Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Das Allgemeine im Besonderen – Mechanismen der Obligatorischen Kontrolle am Beispiel des Deutschen

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Aptacy J.

Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft

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2019

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nr 8

7-28

EN

The aim of this article is to show which generative mechanisms are responsible for establishing a control relationship between syntactic structures. As a theoretical basis, the Movement Theory of Control by Hornstein was chosen because it has already been tested in numerous languages and has universal character. Its applicability was exemplified by some data of subject and object control in German. For this purpose, some derivations have been outlined. In addition, difficulties that this theory encounters were pointed out. For example, in the derivation of subject control over object, as it exists in the case of promise-verbs.

2

Brněnský latinsko-německo-český slovník zapsaný za slovníkem Catholicon

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Voleková K.

Listy filologické (Folia philologica)

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2013

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tom 136

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nr 1-2

59-123

EN

In this paper, a Latin-German-Czech glossary is presented which follows the Latin monolingual glossary Catholicon by Johannes Balbus of Genoa in a Brno manuscript stored in the City Archive of Brno, Manuscript Collection No. 115. The Latin-German-Czech glossary is a Czech adaptation of two Latin-German glossaries. The author of the Brno glossary copied the whole Abstractum glossary from a source containing probably Latin-German Abstractum, Abba, and Abbreviare glossaries including a complete translation into Czech, yet he supplemented it by adding entries of the Abba glossary. The same trilingual source was used also by the author of a glossary preserved in an Esztergom manuscript (Esztergomi Föszékesegyházi Könyvtár, sign. M II 8) but its author omitted the German equivalents. A transliterated edition of the Latin-German-Czech glossary from the Brno manuscript accompanied by a critical apparatus is also contained in the present study.

3

Fraktalität in deutschen und ukrainischen informationsbetonten Text- sorten

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Kijko J.

Germanica Wratislaviensia

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2016

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tom 141

235-244

DE

Im vorliegenden Beitrag handelt es sich um eine kontrastive Analyse von Bauprinzipien in den deutschen und ukrainischen informationsbetonten Paralleltextsorten aus fraktaler Perspektive anhand renommierter gleichrangiger Tageszeitungen. Je nach der Textdimension lässt sich Zwei- bzw. Dreifraktalstruktur in den untersuchten Textsorten unterscheiden. Meldungen weisen α- und ω-Fraktale, Nachrichten und Berichte noch φ-Fraktal auf. Darüber hinaus stehen diese drei Textsorten in fraktaler Relation zueinander. Es dürfte also angenommen werden, dass Selbstähnlichkeit ein universales Bauprinzip in informationsbetonten Textsorten ist. Bedingt ist solch eine Baustruktur vor allem durch extralinguale Faktoren, wobei Zeit- und Platzmangel eine entscheidende Rolle spielen.

EN

The present paper focuses on a contrastive analysis of the structural principles in the German and Ukrainian news text types from a fractal perspective based on the material from the equivalent quality daily newspapers. Depending on the text size two- or three-fractal structures may be singled out in the news texts under study. The text type note has α- and ω-fractals, news articles and reports have additionally φ-fractal. Furthermore, these three text types are in a fractal relation to each other. It might be assumed that self-similarity is a universal building principle in news text types. Such a structure is caused especially by extralinguistic factors, where time and space play a crucial role.

4

Irren ist menschlich oder Erfolg durch Misserfolg

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Dyakiv K.

Germanica Wratislaviensia

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2016

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tom 141

197-210

DE

Der Beitrag widmet sich dem Thema der kommunikativen Deviationen in Interviews im Ukrainischen und Deutschen. Dabei werden die Deviationen sowohl in den Presseinterviews als auch in den populärsten Videointerviews auf YouTube untersucht. Die Deviationen werden in die von der Position des Adressanten, des Adressaten sowie des Zuschauers aufgeteilt. Die Aufmerksamkeit wird der Sprach- und der kommunikativen Kompetenz der Kommunikanten als der Hauptursache der Deviationen in den Interviews gelenkt. Die Deviationen werden als eine der Voraussetzungen der erfolgreichen Kommunikation bestimmt.

EN

The article is devoted to the topic of communicative deviations in the interviews in Ukrainian and German languages. Communicative failures are investigated in press releases as well as in the most popular video recordings on YouTube. The deviations are viewed from the position of the speaker, the addressee, and the spectator. Particular attention is paid to the language and the communicative competence of the communicants as the main cause of deviations in the interviews. The deviations are determined as one of the prerequisites for comprehending successful communication.

