulated in the public interest -for reasons of health protection and the assurance of public safety. The author attempted to define the legal nature of this resolution and the consequences of the legislative inaction of the municipal council in this respect. He also discussed the issue of the prohibition to regulate this matter by way of a local statute. The article contains the postulate of greater commitment of municipalities in the protection of inhabitants from secondary smoking, while simultaneously indicating that the ultimate solution to this matter should be an increase in the list of buildings, places or areas encompassed by a ban on smoking tobacco in the Act on Healthcare to protect against the consequences of consuming tobacco and tobacco products. (original abstract)