5

Die deutsche Politik und die Reparationsfrage nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg: Eine kritische Bilanz unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Auseinandersetzungen mit Polen

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Roth K. H.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2019

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nr 1(370)

59-82

EN

The aim of the article is to present the problem of reparations. The issue of reparations remains a controversial and explosive chapter in the history of Europe after World War II. Whereas the larger victorious powers received some compensation in the years immediately after the war, the smaller European countries, as well as numerous victim groups, largely came away empty-handed. One of these countries is Poland, which to this day is calling for reparations to compensate for the plundering of its economy and for the victims of the massacres under the Nazi occupation. The article presents as a main problem the question, why to this day, the German elites have refused to pay reparations which take into account all victim groups and all the countries once occupied by Germany. In this article, the author explores the context, the strategic options and the tactics behind the German elites’ approach towards compensation – an approach which culminated in the issue of reparations being removed from the de facto peace treaty of 1990 (the ‘Two Plus Four Treaty’). The paper is based on various research methods, especially on survey of diplomatic documents and some studies published in Poland and Germany on the subject.

6

L2 dialect acquisition of German vowels: The case of Northern German and Austrian dialects

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Smith L. C. , Baker W.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2011

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tom 47

120

EN

This study examines how the dialect of a second language (L2) affects how accurately the L2 is perceived and produced. Specifically, we examined differences between the production and perception of German vowels /i:/, /y:/, and /u:/ by learners of either Austrian German (AG) or Northern German (NG). Vowels across these dialects differ due to how salient the /i:/–/y:/–/u:/ contrast is marked: there is (more) derounding of /y:/ in AG than in NG. This derounding in AG leads to the loss of an acoustic cue marking /i:/–/y:/, but a potentially enhanced acoustic cue for the /y:/–/u:/ contrast. As a result of these differences, both dialects have opposing cues by which to contrast /i:/, /u:/ and /y:/. Results indicate that AG learners are at times more accurate than NG learners in their perception and production of these German vowels. These results may have occurred because AG learners had a greater exposure to many dialects, and a greater desire to speak (high) German accurately than did the NG learners.

7

Ungarisch Zwischen Intensivem Kontakt Und Puristischer Gegenwehr

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Hetzer A.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2008

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tom 50

111-125

EN

Hungarians have lived in close contact with High German speaking people since over one thousand years. However, linguistic impact from Hungarian to literary German is rather pure; there is but a couple of lexical exotisms, e.g. Puszta, Palatschinken (a kind of pancakes). On the other hand, the Hungarian language underwent numerous phases of German influence, mostly lexical borrowings. At the beginning, during the middle ages, words like polgár ‘citizen’ (High German Bürger) or pór ‘peasant’ (Upper German Paur) enriched the Hungarian lexicon, but later on, after the Ottoman conquest of Central Hungary, borrowings from German turned out to endanger the Hungarian national identity. As a result, from the end of the 18th century on, language reformers strove to return to their roots either by substituting German lexical items by “native” words (e.g. paraszt instead of pór, but the native stock is often of Slavic origin, in this case *prost). Or totally new words were shaped for new concepts (e.g. gép ‘machine, engine’, which in fact is a truncated root from German Göpel ‘whim’). However, in spite of all efforts to eliminate Germanisms, the bulk of neologisms was shaped as calques after Western (German, Latin, French) patterns, e.g. vas-út ‘railway’ (Eisenbahn), munka-adó ‘employer’ (Arbeitgeber), teher-gép-kocsi ‘lorry, truck’ (Lastkraftwagen), idegen-forgalom ‘tourism’ (Fremdenverkehr) autó-pálya ‘highway’ (Autobahn), vendég-munkás ‘foreign worker’ (Gastarbeiter). Thus, the inner form of Hungarian words corresponds more or less to their German counterparts, which is facilitated by similar or identical devices of word formation. On the other hand, in conversational Hungarian as well as in slang there remains a lot of Germanisms, slightly adapted by native suffixes, e.g. gurt-ni ‘safety belt’ (Gurt), and even verbs like ejnstejg-olni ‘to enter, to board’ (einsteigen). The article aims at finding out traces of German impact in Hungarian. In view of strong structural contrasts between Germanic and Finno-Ugrian languages, mostly the lexicon is scrutinized.

8

German Irrwisch ‘1. will-o’-the-wisp; 2. scamp, scallywag, imp’ and Polish urwis ‘scamp, scallywag, imp’.

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Stachowski M.

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PL

Even if the derivation of the meaning ‘scamp, scallywag, imp’ < ‘will-o’-the-wisp’ is generally imaginable (albeit not self-evident) it is assumed here that this change is actually based on addition of a foreign meaning to a German one, rather than on semantic evolution.

9

Evidence for the Relevance of Secondary Stress in German: Prosodic Restrictions in Verbal Prefixation with ver-

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Vogt B.

Studies in Polish Linguistics

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2019

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tom 14

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nr Special Volume 1

153-169

EN

This contribution deals with secondary stress in Modern Standard German (MSG) and its relevance in affixation using the verbal prefix ver-. While the pattern ver+ stressed syllable or ver+ schwa is allowed, ver+ unstressed syllable is avoided in contemporary German (see also Kaltenbacher 1999). Diachronical data reveals that in earlier stages this prosodic restriction was not as strong as in MSG. The consistency with which verbs with the pattern ver+ unstressed syllable are discarded in MSG (confirmed by look-ups in corpora and dictionaries) is a strong argument for the hypothesis that the relinquishment is due to a form of blocking related to the stress properties of the direct base: The affix ver- needs a direct base with some initial prominence, that is with primary or secondary stress. The only (apparent) exception to this stress condition is a base containing a schwa syllable which seems to be “invisible” for the stress-seeking prefix. Verbal derivation with the prefix ver-demonstrates that the stress properties of the base have to be taken into account also with regard to secondary stress. The data provided in this paper can count as further evidence for the existence and relevance of secondary stress in Modern Standard German and its interaction with morphology

10

Das deutsche und polnische verbale System im Vergleich – die Perspektive des Fremdsprachenunterrichts

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Staniewski P.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2022

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nr 21

473-480

EN

The review article discusses the book of Andrzej Kątny „Das Polnische im Spiegel des Deutschen. Studien zur kontrastiven Linguistik“. In the introductory part, the necessity to conduct comparative studies and the possible reasons for difficulties to lean a language which emerge from the interlingual differences – here between German and Polish – are pointed out. In the next part, the chapters of the book are dealt with in some details, whereas special attention has been paid to the first chapter, which addresses the problem and prominent role of contrastive linguistics for the foreign language teaching. Special attention has been also paid to the two following chapters, in which the author discusses the extremely relevant question of aspectuality. In the next part of the review article the following grammatical phenomena of the German and Polish verbal system are focussed on: tenses, passive voice, mood, modal verbs and the concept of assessment/judgement and the grammatical means of its verbalisation. Taking into consideration the objective of the book as didactic aid its main claims are discussed from the perspective of foreign language teaching.

11

Wie rhetorisch kann die Frage sein?

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Bąk P.

Colloquia Germanica Stetinensia

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2012

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nr 20

91-107

EN

Ways and means of expressing one’s views and the art of persuasion to one’s arguments have been objects of interest for the researchers of language and communication for a long time now. The paper presents the presence of rhetorical questions in German public discourse. Rhetorical questions have a persuasive function especially in the speeches of politicians and their full understanding depends on the knowledge of a broader extra-linguistic context. Although such questions appear in various forms, they reveal certain regularities which serve as indicators of their “rheroricity”. Besides new, occasional constructions in the German language we can also find lexicalized and conventional sentences. In the paper I aim at a verification of the rhetorical questions typology taking onto consideration the sentences noted in lexicography. Despite the great interest of phraseologists in various rhetorical devices (cf. DIETZ 1999) lexicalized rhetorical questions have not be adequately researched and described as yet.

12

Pre-D non-possessor positions in Hungarian

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Farkas J. , Karácsonyi K.

Linguistics Beyond and Within

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2018

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tom 4

38-50

EN

The paper investigates pre-D non-possessor positions in Hungarian. In Hungarian, non-deverbal nominal constructions containing pre-D non-possessor positions are acceptable only if they contain a demonstrative pronoun and also an adjective, and the appearance of a pre-D possessor does not impact the acceptability of the sentence. The paper also gives a brief discussion of similar constructions with pre-D non-possessors in German, mainly to shed light on the Hungarian data. Although German also allows for pre-D non-possessors, it does so under different conditions. A short topicalized element can readily appear in German sentences as a non-possessor dependent, but in this language a possessor can never appear in the same noun phrase. The paper also discusses deverbal nominal constructions with pre-D non-possessor dependents in Hungarian. In these constructions the presence of a possessor argument is indispensable. This is due to the fact that the placement of the non-possessor argument in a position preceding the possessor is legitimized by the fact that the former takes scope over the latter within the internal information structure of the matrix noun phrase. The paper also deals with the syntactic structure of said deverbal nominals.

13

Sprachliche Etikette im polnisch-deutschen Vergleich lexikographisch erfasst

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Szczęk J.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2019

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nr 16

391-395

EN

Politeness is a phenomenon that has recently been linguistically studied. These are linguistic forms and formulas that can be used in certain communication situations. The so-called pragmatic component plays an important role here. This is particularly evident in the case of interspecific confrontation. This can be helped by bilingual lexicographical works, which can be of great help to all a foreign language learner. The article discusses the advantages of the recently published lexicographical works of Małgorzata Marcjanik, Silvia Bonacchi, and Agnieszka Frączek: Polsko-niemiecki słownik etykiety językowej.

14

Bildung und Gebrauch der deutschen und polnischen Toponyme und Probleme bei deren gegenseitiger Wiedergabe

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Wojaczek E.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2022

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nr 21

311-327

EN

Every translator is often confronted with the problem of translatability of proper names, which include geographical names called toponyms (i.e. choronyms, proper toponyms, urbanonyms, hydronyms and oronyms). German and Polish toponyms differ from each other in gender and number as well as in spelling and the order of components. Many differences in the creation of toponyms result from the different ways of thinking in the two nations. Before translating these lexical units, we should first consider whether they can be translated at all, and if so, how to do it, and what criteria should be applied. The (un)translatability of toponyms is strongly conditioned by culture, history, politics, and of course topography itself, which is shown in this article by means of an example of selected groups of Polish and German geographic names. In official documents, where the criterion of comprehensibility is decisive, foreign language equivalents of toponyms are generally used, provided such equivalents exist. Some toponyms have to be modified in translation to make them more precise or to clarify their meaning. Toponyms that are typical of a country or culture and have no foreign language equivalents are usually not translated, but preserve their original form in the translated texts. In order to convey their meaning, foreign language generic names are usually added before them.

15

Ein lesenswerter und korrekturfreundlicher Aufsatz. Zu internen Beziehungen zwischen Konstituenten adjektivischer Rektionskomposita im Deutschen

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Aptacy J.

Studia Linguistica

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2015

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nr 34

7-22

EN

The subject of this paper are adjectival synthetic compounds in which the second element (head) selects the first constituent grammatically and semantically. The first constituent is anchored in the argument structure of the adjectival head. The adjectives with an argument structure can place their arguments either word externally in the form of a syntactic phrase or word internally in the form of a compound. In this paper the latter phenomenon is analyzed but also relations to word-external argument realization are considered. Specifically, the status of adjective heads as free morphemes(stems) or bound morphemes (suffixoids) is discussed. There seem to be more arguments in favor of the former solution, so the structures can be regarded as ordinary compounds rather than products of derivation. Relations between the argument realization in form of compounds or syntactic phrases are another focus of the paper. Particularly in the case of formations with participle head correlations between the argument type (subject, object) and its ability to act as the first constituent in the adjectival synthetic compound can be found.

16

Über die Liebe auf der Reise (anhand der Sprachführer für Deutsch und Polnisch)

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Nadobnik R.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2020

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nr 18

277-291

EN

In the article the emotion of love is discussed, based on reference books for travelers. Selected phrasebooks for German and Polish users were researched, starting from their first issues dating back to the 16th century to new publications from the early 21st century. The aim of the paper is to establish, whether in the phrasebooks, which in principle present language behavior in typical everyday life situations, love motifs are present, and whether there are any differences in this area in the perspective of time. In addition, picture motifs, which are related to the above mentioned topic, are also briefly discussed here.

17

Entre traditions historiques et logiques politiques de la guerre froide (1945–1989). Les langues étrangères en Pologne à travers les exemples du française et de l’allemand

88%

Weber P.-F.

Annales Neophilologiarum

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2011

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nr 5

135-148

EN

Today’s situation of foreign languages in Poland, especially French and German, cannot be explained satisfactorily without an analysis of its genesis in times of the Cold War. Due to various international and internal factors, the People’s Republic of Poland applied a language policy that caused a clash between historical traditions in Polish-French respectively Polish-German relations and geopolitical imperatives as well as sometimes the culture policies of France and the German states (FRG, GDR). A decisive factor was also the instrumentalization of patriotism by the Polish United Workers’ Party in support of communism, which favoured nationalist attitudes towards foreign countries and a closure of Poland. Only the end of the regime gave the opportunity for a liberalization of language teaching and learning.

PL

Dzisiejszej sytuacji języków obcych, zwłaszcza francuskiego oraz niemieckiego, w Polsce nie da się wyjaśnić w sposób wyczerpujący bez analizy jej genezy w okresie zimnej wojny. Z powodu różnych czynników zarówno międzynarodowych, jak i wewnętrznych Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa zastosowała politykę językową, w której tradycje historyczne w stosunkach polsko-francuskich oraz polsko-niemieckich kolidowały często z uwarunkowaniami geopolitycznymi, a czasem nawet z polityką kulturalną Francji oraz państw niemieckich (RFN, NRD). Decydującym czynnikiem stała się również instrumentalizacja patriotyzmu przez PZPR na rzecz komunizmu, która spowodowała nacjonalistyczne podejście do zagranicy i zamykanie się kraju. Dopiero zmiana ustrojowa w roku 1989 umożliwiła liberalizację nauki języków.

18

Eine Typologie der IAW-Phrasen in Ergänzungsfragen

88%

Schoonjans S.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2023

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nr 23

151-164

EN

The notion ‘IAW phrases’ refers to fixed expressions such as in aller Welt ‘in all world’, um Gottes willen ‘for God’s sake’, and zum Teufel ‘the devil’ that are used in wh-questions as a kind of illocutionary intensification. This contribution presents an attempt to come up with a typology of IAW phrases in wh-questions in German. This typology consists of ten groups of IAW phrases (partly with subgroups) that are defined primarily on the basis of formal patterns. The patterns under discussion are [zu X] (with the variant [X]), [bei X], [beim Barte Xs], [in Xs Namen], [um Xs willen], and a group of patterns such as [in all- X], that refer to the world as a whole. The four remaining groups are not based on such a structural pattern; these are swearing words used as IAW phrases, IAW loans, blends, and a small rest group. In a second step, it is shown by means of spot checks that this typology can also serve as a star- ting point for the description of IAW phrases in German imperative sentences and in other languages.

19

Adjektive deutsch/niemiecki und polnisch/polski im Lichte der biskopalen Wörterbücher für das Sprachenpaar Deutsch und Polnisch

88%

Szczęk J.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2021

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nr 19

327-337

EN

It goes without saying that the current life is reflected in the lexicographical works and that they therefore have a documentary character of the times in which they were created. This concerns the content, v. a. definitions and examples that come together to form a picture of specific epochs. A special component of this picture are also lemmas that are derived from country names, since information about the respective people can be found in such lemma entries. How extensive are such dictionary articles and what information they contain are the goals of the analysis of adjectives derived from two country names: deutsch/niemiecki and polish/polski in biscopal dictionaries for the German and Polish language pair. Both meanings and examples in the dictionary entries are subject to analysis. The aim is to uncover similarities and differences and to answer the question of whether the adjectives derived from the country names contain information about the respective people in their lexicographical description. The contribution is also an attempt to create templates for the creation of the dictionary entries of the analyzed origin adjectives. The analysis shows that the lemma articles are not particularly developed around the named adjectives of origin and only contain basic information. On the basis of the analysis, therefore, it is argued that such lemma articles should be further developed by, inter alia, adding more information which would better characterize the national character. The analysis can thus make a contribution to the dictionary production – design of the dictionary articles.

20

On English and German resultative and causative-resultative derived verbs

88%

Breul C.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2011

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tom 47

732

EN

This study is based on two related semantic patterns as tertia comparationis called “resultative” and “causative-resultative”. It aims to provide answers to two guiding questions: what commonalities and differences between English and German can be identified in the way (causative-)resultativity is morphologically expressed in derived verbs? How can differences be explained in a way that relates to more general characteristics of the two languages? Examples of relevant verbs include enable, fossilise, narrow, solidify, scrap, tighten and beruhigen, erblinden, kristallisieren, personifizieren, spitzen, versteinern. One set of differences that emerges from the descriptive part as particularly striking and is consequently focused on concerns the number of verbs that have (a) only the resultative meaning; (b) only the causative-resultative meaning; and (c) both meanings: there are significantly more derived (causative-)resultative verbs that express only resultativity in German than in English. Most of the English verbs express both resultativity and causative-resultativity; none expresses resultativity to the exclusion of causative-resultativity.